High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way

Abstract

This review examines the state-of-the-art knowledge of high-mass star and massive cluster formation, gained from ambitious observational surveys, which acknowledge the multi-scale characteristics of these processes. After a brief overview of theoretical models and main open issues, we present observational searches for the evolutionary phases of high-mass star formation, first among high-luminosity sources and more recently among young massive protostars and the elusive high-mass prestellar cores. We then introduce the most likely evolutionary scenario for high-mass star formation, which emphasizes the link of high-mass star formation to massive cloud and cluster formation. Finally, we introduce the first attempts to search for variations of the star formation activity and cluster formation in molecular cloud complexes, in the most extreme star-forming sites, and across the Milky Way. The combination of Galactic plane surveys and high-angular resolution images with submillimeter facilities such as Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) are prerequisites to make significant progresses in the forthcoming decade.

ARAA review to be published in September 2017. 54 pages, 33 figures Please ask the 1st author for a pdf version with proper format

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• ALMA-IMF XVI: Mass-averaged temperature of cores and protostellar luminosities in the ALMA-IMF protoclusters
• The ALMA-ATOMS survey: Vibrationally excited HC${}_3$N lines in hot cores
• G133.50+9.01: A likely cloud-cloud collision complex triggering the formation of filaments, cores and a stellar cluster
• Dents in the Veil: Protostellar feedback in Orion
• Towards the impact of GMC collisions on the star formation rate
• Principal component analysis for estimating parameters of the L1287 dense core by fitting model spectral maps into observed ones
• Will ALMA Reveal the True Core Mass Function of Protoclusters?
• ALMA-IMF XVII -- Census and lifetime of high-mass prestellar cores in 14 massive protoclusters
• High-resolution APEX/LAsMA ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (3-2) observation of the G333 giant molecular cloud complex : II. Survival and gravitational collapse of dense gas structures under feedback
• Searching for shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• Possible Explosive Dispersal Outflow in IRAS 16076-5134 revealed with ALMA
• A graph theory-based multi-scale analysis of hierarchical cascade in molecular clouds : Application to the NGC 2264 region
• Disk fragmentation around a massive protostar: a comparison of two three-dimensional codes
• The Galactic HII Region Luminosity Function at Radio and Infrared Wavelengths
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations
• Monitoring of the polarized $H_{2}O$ maser emission around the massive protostars W75N(B)-VLA1 and W75N(B)-VLA2
• Multiwavelength investigation of extended green object G19.88-0.53: Revealing a protocluster
• A Catalog of Molecular Clumps and Cores with Infall Signatures
• SiO Outflows in the Most Luminous and Massive Protostellar Sources of the Southern Sky
• ALMA-IMF XVIII: The assembly of a star cluster: Dense N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ (1-0) kinematics in the massive G351.77 protocluster
• A new analytic approach to infer the cosmic-ray ionization rate in hot molecular cores from HCO${}^{+}$, N${}_2$H${}^{+}$, and CO observations
• New evidences in IRDC G333.73+0.37: colliding filamentary clouds, hub-filament system, and embedded cores
• IC 5146 dark Streamer: is a first reliable candidate of edge collapse, hub-filament systems, and intertwined sub-filaments?
• Simulated observations of star formation regions: infrared evolution of globally collapsing clouds
• The disk-outflow system around the rare young O-type protostar W42-MME
• The density gradient inside molecular-gas clumps as a booster of their star formation activity
• MALT90 molecular content on high-mass IR-dark clumps
• Multi-line Herschel/HIFI observations of water reveal infall motions and chemical segregation around high-mass protostars
• The young stellar content of the giant HII regions M8, G333.6-0.2, and NGC6357 with VLT/KMOS
• SOFIA {\it FORCAST} Photometry of 12 Extended Green Objects in the Milky Way
• Surveys of Clumps, Cores, and Condensations in the Cygnus X: II. Radio Properties of the Massive Dense Cores
• High-resolution images of two wiggling stellar jets, MHO 1502 and MHO 2147, obtained with GSAOI+GeMS
• HI Self-absorption toward the Cygnus X North: From Atomic Filament to Molecular Filament
• High-Mass Starless Clumps: Dynamical State and Correlation Between Physical Parameters
• Cyano radical emission at small spatial scales towards massive protostars
• Investigating inner and large scale physical environments of IRAS 17008-4040 and IRAS 17009-4042 toward l = 345.5 deg, b = 0.3 deg
• Benchmarking the IRDC G351.77-0.53: Gaia DR3 distance, mass distribution, and star formation content
• Infall and Outflow Motions towards a Sample of Massive Star Forming Regions from the RMS Survey
• Unraveling the inner substructure of new candidate hub-filament system in the HII region G25.4NW
