A computer program for fast non-LTE analysis of interstellar line spectra

Abstract

The large quantity and high quality of modern radio and infrared line observations require efficient modeling techniques to infer physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, density, and molecular abundances. We present a computer program to calculate the intensities of atomic and molecular lines produced in a uniform medium, based on statistical equilibrium calculations involving collisional and radiative processes and including radiation from background sources. Optical depth effects are treated with an escape probability method. The program is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.sron.rug.nl/~vdtak/radex/index.shtml . The program makes use of molecular data files maintained in the Leiden Atomic and Molecular Database (LAMDA), which will continue to be improved and expanded. The performance of the program is compared with more approximate and with more sophisticated methods. An Appendix provides diagnostic plots to estimate physical parameters from line intensity ratios of commonly observed molecules. This program should form an important tool in analyzing observations from current and future radio and infrared telescopes.

Accepted by A&A; 18 A4 pages, 11 figures

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• Tracing Interstellar Heating: An ALCHEMI Measurement of the HCN Isomers in NGC 253
• Bottlenecks to interstellar sulfur chemistry: Sulfur-bearing hydrides in UV-illuminated gas and grains
• Sub-millimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies
• Redshift Determination and CO Line Excitation Modeling for the Multiply-Lensed Galaxy HLSW-01
• Star Formation Occurs in Dense Gas, but What Does "Dense" Mean?
• Warm molecular gas temperature distribution in six local infrared bright Seyfert galaxies
• Observational evidence for dissociative shocks in the inner 100 AU of low-mass protostars using Herschel-HIFI
• High-resolution HNC 3-2 SMA observations of Arp220
• C18O, 13CO, and 12CO abundances and excitation temperatures in the Orion B molecular cloud: An analysis of the precision achievable when modeling spectral line within the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium approximation
• Mapping photodissociation and shocks in the vicinity of Sgr A*
• Massive 70 micron quiet clumps I: evidence of embedded low/intermediate-mass star formation activity
• Chemical and Physical Picture of IRAS 16293-2422 Source B at a Sub-arcsecond Scale Studied with ALMA
• Characterizing the transition from diffuse atomic to dense molecular clouds in the Magellanic clouds with [CII], [CI], and CO
• Waterfalls around protostars: Infall motions towards Class 0/I envelopes as probed by water
• Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS). VI. Chemical evolution of sulfuretted species along the outflows driven by the low-mass protostellar binary NGC1333-IRAS4A
• Galactic H2CO Densitometry I: Pilot survey of Ultracompact HII regions and methodology
• Detection of Class I Methanol (CH3OH) Maser Candidates in Supernova Remnants
• ALMA Observations of Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxies with Various AGN Energetic Contributions Using Dense Gas Tracers
• A 1.3 cm line survey toward IRC +10216
• A distance limited sample of massive star forming cores from the RMS survey
• A cold accretion flow onto one component of a multiple protostellar system
• High SiO abundance in the HH212 protostellar jet
• Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby galaxies (SWAN): Resolved Ammonia Thermometry, Water and Methanol Masers in the Nuclear Starburst of NGC 253
• Synthetic observations of star formation and the interstellar medium
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star formation signatures in G023.477
• Origin of the PN molecule in star-forming regions: the enlarged sample
• The complex organic molecular content in the L1498 starless core
• A 1.3 cm Line Survey toward Orion KL
• A Ring of C2H in the Molecular Disk Orbiting TW Hya
• JCMT HARP CO 3-2 Observations of Molecular Outflows in W5
• Chemical modeling for predicting the abundances of certain aldimines and amines in hot cores
• Magnetically Dominated Parallel Interstellar Filaments at the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506
• OH (1720 MHz) Masers: A Multiwavelength Study of the Interaction between the W51C Supernova Remnant and the W51B Star Forming Region
• Mapping water in protostellar outflows with Herschel: PACS and HIFI observations of L1448-C
• Fire in the Heart: A Characterization of the High Kinetic Temperatures and Heating Sources in the Nucleus of NGC253
• Striations in the Taurus molecular cloud: Kelvin-Helmholtz instability or MHD waves?
• Molecular shock tracers in NGC 1068: SiO and HNCO
• Orion Source I's disk is salty
• Molecular-Cloud-Scale Chemical Composition I: Mapping Spectral Line Survey toward W51 in the 3 mm Band
• Cloud-cloud Collision in the Galactic Center 50 km s${}^{-1}$ Molecular Cloud
• Tracing planet-induced structures in circumstellar disks using molecular lines
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVI: Characterizing the impact of the molecular wind on the evolution of the HD 163296 system
• FAUST II. Discovery of a Secondary Outflow in IRAS 15398-3359: Variability in Outflow Direction during the Earliest Stage of Star Formation?
• Dense Molecular Gas around AGN: HCN/CO in NGC3227
• Kinetic temperature of massive star forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde
• Weak maser emission of methyl formate toward Sagittarius B2(N) in the Green Bank Telescope PRIMOS Survey
• The Effects of Initial Abundances on Nitrogen in Protoplanetary Disks
• GATOS: missing molecular gas in the outflow of NGC5728 revealed by JWST
• Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency Variations in the Antennae Galaxies
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results
• A (sub)millimetre study of dense cores in Orion B9
• 3 to 12 millimetre studies of dense gas towards the western rim of supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946
• Molecular Emission Line Formation in Prestellar Cores
• The molecular gas content of the Pipe Nebula I. Direct evidence of outflow-generated turbulence in B59?
