The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. X. Stellar, Dynamical, and Total Mass Correlations of Massive Early-type Galaxies

Abstract

We use stellar masses, photometry, lensing, and velocity dispersions to investigate empirical correlations for the final sample of 73 early-type lens galaxies (ETGs) from the SLACS survey. The traditional correlations (Fundamental Plane [FP] and its projections) are consistent with those found for non-lens galaxies, supporting the thesis that SLACS lens galaxies are representative of massive ETGs. The addition of strong lensing estimates of the total mass allows us to gain further insights into their internal structure: i) the mean slope of the total mass density profile is <gamma'> = 2.078+/-0.027 with an intrinsic scatter of 0.16+/-0.02; ii) gamma' correlates with effective radius and central mass density, in the sense that denser galaxies have steeper profiles; iii) the dark matter fraction within reff/2 is a monotonically increasing function of galaxy mass and size; iv) the dimensional mass M_dim is proportional to the total mass, and both increase more rapidly than stellar mass M*; v) the Mass Plane (MP), obtained by replacing surface brightness with surface mass density in the FP, is found to be tighter and closer to the virial relation than the FP and the M*P, indicating that the scatter of those relations is dominated by stellar population effects; vi) we construct the Fundamental Hyper-Plane by adding stellar masses to the MP and find the M* coefficient to be consistent with zero and no residual intrinsic scatter. Our results demonstrate that the dynamical structure of ETGs is not scale invariant and that it is fully specified by the total mass, r_eff, and sigma. Although the basic trends can be explained qualitatively in terms of varying star formation efficiency as a function of halo mass and as the result of dry and wet mergers, reproducing quantitatively the observed correlations and their tightness may be a significant challenge for galaxy formation models.

16 pages, 9 figures; submitted to ApJ after responding to the referee comments

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• Light versus dark in strong-lens galaxies: Dark matter haloes that are rounder than their stars
• Model-independent Estimations for the Cosmic Curvature from the Latest Strong Gravitational Lensing Systems
• Consistency testing for invariance of the speed of light at different redshifts: the newest results from strong lensing and type Ia supernovae observations
• Testing the Evolution of the Correlations between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies using Eight Strongly Lensed Quasars
• SLITronomy: towards a fully wavelet-based strong lensing inversion technique
• Understanding the Unique Assembly History of Central Group Galaxies
• Gravitational lensing by wave dark matter halos
• Mergers in Galaxy Groups. II. The Fundamental Plane of Elliptical Galaxies
• The Influence of Galaxy Environment on the Stellar Initial Mass Function of Early-Type Galaxies
• Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
• The cosmic evolution of the stellar mass$-$velocity dispersion relation of early-type galaxies
• The Velocity Dispersion Function for Quiescent Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Gravitational Lenses as High-Resolution Telescopes
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. III. A massive lensing galaxy with a bottom-heavy stellar initial mass function at z=1.5
• A relation between the dark mass of elliptical galaxies and their shape
• CLASH: Extending galaxy strong lensing to small physical scales with distant sources highly-magnified by galaxy cluster members
• GLaD: Gravitational Lensing and Dynamics, combined analysis to unveil properties of high-redshift galaxies
• Redshift Evolution of the Fundamental Plane Relation in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• Three QSOs acting as strong gravitational lenses
• Mass density slope of elliptical galaxies from strong lensing and resolved stellar kinematics
• A Mock Catalog of Gravitationally Lensed Quasars for the LSST Survey
• The SWELLS Survey. VI. hierarchical inference of the initial mass functions of bulges and discs
• Numerical simulations challenged on the prediction of massive subhalo abundance in galaxy clusters: the case of Abell 2142
• Strong lensing with superfluid dark matter
• The Spitzer South Pole Telescope Deep Field Survey: Linking galaxies and halos at z=1.5
• Statistical strong lensing. III. Inferences with complete samples of lenses
• SEAGLE--II: Constraints on feedback models in galaxy formation from massive early type strong lens galaxies
• Extensive light profile fitting of galaxy-scale strong lenses
• Microlensing flux ratio predictions for Euclid
• Two-dimensional kinematics of SLACS lenses - IV. The complete VLT-VIMOS data set
• A dearth of dark matter in strong gravitational lenses
• The KMOS Cluster Survey (KCS) III: fundamental plane of cluster galaxies at $z\simeq 1.80$ in JKCS 041
• Using deep Residual Networks to search for galaxy-Lyα emitter lens candidates based on spectroscopic-selection
• Zooming into the Cosmic Horseshoe: new insights on the lens profile and the source shape
• A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Discovered in OGLE
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• A unified scenario for the origin of spiral and elliptical galaxy structural scaling laws
• The signature of dissipation in the mass-size relation: are bulges simply spheroids wrapped in a disc?
