Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains

Abstract

We model the process of dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks and calculate how it affects their observational appearance. Our model involves the detailed solution of the coagulation equation at every location in the disk. At regular time intervals we feed the resulting 3-D dust distribution functions into a continuum radiative transfer code to obtain spectral energy distributions. We find that, even if only the very basic -- and well understood -- coagulation mechanisms are included, the process of grain growth is much too quick to be consistent with infrared observations of T Tauri disks. Small grains are removed so efficiently that, long before the disk reaches an age of 1E6 years typical of T Tauri stars, the SED shows only very weak infrared excess. This is inconsistent with observed SEDs of most classical T Tauri stars. Small grains somehow need to be replenished, for instance by aggregate fragmentation through high-speed collisions. A very simplified calculation shows that when aggregate fragmentation is included, a quasi-stationary grain size distribution is obtained in which growth and fragmentation are in equilibrium. This quasi-stationary state may last 1E6 years or even longer, dependent on the circumstances in the disk, and may bring the time scales into the right regime. We conclude that a simple evolutionary scenario in which grains slowly grow from pristine 0.1 micron grains to larger grains over a period of a few Myr is most likely incorrect.

Accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics

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• Dust Settling in Magnetorotationally-Driven Turbulent Discs II: The Pervasiveness of the Streaming Instability and its Consequences
• Testing protoplanetary disc dispersal with radio emission
• Physics of Planet Trapping with Applications to HL Tau
• Rapid Growth of Dust Particles in the Vicinity of Local Gas Density Enhancements in a Solar Nebula
• Photophoretic Structuring of Circumstellar Dust Disks
• Turbulence-Induced Relative Velocity of Dust Particles III: The Probability Distribution
• Particle-Pair Relative Velocity Measurement in High-Reynolds-Number Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence Using 4-Frame Particle Tracking Velocimetry
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• Interpreting Brightness Asymmetries in Transition Disks: Vortex at Dead Zone or Planet Carved Gap Edges?
• Vortex instabilities triggered by low-mass planets in pebble-rich, inviscid protoplanetary discs
• Radio continuum observations of Class I protostellar disks in Taurus: constraining the greybody tail at centimetre wavelengths
• Growth of Aggregates with Liquid-Like Ice-Shells in Protoplanetary Discs
• The Structure of the DoAr 25 Circumstellar Disk
• On the non-axisymmetric fragmentation of rings generated by the Secular Gravitational Instability
• Compaction during fragmentation and bouncing produces realistic dust grain porosities in protoplanetary discs
• Herschel Observations of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in IM Lup: onset of planetesimal formation
• Mineral Snowflakes on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs: Coagulation and Fragmentation of Cloud Particles with {\sc HyLandS}
• A Possible Mechanism for Overcoming the Electrostatic Barrier Against Dust Growth in Protoplanetary disks
• Breakthrough revisited: investigating the requirements for growth of dust beyond the bouncing barrier
• Planet-disc interaction in laminar and turbulent discs
• Identification of transitional disks in Chamaeleon with Herschel
• Two saturated states of the vertical shear instability in protoplanetary disks with vertically varying cooling times
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• [OI] disk emission in the Taurus star forming region
• Dust and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in the Pre-Transitional Disk around HD 169142
• Imaging the circumstellar environment of the young T Tauri star SU Aurigae
• Formation of Planetary Populations II: Effects of Initial Disk Size & Radial Dust Drift
• Pre-transitional disk nature of the AB Aur disk
• Mid-infrared observations of the transitional disks around DH Tau, DM Tau, and GM Aur
• The observational impact of dust trapping in self-gravitating discs
• Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Components in Chondrites: Search for Processed Materials in Young Solar Systems and Comets
• Spatial distribution of crystalline silicates in protoplanetary disks: How to interpret mid-infrared observations
• Planetary core formation via multi-species pebble accretion
• Enrichment of the dust-to-gas mass ratio in Bondi/Jeans accretion/cloud systems due to unequal changes in dust and gas incoming velocities
• Presolar grain dynamics: creating nucleosynthetic variations through a combination of drag and viscous evolution
• A Statistical Model of Aggregates Fragmentation
• Dust Grain Evolution in Spatially Resolved T Tauri Binaries
• Modeling Nitrogen Fractionation in the Protoplanetary Disk around TW Hya: Model Constraints on Grain Population and Carbon-to-Oxygen Elemental Abundance Ratio
• The Herschel view of circumstellar discs: a multi-wavelength study of Chamaeleon I
• A Mechanism to Produce the Small Dust Observed in Protoplanetary Disks
• Panchromatic Imaging of a Transitional Disk: The Disk of GM Aur in Optical and FUV Scattered Light