• Survey Observations to Study Chemical Evolution from High-mass Starless Cores to High-mass Protostellar Objects I: HC3N and HC5N
• Molecular line emission in NGC 4945, imaged with ALMA
• The Distribution and Origin of C${}_2$H in NGC 253 from ALCHEMI
• Molecular-Cloud-Scale Chemical Composition II: Mapping Spectral Line Survey toward W3(OH) in the 3 mm Band
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in Circinus Galaxy I: Non-LTE calculations of CO lines
• Quantum Calculation of Inelastic CO Collisions with H: I. rotational quenching of low-lying rotational levels
• Synthetic [CII] emission maps of a simulated molecular cloud in formation
• 3 mm spectral line survey of two lines of sight toward two typical cloud complexes in the Galactic Center
• The Circumnuclear Disk Revealed by ALMA. I. Dense Clouds and Tides in the Galactic Center
• Herschel-SPIRE-Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the nearby spiral galaxy IC342
• Complex organic molecules during low-mass star formation: Pilot survey results
• A study of the C${}_3$H${}_2$ isomers and isotopologues: first interstellar detection of HDCCC
• Herschel / HIFI spectral line survey of the Orion Bar - Temperature and density differentiation near the PDR surface
• Tracing the sources of cosmic rays with molecular ions
• ALMA Multiple-Transition Observations of High Density Molecular Tracers in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• The density structure of the L1157 molecular outflow
• Clustering the Orion B giant molecular cloud based on its molecular emission
• ALMA View of the Circum-nuclear Disk of the Galactic Center; Tidally-disrupted Molecular Clouds falling to the Galactic Center
• Water abundance variations around high-mass protostars: Herschel-HIFI observations of the DR21 region
• Origin of warm and hot gas emission from low-mass protostars: Herschel-HIFI observations of CO J=16-15. I. Line profiles, physical conditions, and H2O abundance
• Dense molecular gas properties on 100 pc scales across the disc of NGC 3627
• Temperature structures in Galactic Center clouds - Direct evidence for gas heating via turbulence
• First extragalactic detection of a phosphorus-bearing molecule with ALCHEMI: phosphorus nitride (PN)
• Kinetic temperature of massive star-forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde. III. The Orion Molecular Cloud 1
• Submillimeter water and ammonia absorption by the peculiar z~0.89 interstellar medium in the gravitational lens of the PKS 1830-211 system
• Abundance of HCN and its C and N isotopologues in L1498
• The first bird's-eye view of a gravitationally unstable accretion disk in high-mass star formation
• The complex dust formation zone of the AGB star IRC+10216 probed with CARMA 0.25 arcsec angular resolution molecular observations
• Multiple paths of deuterium fractionation in protoplanetary disks
• Herschel SPIRE-FTS Observations of Excited CO and [CI] in the Antennae (NGC 4038/39): Warm and Cold Molecular Gas
• Probing X-ray irradiation in the nucleus of NGC 1068 with observations of high-J lines of dense gas tracers
• Accounting for the Foreground Contribution to the Dust Emission towards Kepler's Supernova Remnant
• Organic molecules in the protoplanetary disk of DG Tau revealed by ALMA
• Probing Episodic Accretion in Very Low Luminosity Objects
• Water emission from the chemically rich outflow L1157
• Strong irradiation of protostellar cores in Corona Australis
• Detection of phosphorus-bearing molecules towards a Solar-type protostar
• Velocity resolved [CII], [CI], and CO observations of the N159 star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud: a complex velocity structure and variation of the column densities
• The Dense Molecular Gas and Nuclear Activity in the ULIRG IRAS 13120-5453
• The nitrogen isotopic ratio of HC3N towards the L1544 prestellar core
• Triggered star formation surrounding Wolf-Rayet star HD 211853
• Herschel / HIFI observations of CO, H2O and NH3 in Mon R2
• The APEX-CHAMP+ view of the Orion Molecular Cloud 1 core - Constraining the excitation with submillimeter CO multi-line observations
• A large-scale CO survey of the Rosette Molecular Cloud: assessing the effects of O stars on surrounding molecular gas
• Observational Determination of the Turbulent Ambipolar Diffusion Scale and Magnetic Field Strength in Molecular Clouds
• Planck cold clumps in the $\lambda$ Orionis complex: I. Discovery of an extremely young Class 0 protostellar object and a proto-brown dwarf candidate in a bright rimmed clump PGCC G192.32-11.88
• CO excitation in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 34: stars, shock or AGN driven?
• The complex organic molecular content in the L1517B starless core
• The ALMA-PILS survey: Gas dynamics in IRAS 16293$-$2422 and the connection between its two protostars
• Kinetic temperature of massive star forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde. II. The Large Magellanic Cloud
• HERUS: A CO Atlas from SPIRE Spectroscopy of local ULIRGs
• Chemical study of intermediate-mass (IM) Class 0 protostars. CO depletion and N2H+ deuteration
• H3O+ Line Emission from Starbursts and AGNs
• Spectral Line Survey toward a Molecular Cloud in IC10
• The Circumstellar Structure and Excitation Effects around the Massive Protostar Cepheus A HW 2
• An unbiased spectral line survey observation toward the low-mass star-forming region L1527
• Evidence for a chemically differentiated outflow in Mrk 231
• Spatially resolved CO SLED of the Luminous Merger Remnant NGC 1614 with ALMA
• SiO collimated outflows driven by high-mass YSOs in G24.78+0.08
• CSO and CARMA Observations of L1157. I. A Deep Search for Hydroxylamine (NH${}_2$OH)
• Energizing Star Formation: The Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate in NGC 253 Derived From ALCHEMI Measurements of H${}_3$O${}^{+}$ and SO
• The Herschel Planetary Nebula Survey (HerPlaNS) - a comprehensive dusty photoionization model of NGC6781
• First Detection of Ammonia in the Large Magellanic Cloud: The Kinetic Temperature of Dense Molecular Cores in N159W
• A Survey of CH2DOH Towards Starless and Prestellar Cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• H2O line mapping at high spatial and spectral resolution - Herschel observations of the VLA1623 outflow
• SiO excitation from dense shocks in the earliest stages of massive star formation
• Morphology and Kinematics of Warm Molecular Gas in the Nuclear Region of Arp 220 as Revealed by ALMA
• Around the Ring We Go: The Cold, Dense Ring of Molecular Gas in NGC 1614
• Modelling the ArH${}^{+}$ emission from the Crab Nebula
• Sulfur Chemistry in L1157-B1
• A Chandra and ALMA Study of X-ray-irradiated Gas in the Central ~100 pc of the Circinus Galaxy
• Temperature profiles of young disk-like structures: The case of IRAS 16293A
• Cosmic-ray-induced ionization in molecular clouds adjacent to supernova remnants - Tracing the hadronic origin of GeV gamma radiation
• H2D+ in the high mass star-forming Region Cygnus-X
• Luminous Infrared Galaxies With the Submillimeter Array. IV. 12CO J=6-5 Observations of VV 114
• JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS). Overview of gaseous molecular emission and absorption in low-mass protostars
• Interstellar Plunging Waves: ALMA resolves the physical structure of non-stationary MHD shocks
• The Excitation Conditions of CN in TW Hya
• The Perseus ALMA Chemical Survey (PEACHES). III. Sulfur-bearing species tracing accretion and ejection processes in young protostars
• Spatially resolved physical conditions of molecular gas and potential star formation tracers in M83, revealed by the Herschel SPIRE FTS
• Water in star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH) V. The physical conditions in low-mass protostellar outflows revealed by multi-transition water observations
• Chemistry of a newly detected circumbinary disk in Ophiuchus
• Warm and Cold Molecular Gas Conditions Modeled in 87 Galaxies Observed by the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• Dynamical Accretion Flows -- ALMAGAL: Flows along filamentary structures in high-mass star-forming clusters
• Chemistry and physics of a low-metallicity hot core in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Tracing cool molecular gas and star formation on $\sim 100$pc scales within a $z=2.3$ galaxy
• Observations of CH${}_3$OH and CH${}_3$CHO in a Sample of Protostellar Outflow Sources
• Warm gas towards young stellar objects in Corona Australis - Herschel/PACS observations from the DIGIT key programme
• Revisiting the shocks in BHR71: new observational constraints and H2O predictions for Herschel
• Herschel-PACS spectroscopy of the intermediate mass protostar NGC7129 FIRS 2
