The Rise and Fall of Debris Disks: MIPS Observations of h and chi Persei and the Evolution of Mid-IR Emission from Planet Formation

Abstract

We describe Spitzer/MIPS observations of the double cluster, h and $\chi$ Persei, covering a $\sim$ 0.6 square-degree area surrounding the cores of both clusters. The data are combined with IRAC and 2MASS data to investigate $\sim$ 616 sources from 1.25-24 $\mu m$. We use the long-baseline $K_s$-[24] color to identify two populations with IR excess indicative of circumstellar material: Be stars with 24 $\mu m$ excess from optically-thin free free emission and 17 fainter sources (J$\sim$ 14-15) with [24] excess consistent with a circumstellar disk. The frequency of IR excess for the fainter sources increases from 4.5 $\mu m$ through 24 $\mu m$. The IR excess is likely due to debris from the planet formation process. The wavelength-dependent behavior is consistent with an inside-out clearing of circumstellar disks. A comparison of the 24 $\mu m$ excess population in h and $\chi$ Per sources with results for other clusters shows that 24 $\mu m$ emission from debris disks 'rises' from 5 to 10 Myr, peaks at $\sim$ 10-15 Myr, and then 'falls' from $\sim$ 15/20 Myr to 1 Gyr.

arXiv comment48 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (42)

• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• The Wavelength Dependence of Interstellar Extinction from 1.25 to 8.0 microns Using GLIMPSE Data
• Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains
• Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Taurus-Auriga
• Observations of IC348: The Disk Population at 2-3 Million Years
• Debris Disk Evolution Around A Stars
• Hectospec, the MMT's 300 Optical Fiber-Fed Spectrograph
• Debris disks in main sequence binary systems
• Reduction Algorithms for the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer
• Transience of hot dust around sun-like stars
• The 24 Micron Source Counts in Deep Spitzer Surveys
• IRAC Observations of Taurus Pre-Main Sequence Stars
• Steady-state evolution of debris disks around A stars
• Dust Migration and Morphology in Optically Thin Circumstellar Gas Disks
• Age dependence of the Vega Phenomenon: Theory
• The Age of Beta Pic
• Incidence and survival of remnant disks around main-sequence stars
• Collisional Cascades in Planetesimal Disks II. Embedded Planets
• The Evolutionary Status of Be Stars: Results from a Photometric Study of Southern Open Clusters
• Terrestrial Planet Formation I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth
• Exploring Terrestrial Planet Formation in the TW Hydrae Association
• Detecting the Dusty Debris of Terrestrial Planet Formation
• The Star Formation History and Mass Function of the Double Cluster h and Chi Persei
• Binarity as a key factor in protoplanetary disk evolution: Spitzer disk census of the eta Chamaeleontis cluster
• A Spitzer Study of Dusty Disks in the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association
• The age dependence of the Vega phenomenon: Observations
• Dusty Rings: Signposts of Recent Planet Formation
• IR observations of MS 1054-03: Star Formation and its Evolution in Rich Galaxy Clusters
• Spitzer observations of the Orion OB1 association: second generation dust disks at 5-10 Myr
• Spitzer 24 micron Survey of Debris Disks in the Pleiades
• Spatially Resolving the Inner Disk of TW Hya
• Debris Disks in NGC 2547
• The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Discovery of an Unusual Debris System Associated with HD 12039
• Spitzer/IRAC and JHKs Observations of h & chi Persei: Constraints on Protoplanetary Disk and Massive Cluster Evolution at ~ 10^{7} yr
• Radial Distribution of Dust Grains Around HR 4796A
• Ultraviolet Emission Line Ratios of Cataclysmic Variables
• High-Resolution Imaging of the Dust Disk around 49 Ceti
• Dust Distribution in Gas Disks II: Self Induced Ring Formation Through a Clumping Instability
• Are Giant Planets Forming Around HR 4796A?
• Terrestrial Zone Debris Disk Candidates in h and chi Persei
• Discovery of Gas Accretion Onto Stars in 13 Myr old h and chi Persei

Cited by in corpus (73)

