One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses

Abstract

We perform a large set of radiation hydrodynamics simulations of primordial star formation in a fully cosmological context. Our statistical sample of 100 First Stars show that the first generation of stars have a wide mass distribution M_popIII = 10 ~ 1000 M_sun. We first run cosmological simulations to generate a set of primordial star-forming gas clouds. We then follow protostar formation in each gas cloud and the subsequent protostellar evolution until the gas mass accretion onto the protostar is halted by stellar radiative feedback. The accretion rates differ significantly among the primordial gas clouds which largely determine the final stellar masses. For low accretion rates the growth of a protostar is self-regulated by radiative feedback effects and the final mass is limited to several tens of solar masses. At high accretion rates the protostar's outer envelope continues to expand and the effective surface temperature remains low; such protostars do not exert strong radiative feedback and can grow in excess to one hundred solar masses. The obtained wide mass range suggests that the first stars play a variety of roles in the early universe, by triggering both core-collapse supernovae and pair-instability supernovae as well as by leaving stellar mass black holes. We find certain correlations between the final stellar mass and the physical properties of the star-forming cloud. These correlations can be used to estimate the mass of the first star from the properties of the parent cloud or of the host halo, without following the detailed protostellar evolution.

25 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Do Stellar Winds Prevent the Formation of Supermassive Stars by Accretion?
• The Evolution of Accreting Population III Stars at 10${}^{-6}$-10${}^3$ M${}_{\odot }$/yr
• Fragmentation in Population III Galaxies formed through Ionizing Radiation
• Gravitational Fragmentation of Extremely Metal-poor Circumstellar Discs
• Dust Production Factories in the Early Universe: Formation of Carbon Grains in Red-supergiant Winds of Very Massive Population III Stars
• Possible confirmation of the existence of ergoregion by the Kerr quasinormal mode in gravitational waves from Pop III massive black hole binary
• Modeling the survival of Population III stars till present day
• Premature Black Hole Death of Population III Stars by Dark Matter
• Primordial protostars accreting beyond the $\Omega \Gamma$-limit: radiation effect around the star-disk boundary
• Effect of interstellar objects on metallicity of low-mass first stars formed in a cosmological model
• Physics of Superluminous Supernovae
• Coronae of Zero/Low-Metal Low-Mass Stars
• The Chemical Evolution of Iron-Peak Elements with Hypernovae
• High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars from SDSS/SEGUE: II. Binary Fraction
• Photoionization analysis of chemo-dynamical dwarf galaxies simulations
• Shape and Spin of Minihaloes. II: The Effect of Streaming Velocities
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Comparing the AMR and SPH Approaches
• Starlight from JWST: Implications for star formation and dark matter models
• Evolution of Rotating 25 M${}_{\odot }$ Population III star: Physical Properties and Resulting Supernovae
• SMBH growth parameters in the early Universe of Millennium and Millennium-II simulations
• A search for Population III galaxies in CLASH. I. Singly-imaged candidates at high redshift
• Discrimination of heavy elements originating from Pop III stars in z = 3 intergalactic medium
• On the effects of rotation in primordial star-forming clouds
• Growth of massive black holes at high-z via accretion predominantly driven by magnetic outflows
• Mapping the Universe in HD
• Multicolor light curves simulations of Population III core-collapse supernovae: from shock breakout to ${}^{56}$Co decay
• Shape and Spin of Minihaloes: From Large Scales to the Centres
• Does the chemothermal instability have any role in the fragmentation of primordial gas
• Does the structure of Pop III supernova ejecta affect the elemental abundance of extremely metal-poor stars?
• The Luminosity of Population III Star Clusters
• Effects of the Hubble Parameter on the Cosmic Growth of the First Quasars
• The mass distribution of the first stars can be determined via the 21-cm signal
• Coronal Properties of Low-mass Population III Stars and the Radiative Feedback in the Early Universe
• Galaxy Formation and Symbiotic Evolution with the Inter-Galactic Medium in the Age of ELT-ANDES
• Population III star formation in the presence of turbulence, magnetic fields and ionizing radiation feedback
• Aeos: Transport of Metals from Minihalos following Population III Stellar Feedback
• The chemical evolution of self-gravitating primordial disks
• Condition for dust evacuation from the first galaxies
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• A Modified Initial Mass Function of the First Stars with Explodability Theory under Different Enrichment Scenarios
• Angular momentum loss of primordial gas in Lyman-alpha radiation field
• Formation of massive black holes in ultra-compact dwarf galaxies: migration of primordial intermediate-mass black holes in N-body simulation
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• Light Curves and Event Rates of Axion Instability Supernovae
• Large Scale Dynamo in a Primordial Accretion Flow -- An Interpretation from Hydrodynamic Simulation
• Disc fragmentation and oligarchic growth of protostellar systems in low-metallicity gas clouds
• Ionization degree and magnetic diffusivity in star-forming clouds with different metallicities
• Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Evolution and Final Fates of Rapidly Accreting Supermassive Stars
• Carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in different environments
• First Star Survivors as Metal-Rich Halo Stars that Experienced Supernova Explosions in Binary Systems
• Simulating the collapse of rotating primordial gas clouds to study the survival possibility of Pop III protostars
• Halo Mergers Enhance the Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Growth of Light Seed Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Effects of spin on constraining the seeds and growth of $\gtrsim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$ supermassive black holes in $z>6.5$ Quasars
• Revisiting Soltan's argument based on a semi-analytical model for galaxy and black hole evolution
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Condition for low-mass star formation in shock-compressed metal-poor clouds
• Zero Metallicity with Zero CPU Hours: Masses of the First Stars on the Laptop
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Angular momentum distribution during the collapse of primordial star-forming clouds
• Diversity of the Lyman continuum escape fractions of high-$z$ galaxies and its origins
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Exploring effects of IMF sampling and SN feedback injection on star formation and metallicity in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: II. Protostellar Discs, Multiplicity and Mass Function of the Stars
• The wind properties of O-type stars at sub-SMC metallicity
• Spectral Energy Distribution of the First Galaxies: Contribution from Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Aeos: The Impact of Population III Initial Mass Function and Star-by-Star Models in Galaxy Simulations
• Type Ia Supernovae from First-generation Stars
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: I. Critical Halo Mass of Formation and Total Mass in Stars
• Gravitational wave quasinormal mode from Population III massive black hole binaries in various models of population synthesis
• Carbon measurements in two ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: Grus II and Tucana IV
• Quantifying Element Importance for Mass Recovery from Population III Supernova Yield Fits
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• The role of gas fragmentation during the formation of supermassive black holes
• From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• Metal-free galaxy candidates discovered in CLASH
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Dark-Matter-Powered Population III Evolution: Lifetimes, Rotation, and Quasi-Homogeneity in massive Stars