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• Chemical complexity of phosphorous bearing species in various regions of the Interstellar medium
• Kiloparsec-scale Variations in the Star Formation Efficiency of Dense Gas: the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/39)
• The Coldest Place in the Universe: Probing the Ultra-Cold Outflow and Dusty Disk in the Boomerang Nebula
• ATLASGAL - Ammonia observations towards the southern Galactic Plane
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• Methanol masers in NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
• The Physical Properties of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps: A Systematic Comparison of Molecular Tracers
• Mapping CO Gas in the GG Tauri A Triple System with 50 AU Spatial Resolution
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• Successive deuteration in low-mass star-forming regions: the case of D${}_2$-methanol (CHD${}_2$OH) in IRAS 16293-2422
• OH 18 cm Transition as a Thermometer for Molecular Clouds
• First hyperfine resolved far-infrared OH spectrum from a star-forming region
• Chemistry of the High-Mass Protostellar Molecular Clump IRAS 16562-3959
• Herschel/HIFI Spectral Mapping of C${}^{+}$, CH${}^{+}$, and CH in Orion BN/KL: The Prevailing Role of Ultraviolet Irradiation in CH${}^{+}$ Formation
• [CI](1-0) and [CI](2-1) in resolved local galaxies
• Probing planet formation and disk substructures in the inner disk of Herbig Ae stars with CO rovibrational emission
• The properties of Planck Galactic cold clumps in the L1495 dark cloud
• Circumstellar water vapour in M-type AGB stars: Constraints from H2O(1_10 - 1_01) lines obtained with Odin
• Molecular transitions as probes of the physical conditions of extragalactic environments
• Flow of gas detected from beyond the filaments to protostellar scales in Barnard 5
• Herschel survey and modelling of externally-illuminated photoevaporating protoplanetary disks
• Substructures in the Disk-Forming Region of the Class 0 Low-Mass Protostellar Source IRAS 16293-2422 Source A on a 10 au Scale
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• CO rotational line emission from a dense knot in Cas A Evidence for active post-reverse-shock chemistry
• Dense molecular gas toward W49A: A template for extragalactic starbursts?
• LOC program for line radiative transfer
• Active Galactic Nucleus and Extended Starbursts in a Mid-stage Merger VV114
• Dense gas formation in the Musca filament due to the dissipation of a supersonic converging flow
• Excitation and abundance study of CO+ in the interstellar medium
• Competitive accretion in the protocluster G10.6-0.4?
• Enhanced UV radiation and dense clumps in Mrk231's molecular outflow
• How Dense is Your Gas? On the recoverability of LVG model parameters
• Organic chemistry of low-mass star-forming cores I: 7 mm spectroscopy of Chamaeleon MMS1
• ALMA Observations of Atomic Carbon [C I] (${{}^3\mathrm{P}}_1\to {{}^3\mathrm{P}}_0$) and Low-$J$ CO Lines in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1808
• Water distribution in shocked regions of the NGC1333-IRAS4A protostellar outflow
• SHOCKFIND - An algorithm to identify magnetohydrodynamic shock waves in turbulent clouds
• Kinematics and properties of the Central Molecular Zone as probed with [C II]
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). VI. Dense gas and mini-starbursts in the W43 giant molecular cloud complex
• Negative and Positive Feedback from a Supernova Remnant with SHREC: A detailed Study of the Shocked Gas in IC443
• A 2-3 mm high-resolution molecular line survey towards the centre of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946
• A SUBLIME 3D Model for Cometary Coma Emission: the Hypervolatile-Rich Comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)
• A new protonated molecule discovered in TMC-1: HCCNCH+
• Sulphur and carbon isotopes towards Galactic centre clouds
• CSO and CARMA Observations of L1157. II. Chemical Complexity in the Shocked Outflow
• Evolutionary view through the starless cores in Taurus: deuteration in TMC 1-C and TMC 1-CP
• Distribution of methanol and cyclopropenylidene around starless cores
• Detection of a high-redshift molecular outflow in a primeval hyperstarburst galaxy
• The Redshift Search Receiver 3 mm Wavelength Spectra of 10 Galaxies
• Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby galaxies (SWAN): Resolved Ammonia Thermometry, and Water and Methanol Masers in IC 342, NGC 6946 and NGC 2146
• Dense molecular cocoons in the massive protocluster W3 IRS5: a test case for models of massive star formation
• Physical structure of the photodissociation regions in NGC 7023. Observations of gas and dust emission with Herschel
• Energetic radiation and the sulfur chemistry of protostellar envelopes: Submillimeter interferometry of AFGL 2591
• Detection of a large fraction of atomic gas not associated with star-forming material in M17 SW
• A non-equilibrium ortho-to-para ratio of water in the Orion PDR
• Mid-J CO observations of Perseus B1-East 5: evidence for turbulent dissipation via low-velocity shocks
• ALMA observations of HCN and HCO+ outflows in the merging galaxy NGC 3256
• CO and H2 Absorption in the AA Tauri Circumstellar Disk
• Radiative transfer and molecular data for astrochemistry (Review)
• Structure and kinematics of shocked gas in Sgr B2: further evidence of a cloud-cloud collision from SiO emission maps
• 74 MHz Nonthermal Emission from Molecular Clouds: Evidence for a Cosmic Ray Dominated Region at the Galactic Center
• Widespread Rotationally-Hot Hydronium Ion in the Galactic Interstellar Medium
• Ground-state ammonia and water in absorption towards Sgr B2
• Incorporating Astrochemistry into Molecular Line Modelling via Emulation
• Tracers of the ionization fraction in dense and translucent gas: I. Automated exploitation of massive astrochemical model grids
• The evolution of temperature and density structures of OB cluster-forming molecular clumps
• Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. II. 30 Doradus
• The ATLAS 3D project - XVI. Physical parameters and spectral line energy distributions of the molecular gas in gas-rich early-type galaxies
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey III. 6.7 GHz methanol maser survey in Cygnus X
• IRAS 16253-2429: the First Proto-Brown Dwarf Binary Candidate Identified through Dynamics of Jets
• A rotating molecular disk toward IRAS 18162-2048, the exciting source of HH 80-81
• A study of submillimeter methanol absorption toward PKS1830-211: Excitation, invariance of the proton-electron mass ratio, and systematics
• Testing the variability of the proton-to-electron mass ratio from observations of methanol in the dark cloud core L1498
• The impact of cosmic-ray attenuation on the carbon cycle emission in molecular clouds
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) V. Methanol in Taurus
• Simultaneous observation of water and class I methanol masers toward class II methanol maser sources
• The SOFIA FEEDBACK Legacy Survey: Dynamics and mass ejection in the bipolar HII region RCW 36
• A thorough view of the nuclear region of NGC 253 - Combined Herschel, SOFIA and APEX dataset
• Probing the effects of external irradiation on low-mass protostars through unbiased line surveys
• Shocked and Scorched: The Tail of a Tadpole in an Interstellar Pond
• The Molecular ISM in the Super Star Clusters of the Starburst NGC 253
• Submillimeter Line Emission from LMC 30Dor: The Impact of a Starburst on a Low Metallicity Environment
• Identification of Methyl Isocyanate and Other Complex Organic Molecules in a Hot Molecular Core, G31.41+0.31
• Detection of vibronic bands of C${}_3$ in a translucent cloud towards HD 169454
• First extragalactic measurement of the turbulence driving parameter: ALMA observations of the star-forming region N159E in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The first CO+ image: Probing the HI/H2 layer around the ultracompact HII region Mon R2
• Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
• Dense molecular gas in the starburst nucleus of NGC 1808
• Atomic jet from SMM1 (FIRS1) in Serpens uncovers non-coeval binary companion
• Herschel PACS observations of shocked gas associated with the jets of L1448 and L1157
• Deuterium fractionation as a multi-phase component tracer in the Galactic Centre
• The detectability of mm-wave molecular rotational transitions
• Luminous, pc-scale CO 6-5 emission in the obscured nucleus of NGC1377
• Resolved molecular line observations reveal an inherited molecular layer in the young disk around TMC1A
• Extended warm and dense gas towards W49A: starburst conditions in our Galaxy?
