Room temperature spin Hall effect in graphene/MoS${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructures

Abstract

Graphene is an excellent material for long distance spin transport but allows little spin manipulation. Transition metal dichalcogenides imprint their strong spin-orbit coupling into graphene via proximity effect, and it has been predicted that efficient spin-to-charge conversion due to spin Hall and Rashba-Edelstein effects could be achieved. Here, by combining Hall probes with ferromagnetic electrodes, we unambiguously demonstrate experimentally spin Hall effect in graphene induced by MoS${}_2$ proximity and for varying temperature up to room temperature. The fact that spin transport and spin Hall effect occur in different parts of the same material gives rise to a hitherto unreported efficiency for the spin-to-charge voltage output. Remarkably for a single graphene/MoS${}_2$ heterostructure-based device, we evidence a superimposed spin-to-charge current conversion that can be indistinguishably associated with either the proximity-induced Rashba-Edelstein effect in graphene or the spin Hall effect in MoS${}_2$. By comparing our results to theoretical calculations, the latter scenario is found the most plausible one. Our findings pave the way towards the combination of spin information transport and spin-to-charge conversion in two-dimensional materials, opening exciting opportunities in a variety of future spintronic applications.

15 pages, 4 figures and Supporting Information

References in corpus (60)

• Atomically thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor
• Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides
• Spin torque switching with the giant spin Hall effect of tantalum
• Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping
• Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature
• Graphene Spintronics
• Direct electronic measurement of the spin Hall effect
• Room Temperature Reversible Spin Hall Effect
• Semiconductor Spintronics
• Spin-Orbit Proximity Effect in Graphene
• Impurity induced spin-orbit coupling in graphene
• Tunneling Spin Injection into Single Layer Graphene (Supplementary Information)
• Tunneling Spin Injection into Single Layer Graphene
• Highly efficient spin transport in epitaxial graphene on SiC
• Large spin splitting in the conduction band of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
• Strong interface-induced spin-orbit coupling in graphene on WS2
• Graphene on transition-metal dichalcogenides: a platform for proximity spin-orbit physics and optospintronics
• Long-lived nanosecond spin relaxation and spin coherence of electrons in monolayer MoS_2 and WS_2
• Strong Rashba-Edelstein Effect-Induced Spin-Orbit Torques in Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide/Ferromagnet Bilayers
• Trivial and inverted Dirac bands, and emergence of quantum spin Hall states in graphene on transition-metal dichalcogenides
• Inverse Edelstein Effect
• Spin lifetimes exceeding 12 nanoseconds in graphene non-local spin valve devices
• Intrinsic spin Hall effect in monolayers of group-VI dichalcogenides: A first-principles study
• Transport Theory of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides through Symmetry
• Strongly anisotropic spin relaxation in graphene/transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures at room temperature
• Diffuse transport and spin accumulation in a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas
• Opto-Valleytronic Spin Injection in Monolayer MoS2/Few-Layer Graphene Hybrid Spin Valves
• Giant Spin Lifetime Anisotropy in Graphene Induced by Proximity Effects
• A two-dimensional spin field-effect transistor
• Large Proximity-Induced Spin Lifetime Anisotropy in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide/Graphene Heterostructures
• Spin transport in graphene/transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
• Spin-orbit coupling in hydrogenated graphene
• How close can one approach the Dirac point in graphene experimentally?
• Charge and spin Hall conductivity in metallic graphene
• Spin-Orbit mediated spin relaxation in monolayer MoS2
• Tunable spin-orbit coupling and symmetry-protected edge states in graphene/WS${}_2$
• Origin and magnitude of 'designer' spin-orbit interaction in graphene on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides
• Proximity effects in bilayer graphene on monolayer WSe${}_2$: Field-effect spin-valley locking, spin-orbit valve, and spin transistor
• Strong electron-hole symmetric Rashba spin-orbit coupling in graphene/monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
• Optimal charge-to-spin conversion in graphene on transition metal dichalcogenides
• Reliably Counting Atomic Planes of Few-Layer Graphene (n>4)
• Spin Hall effect and Weak Antilocalization in Graphene/Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures
• Extrinsic spin Hall effect induced by resonant skew scattering in graphene
• Origin of inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect at Cu/Bi interface using lateral spin valves
• 24 \textmu m length spin relaxation length in boron nitride encapsulated bilayer graphene
• Contact induced spin relaxation in Hanle spin precession measurements
• Conductance modulation by spin precession in non-collinear ferromagnet-normal metal-ferromagnet systems
• Unveiling the mechanisms of the spin Hall effect in Ta
• Spin Hall Effect and Origins of Nonlocal Resistance in Adatom-Decorated Graphene
• Graphene-WS${}_2$ heterostructures for tunable spin injection and spin transport
• 98% directional guiding of spin currents with 90 micrometer relaxation length in bilayer graphene using carrier drift
• Giant Edelstein effect in Topological-Insulator--Graphene heterostructures
• Covariant conservation laws and the spin Hall effect in Dirac-Rashba systems
• Neutral-current Hall effects in disordered graphene
• Large room temperature spin-to-charge conversion signals in a few-layer graphene/Pt lateral heterostructure
• Spin-Orbit Logic with Magnetoelectric Nodes: A Scalable Charge Mediated Nonvolatile Spintronic Logic
• Symmetries of quantum transport with Rashba spin-orbit: Graphene spintronics
• Spin Hall effect in a system of Dirac fermions in the honeycomb lattice with intrinsic and Rashba spin-orbit interaction
• Extrinsic Spin Hall Effect from Anisotropic Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling in Graphene
• Scale-invariant large nonlocality in polycrystalline graphene

