Recombination Lines and Molecular Gas from Hypercompact HII regions in W51 A

Abstract

We present a detailed characterization of the population of compact radio-continuum sources in W51 A using subarcsecond VLA and ALMA observations. We analyzed their 2-cm continuum, the recombination lines (RL's) H77$\alpha$ and H30$\alpha$, and the lines of ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{CO}(3_{0,3}-2_{0,2})$, ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{CO}(3_{2,1}-2_{2,0})$, and $\mathrm{SO}(6_5-5_4)$. We derive diameters for 10/20 sources in the range $D\sim 10^{-3}$ to $\sim 10^{-2}$ pc, thus placing them in the regime of hypercompact HII regions (HC HII's). Their continuum-derived electron densities are in the range $n_{\mathrm{e}}\sim 10^4$ to $10^5$ cm${}^{-3}$, lower than typically considered for HC HII's. We combined the RL measurements and independently derived $n_{\mathrm{e}}$, finding the same range of values but significant offsets for individual measurements between the two methods. We found that most of the sources in our sample are ionized by early B-type stars, and a comparison of $n_{\mathrm{e}}$ vs $D$ shows that they follow the inverse relation previously derived for ultracompact (UC) and compact HII's. When determined, the ionized-gas kinematics is always (7/7) indicative of outflow. Similarly, 5 and 3 out of the 8 HC HII's still embedded in a compact core show evidence for expansion and infall motions in the molecular gas, respectively. We hypothesize that there could be two different types of $hypercompact$ ($D<0.05$ pc) HII regions: those that essentially are smaller, expanding UC HII's; and those that are also $hyperdense$ ($n_{\mathrm{e}}>10^6$ cm${}^{-3}$), probably associated with O-type stars in a specific stage of their formation or early life.

The Astrophysical Journal, in press. 23 pages, 9 figures

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• The ionized heart of a molecular disk. ALMA observations of the hyper-compact HII region G24.78+0.08 A1
• Core to ultracompact HII region evolution in the W49A massive protocluster
• QUIJOTE scientific results -- V. The microwave intensity and polarisation spectra of the Galactic regions W49, W51 and IC443
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