• The Disk Population of the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• A Spitzer view of protoplanetary disks in the gamma Velorum cluster
• Variations on Debris Disks: Icy Planet Formation at 30-150 AU for 1-3 Solar Mass Main Sequence Stars
• New Debris Disks Around Young, Low Mass Stars Discovered With The Spitzer Space Telescope
• Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems (FEPS): Properties of Debris Dust around Solar-type Stars
• Disk evolution in the solar neighborhood. I Disk frequencies from 1 to 100 Myr
• The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr-old Cluster NGC 2362
• Evidence for Disk Photoevaporation Driven by the Central Star
• Spitzer/MIPS Observations of Stars in the Beta Pictoris Moving Group
• New Members of the Scorpius Centaurus Complex and Ages of its sub-regions
• Structure and evolution of debris disks around F-type stars: I. Observations, database and basic evolutionary aspects
• The Stellar Population of h and chi Persei: Cluster Properties, Membership, and the Intrinsic Colors and Temperatures of Stars
• The Transitional Protoplanetary Disk Frequency as a Function of Age: Disk Evolution in the Coronet Cluster, Taurus, and Other 1--8 Myr-old Regions
• The bright end of the exo-Zodi luminosity function: Disk evolution and implications for exo-Earth detectability
• Five steps in the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disk
• Debris Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Spitzer Evidence for a Late Heavy Bombardment and the Formation of Urelites in η Corvi at ~1 Gyr
• Are debris disks self-stirred?
• A Sensitive Identification of Warm Debris Disks in the Solar Neighborhood Through Precise Calibration of Saturated WISE Photometry
• Variations on Debris Disks II. Icy Planet Formation as a Function of the Bulk Properties and Initial Sizes of Planetesimals
• The Age of the HD 15407 System and the Epoch of Final Catastrophic Mass Accretion onto Terrestrial Planets around Sun-like Stars
• The search for habitable worlds: 1. The viability of a starshade mission
• The low level of debris disk activity at the time of the Late Heavy Bombardment: a Spitzer study of Praesepe
• Deep MIPS Observations of the IC 348 Nebula: Constraints on the Evolutionary State of Anemic Circumstellar Disks and the Primordial-to-Debris Disk Transition
• High-spatial-resolution imaging of thermal emission from debris disks
• Copious Amounts of Hot and Cold Dust Orbiting the Main Sequence A-type Stars HD 131488 and HD 121191
• SPITZER/IRAC-MIPS Survey of NGC2451A and B: Debris Disks at 50-80 million years
• Limits on the location of planetesimal formation in self-gravitating protostellar discs
• Spitzer Observations of the Lambda Orionis cluster. II. Disks around solar-type and low mass stars
• A Spitzer Study of Debris Disks In The Young Nearby Cluster NGC 2232: Icy Planets Are Common Around ~ 1.5--3 Solar-Mass Stars
• The nature of mid-infrared excesses from hot dust around Sun-like stars
• The Fate of Scattered Planets
• Planetesimals in Debris Disks of Sun-like Stars
• From Disks to Planets
• How do disks and planetary systems in high-mass open clusters differ from those around field stars?
• Spitzer Observations of the Lambda Orionis cluster I: the frequency of young debris disks at 5 Myr
• Subaru/SCExAO First-Light Direct Imaging of a Young Debris Disk around HD 36546
• Resolved Imaging of the HD191089 Debris Disc
• Variations on Debris Disks III. Collisional Cascades and Giant Impacts in the Terrestrial Zones of Solar-type Stars
• Terrestrial planet formation: Dynamical shake-up and the low mass of Mars
• The first 40 million years of circumstellar disk evolution: the signature of terrestrial planet formation
• The Monitor Project: Stellar rotation at 13~Myr: I. A photometric monitoring survey of the young open cluster h~Per
• Keck/NIRC2 Imaging of the Warped, Asymmetric Debris Disk around HD 32297
• Disc-mass distribution in star-disc encounters
• Making Planet Nine: A Scattered Giant in the Outer Solar System
• A WISE-based search for debris discs amongst M-dwarfs in nearby, young, moving groups
• A Deep Spitzer Survey of Circumstellar Disks in the Young Double Cluster, h and chi Persei
• Encounters in the ONC - observing imprints of star-disc interactions
• Spitzer IRS Spectroscopy of the 10 Myr-old EF Cha Debris Disk: Evidence for Phyllosilicate-Rich Dust in the Terrestrial Zone
• The Spitzer Survey of Interstellar Clouds in the Gould Belt. IV. Lupus V and VI Observed with IRAC and MIPS
• SCExAO/CHARIS Near-IR High-Contrast Imaging and Integral Field Spectroscopy of the HIP 79977 Debris Disk
• New M dwarf debris disk candidates in NGC 2547
• Kinematics of Ionized Gas at 0.01 AU of TW Hya
• Warm dusty discs: Exploring the A star 24um debris population
• The nearby, young, isolated, dusty star HD 166191
• Evolution from protoplanetary to debris discs: The transition disc around HD 166191
• The Evolution of Circumstellar Disks Surrounding Intermediate Mass Stars: IC 1805
• Metallicities of Young Open Clusters I: NGC 7160 and NGC 2232
• Physical Properties of the B and Be Star Populations of h and chi Persei
• Debris discs in the 27 Myr old open cluster IC4665
• The X-Ray Environment During the Epoch of Terrestrial Planet Formation: Chandra Observations of h Persei
• On the properties of discs around accreting brown dwarfs
• Dust discs around intermediate mass and Sun-like stars in the 16 Myr old NGC 1960 open cluster
• Variations on Debris Disks IV. An Improved Analytical Model for Collisional Cascades
• The Frequency of Warm Debris Disks and Transition Disks in a Complete Sample of Intermediate-Mass GLIMPSE Stars: Placing Constraints on Disk Lifetimes
• Circumstellar discs: What will be next?
• Multiband imaging of the HD 36546 debris disk: a refined view from SCExAO/CHARIS
• Chandra Characterization of X-ray Emission in the Young F-Star Binary System HD 113766
• A young hierarchical triple system harbouring a candidate debris disc
• IPHAS A-type Stars with Mid-IR Excesses in Spitzer Surveys
• Circumstellar Disk Evolution: Constraining Theories of Planet Formation
• Analysis of B and Be Star Populations of the Double Cluster h and chi Persei
• The Dispersal of Planet-forming discs: Theory confronts Observations