• Core to ultracompact HII region evolution in the W49A massive protocluster
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. III. Fragmentation and triggered star formation
• Nobeyama 45 m Local Spur CO survey. I. Giant molecular filaments and cluster formation in the Vulpecula OB association
• The Cassiopeia Filament: A Blown Spur of the Local Arm
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE) V. From filaments to spheroids: the origin of the hub-filament systems
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• Filament Intersections and Cold Dense Cores in Orion A North
• The Evaporating Massive Embedded Stellar Cluster IRS 13 Close to Sgr A*. II. Kinematic structure
• A misaligned protostellar disk fed by gas streamers in a barred spiral-like massive dense core
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G013.313+0.193
• SCOTCH -- Search for Clandestine Optically Thick Compact HIIs
• Linking High- and Low-Mass Star Formation: Observation-Based Continuum Modelling and Physical Conditions
• Spatial distributions and kinematics of shocked and ionized gas in M17
• Tying the geometrical traits of massive young stellar objects and their discs to a potential evolutionary sequence using infrared observations
• Multiple outflows in the high-mass cluster forming region, G25.82-0.17
• ALMA observations of two massive and dense MALT90 clumps
• The physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions. Unraveling chemical complexity with the NOEMA large program "CORE"
• Revisiting The Mass-Size Relation Of Structures In Molecular Clouds
• JWST-ALMA Study of a Hub-Filament System in the Nascent Phase
• The Solar System's passage through the Radcliffe wave during the middle Miocene
• Multiple molecular outflows and fragmentation in the IRDC core G34.43+00.24 MM1
• The Zeeman Effect in the 44 GHz Class I Methanol (CH3OH) Maser Line Toward DR21W
• Giant molecular clouds and their Type classification in M74: Toward understanding star formation and cloud evolution
• Studying star-forming processes at core and clump scales: the case of the young stellar object G29.862-0.0044
• Studying Infall in Infrared Dark Clouds with Multiple HCO+ Transitions
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• A Semi-Automated Computational Approach for Infrared Dark Cloud Localization: A Catalog of Infrared Dark Clouds
• Dual-band Unified Exploration of Three CMZ Clouds (DUET). Cloud-wide census of continuum sources showing low spectral indices
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. X. Observations of atomic carbon at 492 GHz
• Fine structure and kinematics of the ionized and molecular gas in the jet and disk around S255IR NIRS3 from high resolution ALMA observations
• A Comprehensive Study of the Young Cluster IRAS 05100+3723: Properties, Surrounding Interstellar Matter, and Associated Star Formation
• Structure and Kinematics of Sh2-138 -- A distant hub-filament system in the outer Galactic plane
• Lynds Bright Nebulae: Sites of possible twisted filaments and ongoing star formation
• Redshifted methanol absorption tracing infall motions of high-mass star formation regions
• A multi-line study of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G351.78-0.54
• Surveys of clumps, cores, and condensations in Cygnus-X: SMA observations of SiO (5$-$4)
• WISE Green Objects (WGOs): the massive star candidates in the whole Galactic Plane ($\mid b\mid <2^{\circ }$)
• Decaying turbulence in molecular clouds: how does it affect filament networks and star formation?
• Molecular Bow Shock in the 3-kpc Norma Arm
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• A Possible Chemical Clock in High-mass Star-forming Regions: N(HC3N)/N(N2H+)?
• A new phase of massive star formation? A luminous outflow cavity centred on an infrared quiet core
• The Rosetta Stone Project. II. The correlation between star formation efficiency and L/M indicator for the evolutionary stages of star-forming clumps in post-processed radiative magnetohydrodynamics simulations
• Observations and chemical modeling of the isotopologues of formaldehyde and the cations of formyl and protonated formaldehyde in the hot molecular core G331.512-0.103
• Hot Molecular Core Candidates in the Galactic Center 50 km/s Molecular Cloud
• ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties
• The Milky Way Project: Probing Star Formation with First Results on Yellowballs from DR2
• Imaging Molecular Outflow in Massive Star-forming Regions with HNCO Lines
• Physical Properties and Kinematics of Dense Cores Associated with Regions of Massive Star Formation from the Southern Sky
• Long-term variability of Class I methanol masers in the high mass star forming region DR21(OH)
• Massive Protocluster of a Periodic Maser Source G188.95+0.89
• Observational Bias and Young Massive Cluster Characterisation I. 2D Perspective Effects
• Molecular deuterations in massive Starless Clump Candidates
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• The nature of the Cygnus extreme B-supergiant 2MASS J20395358+4222505
• Machine learning based stellar classification with highly sparse photometry data
• Excited Hydroxyl Outflow in the High-Mass Star-Forming Region G34.26+0.15
• Massive Young Stellar Objects and Outflow in the Infrared-Dark Cloud G79.3+0.3