• Strong lensing constraints on primordial black holes as a dark matter candidate
• Precision cosmology with time delay lenses: high resolution imaging requirements
• Constraints on a possible evolution of mass density power-law index in strong gravitational lensing from cosmological data
• Revisiting the bulge-halo conspiracy II: Towards explaining its puzzling dependence on redshift
• Cosmic structures from a mathematical perspective 1. Dark matter halo mass density profiles
• An accurate analytic mass model for lensing galaxies
• Observing other universe through ringholes and Klein-bottle holes
• The COSMOS-Web ring: in-depth characterization of an Einstein ring lensing system at z~2
• Baryonic properties of nearby galaxies across the stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation
• The Luminous X-Ray Halos of Two Compact Elliptical Galaxies
• HOLISMOKES -- X. Comparison between neural network and semi-automated traditional modeling of strong lenses
• Probing variation of the fine-structure constant in runaway dilaton models using Strong Gravitational Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae
• Decoding Dark Matter Substructure without Supervision
• Merger-driven evolution of the effective stellar initial mass function of massive early-type galaxies
• A Precise Benchmark for Cluster Scaling Relations: Fundamental Plane, Mass Plane and IMF in the Coma Cluster from Dynamical Models
• Lensing and Dynamics in Two Simple Steps
• The importance of secondary halos for strong lensing in massive galaxy clusters across redshift
• LeMoN: Lens Modelling with Neural networks -- I. Automated modelling of strong gravitational lenses with Bayesian Neural Networks
• Constraining Cosmological and Galaxy Parameters using Strong Gravitational Lensing Systems
• Euclid: A complete Einstein ring in NGC 6505
• Central velocity dispersion catalog of LAMOST-DR7 galaxies
• Difference Imaging of Lensed Quasar Candidates in the SDSS Supernova Survey Region
• Quantifying the structure of strong gravitational lens potentials with uncertainty-aware deep neural networks
• Discovering Strongly-lensed QSOs From Unresolved Light Curves
• TDCOSMO VIII: A key test of systematics in the hierarchical method of time-delay cosmography
• Properties and observables of massive galaxies in self-interacting dark matter cosmologies
• The dynamical structure of broken power-law and double power-law models for dark matter haloes
• Origin of the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies in the Coma Cluster without fine-tuning
• The X-shooter Lens Survey - II. Sample presentation and spatially resolved kinematics
• The Unusually High Halo Concentration of the Fossil Group NGC 6482: Evidence for Weak Adiabatic Contraction
• Testing cosmic opacity with the combination of strongly lensed and unlensed supernova Ia
• Surface Brightness and Intrinsic Luminosity of Ellipticals
• Measuring the total and baryonic mass profiles of the very massive CASSOWARY 31 strong lens. A fossil system at z ~ 0.7?