• Small-scale physical and chemical structure of diffuse and translucent molecular clouds along the line of sight to Sgr B2
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Complex Organic and Deuterated Molecules
• The Discovery of a New Massive Molecular Gas Component Associated with the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J02399-0136
• Collisional Excitation and Weak Maser Action of Interstellar Methanimine
• The ionization rates of galactic nuclei and disks from Herschel/HIFI observations of water and its associated ions
• Chemical tracers in proto-brown dwarfs: CN, HCN, and HNC observations
• Tracing Turbulent Ambipolar Diffusion in Molecular Clouds
• CHAMP+ observations of warm gas in M17 SW
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). III. Dynamical effect on molecular gas density and star formation in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4303
• Submillimeter imaging of the Galactic Center starburst Sgr B2. Warm molecular, atomic, and ionized gas far from massive star-forming cores
• Molecular envelope around the HII region RCW 120
• Molecular remnant of Nova 1670 (CK Vulpeculae): I. Properties and enigmatic origin of the gas
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (I) Deuteration
• Minimal HCN emission from Molecular Clouds in M33
• The State of the Molecular Gas in Post-Starburst Galaxies
• ALMA Multiple-Transition Molecular Line Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 20551-4250: Different HCN, HCO+, HNC Excitation and Implications for Infrared Radiative Pumping
• A Complete HCN Survey of the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Stellar Feedback-Driven Excitation and Dissociation of Molecular Gas in the Starburst Ring of NGC 1365?
• Nature of shocks revealed by SOFIA OI observations in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow
• Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array V: Molecular Gas in Intermediate to Late-stage Mergers
• Odin observations of water in molecular outflows and shocks
• Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. I. N159W
• Kinetic temperature of massive star-forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde IV. The ALMA view of N113 and N159W in the LMC
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS) VI. A sulphur journey across star-forming regions: study of thioformaldehyde emission
• Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds
• The feedback of atomic jets from embedded protostars in NGC 1333
• Externally heated protostellar cores in the Ophiuchus star-forming region
• Linking low- to high-mass YSOs with Herschel-HIFI observations of water
• Galactic interstellar sulfur isotopes: A radial ${}^{32}$S$/$${}^{34}$S gradient?
• A multi-wavelength observation and investigation of six infrared dark clouds
• The Structure and Dynamics of an AGN Torus: CO Line Predictions for ALMA from 3D Hydrodynamical Simulations with X-ray Driven Chemistry
• Unlocking the secrets of the midplane gas and dust distribution in the young hybrid disc HD 141569
• Molecular-Cloud-Scale Chemical Composition III: Constraints of Average Physical Properties through Chemical Models
• Multi-line observations of CH${}_3$OH, c-C${}_3$H${}_2$ and HNCO towards L1544: Dissecting the core structure with chemical differentiation
• PORTAL--three-dimensional polarized (sub)millimeter line radiative transfer
• Recovering the Physical Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies from CO SLED Modeling
• SPIRE Spectroscopy of Early Type Galaxies
• Dense Cores, Filaments and Outflows in the S255IR Region of High Mass Star Formation
• Jet-ISM Interactions near the Microquasars GRS 1758-258 and 1E 1740.7-2942
• A view of Large Magellanic Cloud HII regions N159, N132, and N166 through the 345 GHz window
• Signatures of fast and slow magnetohydrodynamic shocks in turbulent molecular clouds
• L1448-MM observations by the Herschel Key program, "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT)
• High-J CO emission in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow observed with SOFIA/GREAT
• Continuity of accretion from clumps to Class 0 high-mass protostars in SDC335
• Are Large, Cometary-Shaped Proplyds really (free-floating) EGGs?