Cited by in corpus (109)

• Van der Waals heterostructures for spintronics and opto-spintronics
• Colloquium: Spintronics in graphene and other two-dimensional materials
• Charge-to-Spin Conversion by the Rashba-Edelstein Effect in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures up to Room Temperature
• Tunable room-temperature spin galvanic and spin Hall effects in van der Waals heterostructures
• Electrical control of magnetism by electric field and current-induced torques
• Unconventional charge-spin conversion in Weyl-semimetal WTe2
• Induced spin-orbit coupling in twisted graphene-TMDC heterobilayers: twistronics meets spintronics
• Large multi-directional spin-to-charge conversion in low symmetry semimetal MoTe${}_2$ at room temperature
• Observation of Spin Hall Effect in Weyl Semimetal WTe2 at Room Temperature
• Twist-angle dependent proximity induced spin-orbit coupling in graphene/transition-metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
• Large tunneling magnetoresistance in VSe2/MoS2 magnetic tunnel junction
• Gate-tunable Spin-Galvanic Effect in Graphene Topological insulator van der Waals Heterostructures at Room Temperature
• Spin-orbit magnetic state readout in scaled ferromagnetic/heavy metal nanostructures
• Electrical control of valley-Zeeman spin-orbit coupling-induced spin precession at room temperature
• Gate-Tunable Reversible Rashba-Edelstein Effect in a Few-Layer Graphene/2H-TaS2 Heterostructure at Room Temperature
• Gate tunability of highly efficient spin-to-charge conversion by spin Hall effect in graphene proximitized with WSe${}_2$
• Charge-to-spin conversion in twisted graphene/WSe${}_2$ heterostructures
• Dielectrics for Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Applications
• Swapping Exchange and Spin-Orbit Coupling in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures
• Twist- and gate-tunable proximity spin-orbit coupling, spin relaxation anisotropy, and charge-to-spin conversion in heterostructures of graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides
• Two-Dimensional Spintronic Circuit Architectures on Large Scale Graphene
• Twist-angle tunable spin texture in WSe${}_2$/graphene van der Waals heterostructures
• Electrically Controlled Spin Injection from Giant Rashba Spin-Orbit Conductor BiTeBr
• Twist Angle Controlled Collinear Edelstein Effect in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Direct detection of induced magnetic moment and efficient spin-to-charge conversion in graphene/ferromagnetic structures
• Counterintuitive gate dependence of weak antilocalization in bilayer graphene/WSe${}_2$ heterostructures
• Engineering Proximity Exchange by Twisting: Reversal of Ferromagnetic and Emergence of Antiferromagnetic Dirac Bands in Graphene/Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$
• Unconventional charge-to-spin conversions in graphene/MoTe2 van der Waals heterostructures
• Omnidirectional spin-to-charge conversion in graphene/NbSe${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructures
• Bilayer graphene encapsulated within monolayers of WS${}_2$ or Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$: Tunable proximity spin-orbit or exchange coupling
• Spin Hall Effect in Bilayer Graphene Combined with an Insulator up to Room Temperature
• Manipulation of Spin Transport in Graphene/Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterobilayers upon Twisting
• Measuring valley polarization in two-dimensional materials with second-harmonic spectroscopy
• Catalogue of $C$-paired spin-momentum locking in antiferromagnetic systems