• On the cosmic distance duality relation and the strong gravitational lens power law density profile
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• Exploring the low-mass regime of galaxy-scale strong lensing: Insights into the mass structure of cluster galaxies
• The COSMOS-Web Lens Survey (COWLS) I: Discovery of >100 high redshift strong lenses in contiguous JWST imaging
• A strong-lensing elliptical galaxy in the MaNGA survey
• Post-Newtonian $\gamma$-like parameters and the gravitational slip in scalar-tensor and $f(R)$ theories
• The MAGPI Survey: Impact of environment on the total internal mass distribution of galaxies in the last 5 Gyr
• Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across 0.1 < z < 0.9
• Reconstructing the extended structure of multiple sources strongly lensed by the ultra-massive elliptical galaxy SDSS J0100+1818
• Testing a simple recipe for estimating galaxy masses from minimal observational data
• Golden gravitational lensing systems from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey. II. SDSS J1430+4105: A precise inner total mass profile from lensing alone
• SIDM Concerto: Compilation and Data Release of Self-interacting Dark Matter Zoom-in Simulations
• Direct Measurements of the magnification produced by galaxy clusters as gravitational lenses
• Constraining a possible time-variation of the speed of light along with the fine-structure constant using strong gravitational lensing and Type Ia supernovae observations
• Mild radial variations of the stellar IMF in the bulge of M31
• Pixelated Reconstruction of Foreground Density and Background Surface Brightness in Gravitational Lensing Systems using Recurrent Inference Machines
• Testing the Universality of the Stellar IMF with Chandra and HST
• Diagnostics of Baryonic Cooling in Lensing Galaxies
• AGEL: Is the Conflict Real? Investigating Galaxy Evolution Models using Strong Lensing at 0.3 < z < 0.9
• On Galaxies and Homology
• Modeling Increased Metal Production in Galaxy Clusters with Pair-Instability Supernovae
• The SLACS strong lens sample, debiased
• Deep Learning in Wide-field Surveys: Fast Analysis of Strong Lenses in Ground-based Cosmic Experiments
• A Trail of the Invisible: Blue Globular Clusters Trace the Radial Density Distribution of the Dark Matter -- Case Study of NGC 4278
• Dark matter inside early-type galaxies as function of mass and redshift
• Strongly Lensed Jets, Time Delays, and the Value of H0
• Cosmography using strong lensing systems and cosmic chronometers
• MaNGA DynPop -- IV. Stacked total density profile of galaxy groups and clusters from combining dynamical models of integral-field stellar kinematics and galaxy-galaxy lensing
• Discovery of two Einstein crosses from massive post--blue nugget galaxies at z>1 in KiDS
• Serendipitous discovery of a strong-lensed galaxy in integral field spectroscopy from MUSE
• Probing the dark matter density evolution law with large scale structures
• Can we use Weak Lensing to Measure Total Mass Profiles of Galaxies on 20 kiloparsec Scales?
• VLT adaptive optics search for luminous substructures in the lens galaxy towards SDSS J0924+0219
• SEAGLE--III: Towards resolving the mismatch in the dark-matter fraction in early-type galaxies between simulations and observations
• Probing Gravitational Slip with Strongly Lensed Fast Radio Bursts
• Implications of galaxy buildup for putative IMF variations in massive galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators
• The Entire Virial Radius of the Fossil Cluster RXJ1159+5531: II. Dark Matter and Baryon Fraction
• Galaxy-scale gravitational lens candidates from the Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging survey and the Galaxy And Mass Assembly spectroscopic survey
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations -- I. Constraining physical processes in local star-forming galaxies
• Dynamical masses of brightest cluster galaxies II: constraints on the stellar IMF
• How much dark matter is there inside early-type galaxies?
• Interlopers speak out: studying the dark universe using small-scale lensing anisotropies
• Strong Lensing and $H_0$
• The stellar mass function and efficiency of galaxy formation with a varying initial mass function
• Measuring gravitational lens time delays using low-resolution radio monitoring observations
• The central dark matter fraction of massive early-type galaxies
• What to expect when using globular clusters as tracers of the total mass distribution in Milky Way-mass galaxies
• A QSO plus host system lensed into a 6" Einstein ring by a low redshift galaxy
• Comparing Lensing and Stellar Orbital Models of a Nearby Massive Strong-Lens Galaxy
• Velocity Dispersion ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{aper}}$ Aperture Corrections as a Function of Galaxy Properties from Integral-field Stellar Kinematics of 10,000 MaNGA Galaxies
• Lessons from a blind study of simulated lenses: image reconstructions do not always reproduce true convergence
• Anisotropic strong lensing as a probe of dark matter self-interactions
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• MaNGA DynPop -- VI. Matter density slopes from dynamical models of 6000 galaxies versus cosmological simulations: the interplay between baryonic and dark matter
• El Gordo needs El Anzuelo: Probing the structure of cluster members with multi-band extended arcs in JWST data
• Successful application of PSF-R techniques to the case of the globular cluster NGC6121 (M4)
• The fundamental plane of evolving red nuggets
• The Observable Supernova Rate in Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Systems with the TESS Satellite
• Strong lens search in the ESO public Survey KiDS
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Shell galaxies: kinematical signature of shells, satellite galaxy disruption and dynamical friction
• The Hot Interstellar Medium
• A test of the evolution of gas depletion factor in galaxy clusters using strong gravitational lensing systems
• Strong and weak lensing of Gravitational Waves: a semi-analytical approach
• SHARP -- IX. The dense, low-mass perturbers in B1938+666 and J0946+1006: implications for cold and self-interacting dark matter
• Do gravitational lens galaxies have an excess of luminous substructure?
• The Fundamental Plane in the hierarchical context
• Dark matter in massive galaxies
• Faster than SAM: An empirical model for the tidal evolution of dark matter substructure around strong gravitational lenses
• Lens Modeling of STRIDES Strongly Lensed Quasars using Neural Posterior Estimation
• Velocity dispersion function evolution from strong lensing statistics
• The quantity of dark matter in early-type galaxies and its relation to the environment
• Photometric redshift estimation of strongly lensed galaxies
• Is the 2008 NASA/ESA double Einstein ring actually a ringhole signature?
• Total and dark mass from observations of galaxy centers with Machine Learning
• Testing the coincidence problem with strong gravitational lens, Type Ia supernovae and Hubble parameter observational data
• A spectroscopically confirmed z=1.327 galaxy-scale deflector magnifying a z~8 Lyman-Break galaxy in the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies survey
• A new way to test the WIMP dark matter models
• Baryonic and Leptonic GeV Dark Matter
• Elliptical multipoles for gravitational lenses
• The scaling relations of galaxies back in time: the road toward virialization
• Strong Lensing of High-Energy Neutrinos
• A new framework for understanding the evolution of early-type galaxies
• Modeling Strong Lenses from Wide-Field Ground-Based Observations in KiDS and GAMA
• The SLACS strong lens sample, debiased. II. Lensing-only constraints on the stellar IMF and dark matter contraction in early-type galaxies
• New Analysis of Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies
• Total mass slopes and enclosed mass constrained by globular cluster system dynamics
• TDCOSMO: XX. WFI2033--4723, the First Quadruply-Imaged Quasar Modeled with JWST Imaging
• The COSMOS-Web Lens Survey (COWLS) II: depth, resolution, and NIR coverage from JWST reveal 17 spectacular lenses
• Pixel-level modelling of group-scale strong lens CASSOWARY 19
• Simulation-guided galaxy evolution inference: A case study with strong lensing galaxies
• Probing General Relativity in galactic scales at z $\sim 0.3$
• A new strategy for matching observed and simulated lensing galaxies
• Gravitational lenses in the dark Universe
• Searching for strong lensing by late-type galaxies in UNIONS
• Constraining galaxy properties with complete samples of lenses
• Strong-lensing and kinematic analysis of CASSOWARY 31: can strong lensing constrain the masses of multi-plane lenses?