• The water line emission and ortho-to-para ratio in the Orion Bar photon-dominated region
• Inferring the evolutionary stages of the internal structures of NGC 7538 S and IRS1 from chemistry
• Detection of HC18O+ in a protoplanetary disk: exploring oxygen isotope fractionation of CO
• ATLASGAL -- selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. IX. Deuteration of ammonia
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• Investigating Anomalous Photochemistry in the Inner Wind of IRC+10216 Through Interferometric Observations of HC${}_3$N
• Herschel-SPIRE spectroscopy of the DR21 molecular cloud core
• MOLPOP-CEP: An Exact, Fast Code for Multi-Level Systems
• Opening the Treasure Chest in Carina
• Oxygen budget in low-mass protostars: the NGC1333-IRAS4A R1 shock observed in [OI] at 63 um with SOFIA-GREAT
• The first detection of SiC${}_2$ in the interstellar medium
• Ortho-to-para ratio of NH2. Herschel-HIFI observations of ortho- and para-NH2 rotational transitions towards W31C, W49N, W51 and G34.3+0.1
• Molecules in η Carinae
• PRUSSIC I - a JVLA survey of HCN/HCO+/HNC (1-0) emission in z$\sim$3 dusty galaxies: Low dense-gas fractions in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• First Extragalactic Detection of Far-Infrared CH Rotational Lines from the Herschel Space Observatory
• The Carbon-to-H${}_2$, CO-to-H${}_2$ Conversion Factors and Carbon Abundance on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• ASTE observations in the 345 GHz window towards the HII region N113 of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Analysis of the Herschel/HEXOS Spectral Survey Towards Orion South: A massive protostellar envelope with strong external irradiation
• Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2
• Chemical and radiative transfer modeling of Propylene Oxide
• CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey: Dense Gas in the Young L1451 Region of Perseus
• High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Observations of the PDR Emission in the NGC2023 Reflection Nebula with SOFIA and APEX
• Kinetic temperatures toward X1/X2 orbit interceptions regions and Giant Molecular Loops in the Galactic center region
• Absorption Filaments Towards the Massive Clump G0.253+0.016
• Water emission from the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 17233-3606. High water abundances at high velocities
• Wide-Field ${}^{12}$CO ($J=2-1$) and ${}^{13}$CO ($J=2-1$) Observations toward the Aquila Rift and Serpens Molecular Cloud Complexes. I. Molecular Clouds and Their Physical Properties
• Structural and Dynamical Analysis of 0.1pc Cores and Filaments in the 30~Doradus-10 Giant Molecular Cloud
• A systematic observational study on Galactic interstellar ratio 18O/17O: I. C18O and C17O J=1-0 data analysis
• Detection of Dynamical Instability in Titan's Thermospheric Jet
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey VIII. Formaldehyde absorption in Cygnus~X
• Unveiling the formation of the massive DR21 ridge
• Chemical modeling of Orion Nebula Cluster disks: evidence for massive, compact gas disks with ISM-like gas-to-dust ratios
• The chemical footprint of AGN feedback in the outflowing circumnuclear disk of NGC 1068
• Observational signatures of eccentric Jupiters inside gas cavities in protoplanetary discs
• ${}^{13}$C Isotopic Fractionation of CCH in Two Starless Cores: L1521B and L134N
• Modelling the abundance structure of isocyanic acid (HNCO) toward the low-mass solar type protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• ALMA multiline observations toward the central region of NGC 613
• The Emission Structure of Formaldehyde MegaMasers
• Physical conditions in three high-z H2-bearing DLAs: implications for grain size
• Detection of N${}_2$D${}^{+}$ in a protoplanetary disk
• Outflow forces in intermediate mass star formation
• Molecular Tracers of Filamentary CO Emission Regions Surrounding the Central Galaxies of Clusters
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• Exploring the formation pathways of formamide near young O-type stars
• SMM J04135+10277: A distant QSO-starburst system caught by ALMA
• Mid-J CO shock tracing observations of infrared dark clouds II Low-J CO constraints on excitation, depletion, and kinematics
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VIII. Dense-gas reservoirs in the most active dusty starbursts at z~3
• A molecular cloud within the light echo of V838 Monocerotis
• The JCMT dense gas survey of the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• Analytical Methods for Measuring the Parameters of Interstellar Gas Using the Data of Methanol Observations
• Revealing The CO X-factor In Dark Molecular Gas through Sensitive ALMA Absorption Observations
• Dependence of Chemical Abundance on the Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate in IC 348
• Chemical Variation in Molecular Cloud Cores in the Orion A Cloud. II
• Constraint on ion-neutral drift velocity in the Class 0 protostar B335 from ALMA observations
• Physical properties of accretion shocks toward the Class I protostellar system Oph-IRS 44
• Molecular line and continuum study of the W40 cloud
• PdBI U/LIRG Survey (PULS): Dense Molecular Gas in Arp 220 and NGC 6240
• Upper limits to interstellar NH+ and para-NH2- abundances. Herschel-HIFI observations towards Sgr B2 (M) and G10.6-0.4 (W31C)
• CO multi-line observations of HH 80-81: a two-component molecular outflow associated with the largest protostellar jet in our Galaxy
• On the origin of C${}_4$H and CH${}_3$OH in protostellar envelopes
• The Molecular Baryon Cycle of M82
• CN excitation and electron densities in diffuse molecular clouds
• Stacked Average Far-Infrared Spectrum of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies from the Herschel/SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• The fine structure line deficit in S 140
• CO Excitation and its Connection to Star Formation at 200 pc in NGC 1365
• exoALMA XV: Interpreting the height of CO emission layer
• The extremely sharp transition between molecular and ionized gas in the Horsehead nebula
• Molecular Distributions of the Protostellar Envelope and the Outflow of IRAS 15398-3359: Principal Component Analysis
• Herschel spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds
• Modelling the Molecular Gas in NGC 6240
• The L1157 protostellar outflow imaged with the SMA
• Understanding if molecular ratios can be used as diagnostics of AGN and starburst activity: The case of NGC 1068
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• Probing the Turbulence Dissipation Range and Magnetic Field Strengths in Molecular Clouds. II. Directly Probing the Ion-neutral Decoupling Scale
• Reconstructing the shock history in the CMZ of NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
• Chemical tracers of high-metallicity environments
• Expanding Shell and Star Formation in the Infrared Dust Bubble N6
• SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys
• Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50
• H${}_2$S observations in young stellar disks in Taurus
• First-generation Science Cases for Ground-based Terahertz Telescopes
• The evolutionary status of dense cores in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4 region
• The Herschel-HIFI view of mid-IR quiet massive protostellar objects
• Origin of hydrogen fluoride emission in the Orion Bar: An excellent tracer for CO-dark H2 gas clouds
• The L1157-B1 astrochemical laboratory: testing the origin of DCN
• In search of infall motion in molecular clumps III: HCO+ (1-0) and H13CO+ (1-0) mapping observations toward the confirmed infall sources