• Proximity spin-orbit and exchange coupling in ABA and ABC trilayer graphene van der Waals heterostructures
• Low-symmetry topological materials for large charge-to-spin interconversion: The case of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
• Spirals and skyrmions in antiferromagnetic triangular lattices
• Experimental observation of spin-split energy dispersion in high-mobility single-layer graphene/WSe2 heterostructures
• Emergent correlated phases in rhombohedral trilayer graphene induced by proximity spin-orbit and exchange coupling
• Resolving spin currents and spin densities generated by charge-spin interconversion in systems with reduced crystal symmetry
• Van der Waals heterostructures with spin-orbit coupling
• A seamless graphene spin valve based on proximity to van der Waals magnet Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$
• Spontaneous Valley Spirals in Magnetically Encapsulated Twisted Bilayer Graphene
• Orbitronics in Two-dimensional Materials
• Large spin-relaxation anisotropy in bilayer-graphene/WS${}_2$ heterostructures
• Towards fully two-dimensional spintronic devices
• All-electrical Magnon Transport Experiments in Magnetically Ordered Insulators
• Unambiguous Electrical Detection of Spin-Charge Conversion in Lateral Spin-Valves
• Control of charge-spin interconversion in van der Waals heterostructures with chiral charge density waves
• Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Magnetic Graphene
• Room-temperature anisotropic in-plane spin dynamics in graphene induced by PdSe${}_2$ proximity
• Robust Spin Interconnect with Isotropic Spin Dynamics in Chemical Vapour Deposited Graphene Layers and Boundaries
• Promoting $p$-based Hall effects by $p$-$d$-$f$ hybridization in Gd-based dichalcogenides
• Swapping exchange and spin-orbit induced correlated phases in proximitized Bernal bilayer graphene
• Gate-tunable spin Hall effect in an all-light-element heterostructure: graphene with copper oxide
• Spin-Hall effect due to the bulk states of topological insulators: Extrinsic contribution to the conserved spin current
• Berry curvature-induced local spin polarisation in gated graphene/WTe${}_2$ heterostructures
• Exchange-bias controlled correlations in magnetically encapsulated twisted van der Waals dichalcogenides
• Spin-orbit correlations and exchange-bias control in twisted Janus dichalcogenide multilayers
• Charge to Spin Conversion in van der Waals Metal NbSe2
• Spin Hall Effect: Symmetry Breaking, Twisting, and Giant Disorder Renormalization
• Influence of interface-induced valley-Zeeman and spin-orbit couplings\\ on transport in graphene-on-WSe${}_2$ heterostructures
• Spin Hall and inverse spin galvanic effects in graphene with strong interfacial spin-orbit coupling: a quasi-classical Green's function approach
• Spintronics in 2D graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures
• Separation of Artifacts from Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Measurements of Spin-Orbit Torque for the Low-Symmetry van der Waals Semi-Metal ZrTe${}_{\text{3}}$
• Charge-spin conversion signal in WTe2 van der Waals hybrid devices with a geometrical design
• Effect of proximity-induced spin-orbit coupling in graphene mesoscopic billiards
• Symmetry-enforced nodal lines in the band structures of vacancy-engineered graphene
• Giant and anisotropic enhancement of spin-charge conversion in double Rashba interface graphene-based quantum system
• Coherent control of photonic spin Hall effect in a Cavity
• Valley-controlled transport in graphene/ WSe${}_2$ heterostructures under an off-resonant polarized light