• The discrepancy between Einstein mass and dynamical mass for SIS and power-law mass models
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): DR1 Blended Spectra Search for Candidate Strong Gravitational Lenses
• Discovery of a Low-mass Strong-lens System in SMACS J0723.3-7327
• Predicted multiply-imaged X-ray AGNs in the XXL survey
• Macromodel-free flux-ratio prediction in quadruply imaged quasars with local constraints from lensed arcs
• Revisiting the effect of lens mass models in cosmological applications of strong gravitational lensing
• A doubled double hotspot in J0816+5003 and the logarithmic slope of the lensing potential
• A strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster PSZ1 G311.65-18.48
• A Joint Analysis of Strong Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae to Determine the Hubble Constant
• Reducing false positives in strong lens detection through effective augmentation and ensemble learning
• A compact group lens modeled with GIGA-Lens: Enhanced inference for complex systems
• Investigating the Redshift Evolution of Lensing Galaxy Density Slopes via Model-Independent Distance Ratios
• Analysis of luminosity distributions and shape parameters of strong gravitational lensing elliptical galaxies
• A Multiwavelength Portrait of the 3C 220.3 Lensed System
• Systematics in ETG Mass Profile Modelling: Strong Lensing & Stellar Dynamics
• Study of central light distribution in nearby early-type galaxies hosting nuclear star clusters
• LenNet: Direct Detection and Localization of Strong Gravitational Lenses in Wide-Field Sky Survey Images
• Deep inference of simulated strong lenses in ground-based surveys
• The catalogue of virtual early-type galaxies from IllustrisTNG: validation and real observation consistency
• Velocity dispersion functions of pressure-supported galaxies in EAGLE simulations with varying active galactic nucleus feedback
• Measuring the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation at $\sim 10^{10}$ Solar masses, using forthcoming space-based imaging of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses
• Measuring angular diameter distances of strong gravitational lenses
• Using Strong Lensing to Detect Subhalos with Steep Inner Density Profiles
• Stellar masses calibrated with micro-lensed quasars
• Is there a tilt in the fundamental (hyper)plane?
• Connection between dynamically derived IMF normalisation and stellar populations
• Dynamical Mass Determinations and Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies
• Lenses In VoicE (LIVE): Searching for strong gravitational lenses in the VOICE@VST survey using Convolutional Neural Networks
• Identification of gravitational lenses obscured by foreground light in the KiDS dataset using U-Nets and ResNets
• Systematic variation of central mass density slope in early-type galaxies
• Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size-stellar mass relation of early type galaxies in galaxy clusters
• A Salpeter IMF and an NFW halo: Disentangling the dark and stellar mass of an elliptical galaxy through precise lens modelling of a double-source-plane system
• New Dynamical Measurements from a Lensed Quasar Sample: Joint Analysis Constrains the Mass Profile Evolution of Lens Galaxies
• A Parameter Space Exploration of High Resolution Numerically Evolved Early Type Galaxies Including AGN Feedback and Accurate Dynamical Treatment of Stellar Orbits
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: A Catalogue of Spectroscopically Detected Strong Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Candidates
• Strong gravitational lensing with Euclid
• Testing General Relativity on Galactic Scales via DESI-BAO and Strong Lensing: Circumventing Assumptions on the Hubble Constant, Sound Horizon, and Dark Energy
• Milky-Way-like stars in a galaxy core 8 billion years ago revealed by gravitational lensing
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: A Comparison between Galaxy-Galaxy Lens Searches in KiDS/GAMA
• The $10\mathrm{kpc}$ collar of early-type galaxies -- probing evolution by focusing on the inner stellar density profile
• SHARP VIII: J0924+0219 lens mass distribution and time-delay prediction through adaptive-optics imaging
• TDCOSMO XXI. Accurate stellar velocity dispersions of the SL2S lens sample and the fundamental plane of the lensing mass
• The lens SW05 J143454.4+522850: a fossil group at redshift 0.6?