• The Rapidly Evolving AGB Star, V Hya: ALMA finds a Multi-Ring Circus with High-Velocity Outflows
• Temperatures of dust and gas in S~140
• Deuteration of c-C${}_3$H${}_2$ towards the pre-stellar core L1544
• Multi-epoch SMA observations of the L1448C(N) protostellar SiO jet
• Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H${}_2$ factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101
• Upper limit for the D2H+ ortho-to-para ratio in the prestellar core 16293E (CHESS)
• Excitation and acceleration of molecular outflows in LIRGs: The extended ESO 320-G030 outflow on 200-pc scales
• Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopy of the Photodissociation Regions associated with S 106 and IRAS 23133+6050
• The Earliest Phases of Star formation (EPoS): Temperature, density, and kinematic structure of the star-forming core CB 17
• Sensitive CO and 13CO survey of water fountain stars. Detections towards IRAS 18460-0151 and IRAS 18596+0315
• Molecular Gas Kinematics and Line Diagnostics in Early-type Galaxies: NGC4710 and NGC5866
• ALMA observations of CS in NGC 1068: chemistry and excitation
• New Detections of Phosphorus Molecules towards Solar-type Protostars
• Physical conditions of the molecular gas in metal-poor galaxies
• A single-dish survey of the HCO+, HCN, and CN emission toward the T Tauri disk population in Taurus
• Abundance ratios of OH/CO and HCO+/CO as probes of the cosmic ray ionization rate in diffuse clouds
• H${}_2$O distribution in the disc of HD 100546 and HD 163296: the role of dust dynamics and planet--disc interaction
• Arcsecond resolution mapping of Sulfur Dioxide emission in the circumstellar envelope of VY Canis Majoris
• Mid-J CO Shock Tracing Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds III: SLED fitting
• Molecular Cloud Cores in the Galactic Center 50 $\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ Molecular Cloud
• Linking the dust and chemical evolution: Taurus and Perseus -- New collisional rates for HCN, HNC, and their C, N, and H isotopologues
• ALMA ACA and Nobeyama observations of two Orion cores in deuterated molecular lines
• Tracing H2 column density with atomic carbon (CI) and CO isotopologues
• Velocity resolved [CII] spectroscopy of the center and the BCLMP302 region of M33 (HerM33es)
• Water and ammonia abundances in S140 with the Odin satellite
• The chemical structure of the Class 0 protostellar envelope NGC 1333 IRAS 4A
• Diagnosing shock temperature with NH${}_3$ and H${}_2$O profiles
• ASTE Simultaneous HCN(4-3) and HCO+(4-3) Observations of the Two Luminous Infrared Galaxies NGC 4418 and Arp 220
• First spectrally-resolved H${}_2$ observations towards HH 54 / Low H${}_2$O abundance in shocks
• Emission from HCN and CH${}_3$OH in comets. Onsala 20-m observations and radiative transfer modelling
• Where infall meets outflows: turbulent dissipation probed by CH${}^{+}$ and Ly$\alpha$ in the starburst/AGN galaxy group SMM J02399$-$0136 at z$\sim$2.8
• Evidence of a Cloud-Cloud Collision from Overshooting Gas in the Galactic Center
• SiS in the circumstellar envelope of IRC +10126: maser and quasi-thermal emission
• Ambipolar diffusion and the molecular abundances in prestellar cores
• Evidence for extended gaseous reservoirs around AGN at cosmic noon from ALMA CO(3-2) observations
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in Circinus Galaxy IV: absorption owing to high-$J$ CO rotational transitions
• Outflowing activity in the UCHII region G045.47+0.05
• Exploring the Possibility of Identifying Hydride and Hydroxyl Cations of Noble Gas Species in the Crab Nebula Filament
• The Lyman Alpha Reference Sample XI: Efficient Turbulence Driven Lyα Escape and the Analysis of IR, CO and [C II]158 μm
• Properties of the Molecular Cores of Low Luminosity Objects
• Dense Molecular Gas Properties of the Central Kpc of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Constrained by ALMA Three Transition-line Observations
• The Evolution of NGC 7465 as Revealed by its Molecular Gas Properties
• Extremely Strong ^{13}CO J=3-2 Line in the "Water Fountain" IRAS 16342-3814: Evidence for the Hot-Bottom Burning
• Herschel Key Program, "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT): the origin of molecular and atomic emission in low-mass protostars in Taurus
• Water, methanol and dense gas tracers in the local ULIRG Arp 220: Results from the new SEPIA Band 5 Science Verification campaign
• A high HDO/H${}_2$O ratio in the Class I protostar L1551 IRS5
• SOFIA FEEDBACK Survey: The Pillars of Creation in [C II] and Molecular Lines
• Interstellar anatomy of the TeV gamma-ray peak in the IC443 supernova remnant
• Discovery of a pre-existing molecular filament associated with supernova remnant G127.1+0.5
• Eta Carinae & the Homunculus: Far Infrared, Sub-millimeter Spectral Lines
• Detection of H2O and OH+ in z>3 Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Detection of CI in absorption towards PKS 1830-211 with the eSMA
• First detection of CHD${}_2$OH towards pre-stellar cores
• Infrared dust bubble CS51 and its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium
• Non-Local thermal equilibrium spectra of atmospheric molecules for exoplanets
• Parsec-scale cosmic-ray ionisation rate in Orion
• Young starless cores embedded in the magnetically dominated Pipe Nebula. II. Extended dataset
• Mapping the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio in the massive star forming region G29.96-0.02
• Mid-J CO Shock Tracing Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds I
• High Resolution Observations of Molecular Lines in Arp 220: Kinematics, Morphology, and Limits on the Applicability of the Ammonia Thermometer
• The APEX Large CO Heterodyne Orion Legacy Survey (ALCOHOLS). I. Survey overview
• Uniform Silicon Isotope Ratios Across the Milky Way Galaxy
• Modeling Nitrogen Fractionation in the Protoplanetary Disk around TW Hya: Model Constraints on Grain Population and Carbon-to-Oxygen Elemental Abundance Ratio
• APEX at the QSO MUSEUM: molecular gas reservoirs associated with $z\sim$3 quasars and their link to the extended Ly$\alpha$ emission
• First images of phosphorus molecules towards a proto-Solar analog
• Source structure and molecular gas properties from high-resolution CO imaging of SPT-selected dusty star-forming galaxies
• The impact of carbon and oxygen abundances on the metal-poor initial mass function
• Disentangling the excitation conditions of the dense gas in M17 SW
• ALMA Observations of the massive molecular outflow G331.512-0.103 II: physical properties, kinematics, and geometry modeling
• The giant low surface brightness galaxy Malin 1: new constraints for its molecular gas mass from GBT/ARGUS observations
• Evidence for dense gas heated by the explosion in Orion KL
• Star formation in Chamaeleon I and III: a molecular line study of the starless core population
• Role of environment and gas temperature in the formation of multiple protostellar systems: molecular tracers
• The SiO outflow from IRAS 17233-3603 at high resolution
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• Discovery of Broad Molecular lines and of Shocked Molecular Hydrogen from the Supernova Remnant G357.7+0.3: HHSMT, APEX, Spitzer and SOFIA Observations
• Merged H/H2 and C+/C/CO transitions in the Orion Bar
• Detection of deuterated molecules, but not of lithium hydride, in the z=0.89 absorber toward PKS1830-211
• Reimagining the water snowline
• ATLASGAL: 3-mm class I methanol masers in high-mass star formation regions
• Ammonia excitation imaging of shocked gas towards the W28 gamma-ray source HESS J1801-233
• Tracing Molecular Stratification within an Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk
• A Small-Scale Investigation of Molecular Emission toward the Tip of the Western Lobe of W50/SS433
• Collisional excitation of methyl (iso)cyanide by He atoms: rate coefficients and isomerism effects
• Variations of the HCO${}^{+}$, HCN, HNC, N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ and NH${}_3$ deuterium fractionation in high-mass star-forming regions
• CO, Water, and Possible Methanol in Eta Carinae Approaching Periastron
• After the interaction: an efficiently star-forming molecular disk in NGC5195
• The molecular environment of the solar-type protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• Formaldehyde Silhouettes Against the Cosmic Microwave Background: A Mass-Limited, Distance-Independent, Extinction-Free Tracer of Star Formation Across the Epoch of Galaxy Evolution
• Cyanoacetylene in the outflow/hot molecular core G331.512-0.103
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL2591 (CHESS). I. Highly excited linear rotor molecules in the high-mass protostellar envelope
• Discovery of Methanimine Megamasers Toward Compact Obscured Galaxy Nuclei
• An Extreme High-Velocity Bipolar Outflow in the Pre-Planetary Nebula IRAS 08005-2356
• Seeds of Life in Space (SOLIS).VII. Discovery of a cold dense methanol blob toward the L1521F VeLLO system
• The Opaque Heart of the Galaxy IC 860: Analogous Protostellar, Kinematics, Morphology, and Chemistry
• Gas and dust cooling along the major axis of M33 (HerM33es) -- Herschel/PACS [CII] and [OI] observations
• Mapping the H${}_2$D${}^{+}$ and N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ emission towards prestellar cores. Testing dynamical models of the collapse using gas tracers
• Feedback of molecular outflows from protostars in NGC 1333, revealed by Herschel and Spitzer spectro-imaging observations
• The multi-phase environment in the centre of Centaurus A
• Extended HNCO, SiO, and HC${}_3$N emission in 43 southern star-forming regions
• Herschel HIFI Observations of the Sgr A +50 km/s Cloud. Deep Searches for O2 in Emission and Foreground Absorption
• Dynamics, CO depletion, and deuterium fractionation of the dense condensations within the fragmented prestellar core Orion B9-SMM 6
• Dark cloud-type chemistry in PDRs with moderate UV field
• The distribution of warm gas in the G327.3--0.6 massive star-forming region
• Physical Conditions and Kinematics of the Filamentary Structure in Orion Molecular Cloud 1
• Chemical tracers in proto-brown dwarfs: CO, ortho-H${}_2$CO, para-H${}_2$CO, HCO${}^{+}$, CS observations
• SMA Observations of Extended $\mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{J}=2-1)$ Emission in Interacting Galaxy NGC 3627
• Flat Rotation Curves found in Merging Dusty Starbursts at $z=2.3$ through Tilted-Ring Modeling
• Sampling Molecular Gas in the Helix Planetary Nebula: Variation in HNC/HCN with UV Flux
• Opening PANDORA's box: APEX observations of CO in PNe
• APEX-SEPIA660 Early Science: Gas at densities above $10^7$ cm${}^{-3}$ towards OMC-1
• Major impact from a minor merger - The extraordinary hot molecular gas flow in the Eye of the NGC 4194 Medusa galaxy
• Rovibrational (de-)excitation of H${}_2$ by He revisited
• CON-quest II. Spatially and spectrally resolved HCN/HCO+ line ratios in local luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• Searching for shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
• A HIFI preview of warm molecular gas around chi Cyg : first detection of H2O emission toward an S-type AGB star
• Molecular gas excitation and outflow properties of obscured quasars at z$\sim$0.1
• L1599B: Cloud Envelope and C+ Emission in a Region of Moderately Enhanced Radiation Field
• High-resolution HI and CO observations of high-latitude intermediate-velocity clouds
• Deuterated species in extragalactic star-forming regions
• A search for cloud cores affected by shocked carbon chain chemistry in L1251
• Chemical compositions of five Planck cold clumps
• Hunting for the elusive methylene radical
• Carbon Chain Chemistry in Hot-Core Regions around Three Massive Young Stellar Objects Associated with 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• The Transition from Diffuse Molecular Gas to Molecular Cloud Material in Taurus
• Dense gas and star formation in the Outer Milky Way
• "Dust, Ice, and Gas In Time" (DIGIT) Herschel Observations of GSS30-IRS1 in Ophiuchus
• The distribution of ionized, atomic and PDR gas around S1 in Rho Ophiuchus
• The physical conditions in IRDC clumps from Herschel HIFI observations of H2O
• The HASHTAG project I. A Survey of CO(3-2) Emission from the Star Forming Disc of M31
• Constraints on the gas content of the Fomalhaut debris belt. Can gas-dust interactions explain the belt's morphology?
• History-independent tracers: Forgetful molecular probes of the physical conditions of the dense interstellar medium
• Deuterated methanol toward NGC 7538-IRS1
• Detection of Extremely Broad Water Emission from the molecular cloud interacting Supernova Remnant G349.7+0.2
• A detailed temperature map of the archetypal protostellar shocks in L1157
• H2CO and CS in diffuse clouds: Excitation and abundance
• Living on the edge of the Central Molecular Zone: G1.3 is the more likely candidate for gas accretion into the CMZ
• Submillimeter observations of molecular gas interacting with the supernova remnant W28
• Molecular clouds under the influence of massive stars in the Galactic HII region G353.2+0.9
• The Interaction Between the Supernova Remnant W41 and the Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G23.33-0.30
• H${}^{13}$CN-HN${}^{13}$C intensity ratio as a temperature indicator of interstellar clouds
• Molecular clouds at the eastern edge of radio nebula W50
• Physical Condition of Molecular Gas at the Centre of NGC 1097
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• 44 GHz Class I Methanol (CH${}_3$OH) Maser Survey in the Galactic Center
• Cold Deuterium Fractionation in the Nearest Planet-Forming Disk
• Extremely Buried Nucleus of IRAS 17208$-$0014 Observed at Sub-Millimeter and Near-Infrared Wavelengths
• ALMA Compact Array observations of the Fried Egg nebula: Evidence for large-scale asymmetric mass-loss from the yellow hypergiant IRAS 17163-3907
• G331.512-0.103: An Interstellar Laboratory for Molecular Synthesis I. The Ortho-to-para Ratios for CH${}_3$OH and CH${}_3$CN
• A new analytic approach to infer the cosmic-ray ionization rate in hot molecular cores from HCO${}^{+}$, N${}_2$H${}^{+}$, and CO observations
• Using CO line ratios to trace compressed areas in bubble N131
• Neural network-based emulation of interstellar medium models
• Physical conditions of gas components in debris disks of 49 Ceti and HD 21997
• Dense gas tracing the collisional past of Andromeda. An atypical inner region?
• First detection of silicon-bearing molecules in $\eta$ Car
• Star formation conditions in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump, G108.84-00.81
• Velocity-resolved hot water emission detected toward HL Tau with the Submillimeter Array
• On the properties of dust and gas in the environs of V838 Monocerotis
• Multi-wavelength modelling of the circumstellar environment of the massive proto-star AFGL 2591 VLA 3
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation
• Kinetic temperature of massive star-forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde V. The massive filament DR21
• Where is the Western Part of the Galactic Center Lobe Located really?