• On the settling of small grains in dusty discs: analysis and formulas
• Dust entrainment in photoevaporative winds: Densities and imaging
• A resolved and asymmetric ring of PAHs within the young circumstellar disk of IRS 48
• ALMA High-resolution Multiband Analysis for the Protoplanetary Disk around TW Hya
• CO isotopolog line fluxes of viscously evolving disks: cold CO conversion insufficient to explain observed low fluxes
• Insights into planet formation from debris disks: I. The solar system as an archetype for planetesimal evolution
• Disk evolution and the fate of water
• A dichotomy in group II Herbig disks: ALMA gas disk height measurements show both shadowed large vertically extended disks and compact flat disks
• Effect of Elastic Vibrations on Normal Head on Collisions of Isothermal Spheres
• A Spitzer IRS Survey of NGC 1333: Insights into disk evolution from a very young cluster
• Phyllosilicate Emission from Protoplanetary Disks: Is the Indirect Detection of Extrasolar Water Possible?
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• Growing dust grains in protoplanetary discs - I. Radial drift with toy growth models
• Chemistry Along Accretion Streams in a Viscously-Evolving Protoplanetary Disk
• Turbulent processing of PAHs in protoplanetary discs -- Coagulation and freeze-out leading to depletion of gas-phase PAH
• Optical and Near-Infrared Excesses are Correlated in T Tauri Stars
• Evidence for Evolution Among Primordial Disks in the 5 Myr Old Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Size and density sorting of dust grains in SPH simulations of protoplanetary disc II: Fragmentation
• ALMA observation of the protoplanetary disk around WW Cha: faint double-peaked ring and asymmetric structure
• Assessment of Cr isotopic heterogeneities of volatile-rich asteroids based on multiple planet formation models
• Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
• Photophoresis boosts giant planet formation
• Non-axisymmetric instabilities in discs with imposed zonal flows
• The role of density perturbation on planet formation by pebble accretion
• Near-IR Polarized Scattered Light Imagery of the DoAr 28 Transitional Disk
• A Pluto-Charon Sonata III. Growth of Charon from a Circum-Pluto Ring of Debris
• Mid-infrared observations of the circumstellar disks around PDS 66 and CRBR 2422.8-3423
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• A transitional disk around an intermediate mass star in the sparse population of the Orion OB1 Association
• A study of accretion and disk diagnostics in the NGC 2264 cluster
• Dynamic evolution of major element chemistry in protoplanetary disks and its implications for chondrite formation
• Detection of Substructures in Young Transition Disk WL 17
• Shaping the CO snowline in protoplanetary disks
• Size-selective accretion of dust onto CPDs: Low CPD masses and filtration of larger grains
• ALMA Observations of the Inner Cavity in the Protoplanetary Disk around Sz 84
• Gas dynamics around a Jupiter mass planet: II. Chemical evolution of circumplanetary material
• Reexamination of Induction Heating of Primitive Bodies in Protoplanetary Disks
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates
• Dust-driven Dynamos in Accretion Disks
• Hiding in the Shadows II: Collisional Dust as Exoplanet Markers
• Properties of outer solar system pebbles during planetesimal formation from meteor observations
• Morphology and dynamical stability of self-gravitating vortices: Numerical simulations
• On the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition for numerical solvers of the coagulation equation
• Statistics of collision parameters computed from 2D simulations
• Mid-infrared Multi-wavelength Imaging of Ophiuchus\,IRS\,48\,Transitional Disk
• Hiding in the Shadows: Searching for Planets in Pre--transitional and Transitional Disks
• Accretion of Jupiter's atmosphere from a supernova-contaminated molecular cloud
• Photophoretic Levitation and Trapping of Dust in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• Disk dissipation, giant planet formation and star-formation-rate fluctuations in the past three-million-year history of Gould's Belt
• Identification and parameter determination of F-type Herbig stars from LAMOST DR8
• Dust dynamics in RAMSES -- II. Equilibrium drift velocity distributions of charged dust grains
• Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
• Callisto's Nonresonant Orbit as an Outcome of Circum-Jovian Disk Substructure
• Spectroscopic and Photometric Behaviour of LP Ori
• Formation of ring-like structures in flared α-discs with X-ray/FUV photoevaporation
• Thermally driven spontaneous dust accumulation in the inner regions of protoplanetary disks
• Structure of the Stellar Neighborhood of CQ Tau in the Presence of a Companion in an Elongated Orbit
• A fast tree algorithm for multi-component coagulation equation
• Dust growth and planet formation by disc fragmentation
• The MATISSE view of the inner region of the RY Tau protoplanetary disk
• History of the Solar Nebula from Meteorite Paleomagnetism
• Longterm Stability of Planetary Systems formed from a Transitional Disk
• A multi-fluid approach for polydisperse pebble accretion: From particles to fluids, establishing the multifluid framework
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• The Influence of the Fractal Dimension on Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks