Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations

Abstract

We present the most up-to-date X-ray luminosity function (XLF) and absorption function of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) over the redshift range from 0 to 5, utilizing the largest, highly complete sample ever available obtained from surveys performed with Swift/BAT, MAXI, ASCA, XMM-Newton, Chandra, and ROSAT. The combined sample, including that of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey, consists of 4039 detections in the soft (0.5--2 keV) and/or hard ($>2$ keV) band. We utilize a maximum likelihood method to reproduce the count-rate versus redshift distribution for each survey, by taking into account the evolution of the absorbed fraction, the contribution from Compton-thick (CTK) AGNs, and broad band spectra of AGNs including reflection components from tori based on the luminosity and redshift dependent unified scheme. We find that the shape of the XLF at $z\sim 1-3$ is significantly different from that in the local universe, for which the luminosity dependent density evolution model gives much better description than the luminosity and density evolution model. These results establish the standard population synthesis model of the X-Ray Background (XRB), which well reproduces the source counts, the observed fractions of CTK AGNs, and the spectrum of the hard XRB. The number ratio of CTK AGNs to the absorbed Compton-thin (CTN) AGNs is constrained to be $\approx$0.5--1.6 to produce the 20--50 keV XRB intensity within present uncertainties, by assuming that they follow the same evolution as CTN AGNs. The growth history of supermassive black holes is discussed based on the new AGN bolometric luminosity function.

33 pages including 48 figures and 6 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation
• A new panchromatic classification of unclassified Burst Alert Telescope active galactic nuclei
• Self-consistent population synthesis of AGN from observational constraints in the X-rays
• SRG/eROSITA-SDSS view on the relation between X-ray and UV emission for quasars
• Revisiting Disk Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei as an Origin of Cosmic Gamma-ray and Neutrino Backgrounds
• A New Method to Determine X-ray Luminosity Functions of AGN and their Evolution with Redshift
• BASS XXX: Distribution Functions of DR2 Eddington-ratios, Black Hole Masses, and X-ray Luminosities
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs II
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• The Drivers of the Decline in Supermassive Black Hole Growth at $z<2$
• A broadband X-ray study of a sample of AGNs with [OIII] measured inclinations
• AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release
• The $N_H$ Distribution of Hard X-ray Selected AGN in the NEP Field
• The impact of black hole feedback on the UV luminosity and stellar mass assembly of high-redshift galaxies
• Black Hole merger rates in the first billion years in light of JWST data
• Configuration Requirements for 21-cm Forest Background Quasar Searches with the Moon-based Interferometer