• A Curious Case of Circular Polarization in the 25 GHz Methanol Maser Line toward OMC-1
• Stellar initial mass function variation in massive early-type galaxies: the potential role of the deuterium abundance
• What did the seahorse swallow? APEX 170 GHz observations of the chemical conditions in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud
• Dense cores in the Seahorse infrared dark cloud: physical properties from modified blackbody fits to the far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distributions
• ALMA Datacubes and Continuum Maps of the Irradiated Western Wall in Carina
• ArTéMiS imaging of the filamentary infrared dark clouds G1.75-0.08 and G11.36+0.80: Dust-based physical properties of the clouds and their clumps
• Ionized filaments and ongoing physical processes in massive star-forming sites around l = 345.5 degree
• Synthetic ngVLA line observations of a massive star-forming cloud
• Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey of the Cygnus-X region (PILS-Cygnus) -- The role of the external environment in setting the chemistry of protostars
• SOFIA FIFI-LS spectroscopy of DR21 Main: energetics of the spatially-resolved outflow from a high-mass protostar
• The Hierarchical Dynamical State of Molecular Gas from 3 to 300 pc in NGC 253
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores
• Study of the high-mass star-forming region S255IR at various scales
• Looking for evidence of high-mass star formation at core scale in a massive molecular clump
• Submillimeter continuum variability in Planck Galactic cold clumps
• Investigating the morphology and CO gas kinematics of Sh2-112 region
• Molecular clumps disguising their star formation efficiency per freefall time: What we can do not to be fooled
• MAGellanic Outflow and chemistry Survey (MAGOS): Hot cores in the LMC
• Origins of the shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• Investigations of MWISP Filaments. I. Filament Identification and Analysis Algorithms, and Source Catalogue
• Comparison of modified black-body fits for the estimation of dust optical depths in interstellar clouds
• A Refined Sample of Lyman Excess H II Regions
• Interrelations between Astrochemistry and Galactic Dynamics
• ALMA discovery of a dual dense probably rotating outflow from a massive young stellar object G18.88MME
• JOYS: Linking the molecular ice and gas-phase composition towards the high-mass hot core IRAS 18089-1732
• ATLASGAL-selected high-mass clumps in the inner Galaxy: XI. Morphology and kinematics of warm inner envelopes
• Episodic accretion in high-mass star formation: An analysis of thermal instability for axially symmetric disks
• Dust Temperature Profiles in Dense Cores Associated With Massive Star-Forming Regions
• 3 mm Spectroscopic Observations of Massive Star-Forming Regions with IRAM 30-m
• CHemical Evolution in MassIve star-forming COres (CHEMICO). I. Evolution of the temperature structure
• Modeling the Far-Infrared Polarization Spectrum of a High-Mass Star Forming Cloud
• Unveiling the substructure of the massive clump AGAL G035.1330$-$00.7450
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• APEX survey of interstellar HCl: ${}^{35}$Cl/${}^{37}$Cl isotopic ratios in dense cores and outflows
• Investigating star-formation activity towards the southern HII region RCW 42
• Sub-arcsecond Imaging of the Complex Organic Chemistry in Massive Star-forming Region G10.6-0.4
• The TMRT K Band Observations towards 26 Infrared Dark Clouds: NH${}_3$, CCS, and HC${}_3$N
• Linking simulations and observations of star-forming regions I. Masses and temperatures of ALMAGAL-like cores
• A Core Mass Function Indistinguishable from the Salpeter Stellar Initial Mass Function Using 1000 au Resolution ALMA Observations
• Discs and outflows in the early phases of massive star formation: influence of magnetic fields and ambipolar diffusion
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- V. Hierarchical fragmentation and gas dynamics in IRDC G034.43+00.24
• Synthetic observations using POLARIS: an application to simulations of massive prestellar cores
• Star Forming Regions
• Properties of Contracting Massive Protostellar Cores
• The influence of magnetic fields in Cloud-Cloud Collisions
• S2D2: Small-scale Significant substructure DBSCAN Detection II. Tracing episodes and gradients of star formation activity
• Star Formation at the Periphery of a Molecular Superbubble: The Case of G12.79+0.43
• Gauging the Impact of Cosmic Ray Feedback on the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• FIRESTORM I: Stellar Feedback and Gas Kinematics in the Evolved W40 Hub-Filament System
• A comprehensive catalogue of OB cluster candidates in M31 and their association with giant molecular clouds
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• ALMA-IMF VIII -- Combination of Interferometric Continuum Images with Single-Dish Surveys and Structural Analysis of Six Protoclusters
• Synthetic Polarization Maps of an Outflow Zone from Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations
• Effect of dust rotational disruption by radiative torques on radiation pressure feedback from massive protostars
• Assessing membership projection errors in star forming regions