• High-throughput calculations of spin Hall conductivity in non-magnetic 2D materials
• All-electrical creation and control of giant spin-galvanic effect in 1T-MoTe2/graphene heterostructures at room temperature
• Spin-Hall effect in topological materials: Evaluating the proper spin current in systems with arbitrary degeneracies
• Local equilibrium charge and spin currents in two-dimensional topological systems
• A Unified Description of Spin Transport, Weak Antilocalization and Triplet Superconductivity in Systems with Spin-Orbit Coupling
• Twisted bilayer graphene reveals its flat bands under spin pumping
• Nonlocal magnetolectric effects in diffusive conductors with spatially inhomogeneous spin-orbit coupling
• Probing magnetism via spin dynamics in graphene/2D-ferromagnet heterostructures
• Spin-valley Hall transport induced by spontaneous symmetry breaking in half-filled zero Landau level of bilayer graphene
• Room temperature nonlocal detection of charge-spin interconversion in a topological insulator
• Control of Spin Diffusion and Suppression of the Hanle Effect by the Coexistence of Spin and Valley Hall Effects
• Landau levels in spin-orbit coupling proximitized graphene: bulk states
• Charge-induced artifacts in non-local spin transport measurements: How to prevent spurious voltage signals
• Charge-spin interconversion in graphene-based systems from density functional theory
• Unraveling the Spin-to-Charge Current Conversion Mechanism and Charge Transfer Dynamics at Interface of Graphene/WS${}_2$ Heterostructures at Room Temperature
• Gate-tunable spin Hall effect in trilayer graphene/group-IV monochalcogenide van der Waals heterostructures
• Weak Localisation Driven by Pseudospin-Spin Entanglement
• Spin Hall angle in single-layer graphene
• Out-of-plane spin-to-charge conversion at low temperatures in graphene/MoTe${}_2$ heterostructures
• One-Dimensional Edge Contact to Encapsulated MoS2 with a Superconductor
• Edge states in proximitized graphene ribbons and flakes in a perpendicular magnetic field: emergence of lone pseudohelical pairs and pure spin-current states
• Interface Magnetism in Vanadium-doped MoS${}_2$/Graphene Heterostructures
• Magnetoelectric torque and edge currents caused by spin-orbit coupling
• Optically induced spin Hall current in Janus transition-metal dichalcogenides
• Van der Waals Magnet based Spin-Valve Devices at Room Temperature
• Nonlinear analog spintronics with van der Waals heterostructures
• Terahertz Spin-Light Coupling in Proximitized Dirac Materials
• Atomic-scale Modulation of Synthetic Magnetic Order in Oxide Superlattices
• Emergent Quantum Phenomena of Noncentrosymmetric Charge-Density Wave in 1T-Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Spin-Hall Current and Nonlocal Transport in Ferromagnet-Free Multi-band models for SrTiO3-Based Nanodevices in the presence of impurities
• Increasing the proximity induced spin-orbit coupling in bilayer graphene/WSe${}_2$ heterostructures with pressure
• Magnetoelectric torque and edge currents in spin-orbit coupled graphene nanoribbons
• Ferroelectric hysteresis in singly aligned graphene-hBN moiré superlattices
• Ultrafast Spin Injection in Graphene via Dynamical Carrier Filtering at Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Interfaces
• Reliability of spin-to-charge conversion measurements in graphene-based lateral spin valves
• Gate-tunable charge-spin interconversion in graphene/heavy-metal heterostructures
• Electron-Spin-Resonance in a proximity-coupled MoS2/Graphene van-der-Waals heterostructure
• Gate tunable spin-charge interconversion in a graphene/ReS${}_2$ heterostructure up to room temperature