• H${}_3^{+}$ absorption and emission in local U/LIRGs with JWST/NIRSpec: Evidence for high H${}_2$ ionization rates
• A PDR model for the FIR mid-$J$ CO ladder with universal rotational temperature in star forming region
• The comparison of H2CO(110-111), C18O(1-0) and continuum towards molecular clouds
• Rotational excitation of interstellar benzonitrile by helium atoms
• Evolution of Chemistry in the envelope of Hot Corinos (ECHOS). I. Extremely young sulphur chemistry in the isolated Class 0 object B335
• NGC 1266: Characterization of the Nuclear Molecular Gas in an Unusual SB0 Galaxy
• Sulfur isotope ratios in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Etching glass in the early Universe: Luminous HF and water emission in a QSO-SMG pair at z=4.7
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• Unveiling the remarkable photodissociation region of M8
• Spiral Structure and Massive Star formation in the Hub-Filament-System G326.27-0.49
• The Unusual AGN Host NGC 1266: Evidence for Shocks in a Molecular Gas Rich S0 Galaxy with a Low Luminosity Nucleus
• Turbulent entrainment origin of protostellar outflows
• Sub-kiloparsec empirical relations and excitation conditions of HCN and HCO+ J=3-2 in nearby star-forming galaxies
• A recent update of gas-phase chemical reactions and molecular lines in CLOUDY: its effects on millimeter and sub-millimeter molecular line predictions
• Hyperfine Group Ratio: A Recipe for Deriving Kinetic Temperature from Ammonia Inversion Lines
• The ionization fraction in OMC-2 and OMC-3
• Observational study of hydrocarbons in the bright photodissociation region of Messier 8
• AMOEBA: Automated Molecular Excitation Bayesian Line-Fitting Algorithm
• A Survey of Deuterated Ammonia in the Cepheus Star-Forming Region L1251
• Deuterium chemistry and D/H ratios in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer with explicit absorption to simulate absorption, scattering, and stimulated emission
• Fine and hyperfine excitation of nitric oxide by collision with para-H2
• Sequential Star Formation in the Young SMC Region NGC 602: Insights from ALMA
• Warm gas in protostellar outflows. II. EHV jet and outflows from OMC-2/3
• CF${}^{+}$ excitation in the interstellar medium
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion: VI. The Internal Structures and a Candidate of Transiting Core in NGC 2024 Filament
• Molecular Line Ratio Diagnostics Along the Radial Cut and Dusty UV-bright Clumps in a Spiral Galaxy NGC 0628
• Is this an Early Stage Merger? A Case Study on Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of Arp 240
• Observations of water with Herschel/HIFI toward the high-mass protostar AFGL 2591
• Carbon-chain molecule survey toward four low-mass molecular outflow sources
• Star Formation in Extreme Environments: A 200 pc High Velocity Gas Stream in the Galactic Centre
• Molecular Gas Properties of the Giant Molecular Cloud Complexes in the Arms and Inter-arms of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 6946
• Circumnuclear Molecular Gas in Low-redshift Quasars and Matched Star-forming Galaxies
• Tidal Distortion of the Envelope of an AGB Star IRS 3 near Sgr A*
• An accurate set of H${}_3$O${}^{+}-$ H${}_2$ collisional rate coefficients for non-LTE modelling of warm interstellar clouds
• Detection of a turbulent gas component associated with a starless core with subthermal turbulence in the Orion A cloud
• Deuteration in infrared dark clouds
• The Musca molecular cloud: The perfect "filament" is still a sheet
• SMA Observations of the Extended CO(6-5) Emission in the Starburst Galaxy NGC253
• Signatures of UV radiation in low-mass protostars I. Origin of HCN and CN emission in the Serpens Main region
• Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II
• Probing the cold and warm molecular gas in the Whirlpool Galaxy: Herschel SPIRE-FTS Observations of the central region of M51 (NGC 5194)
• The connecting molecular ridge in the Galactic center
• CMZoom III: Spectral Line Data Release
• Cosmic-ray ionisation rate in low-mass cores: the role of the environment
• Constraints on the non-thermal desorption of methanol in the cold core LDN 429-C
• Studying the effects and cause of the massive star formation in Messier 8 East
• First Interstellar HCO${}^{+}$ Maser
• Correcting the extended-source calibration for the Herschel-SPIRE Fourier-Transform Spectrometer
• Sulphur-Bearing and Complex Organic Molecules in an Infrared Cold Core
• Observed CN and HCN intensity ratios exhibit subtle variations in extreme galaxy environments
• CO enhancement by magnetohydrodynamic waves; Striations in the Polaris Flare
• Physical properties of the molecular cloud, N4, in SS433; Evidence for an interaction of molecular cloud with the jet from SS433
• Atomic Shocks in the Outflow of L1551 IRS 5 Identified with SOFIA-upGREAT Observations of [OI]
• 12CO and 13CO J=3-2 observations toward N11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Collisional excitation of PO${}^{+}$ by $para$-H${}_2$
• Revealing the Physical Conditions around Sgr A* using Bayesian Inference -- I. Observations and Radiative Transfer
• Molecular isotopologue measurements toward super star clusters and the relation to their ages in NGC253 with ALCHEMI
• Chemical inventory of the envelope of the Class I protostar L1551 IRS 5
• Modelling the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium spectra of silylene (SiH2)
• Evidence for a Sharp CO Snowline Transition in a Protoplanetary Disk and Implications for Millimeter-wave Observations of CO Isotopologues
• Shaken or stirred: the diffuse interstellar medium with exceptionally high SiO abundance
• Star formation in Cometary globule 1: the second generation
• Down but not out: properties of the molecular gas in the stripped Virgo Cluster early-type galaxy NGC4526
• Studying Infall in Infrared Dark Clouds with Multiple HCO+ Transitions
• Ethynyl around the HII regions S255 and S257
• Upper limits on the water vapour content of the $\beta$ Pictoris debris disk
• A multi-line study of the filamentary infrared dark cloud G351.78-0.54
• A slowly expanding torus associated with the candidate LBV MGE 042.0787+00.5084
• ALMA Sub-arcsec-resolution 183 GHz H2O and Dense Molecular Line Observations of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Collisional excitation and non-LTE modelling of interstellar chiral propylene oxide
• ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy. X. Observations of atomic carbon at 492 GHz
• An Isothermal Outflow in High-mass Star-forming Region G240.31+0.07
• Binary energy source of the HH 250 outflow and its circumstellar environment
• The molecular emission of the irradiated star forming core ahead of HH 80N
• Distribution of water in the G327.3-0.6 massive star-forming region
• Thermal Pressure in Diffuse H2 Gas Measured by Herschel [C II] Emission and FUSE UV H2 Absorption
• Cold molecular gas in the hot nuclear wind of the Milky Way
• Astrochemistry in external galaxies: how to use molecules as probes of their physical conditions
• Nascent chemical complexity in prestellar core IRAS 16293E: complex organics and deuterated methanol
• SOLIS XVII: Jet candidate unveiled in OMC-2 and its possible link to the enhanced cosmic-ray ionisation rate
• A Herschel study of the high-mass protostar IRAS20126+4104
• First observations of warm and cold methanol in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
• Confirmation of the outflow in L1451-mm: SiO line and CH${}_3$OH maser detections
• Spatially-resolved relation between [CI] ${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$ and ${}^{12}$CO (1-0) in Arp 220
• UCLCHEMCMC: A MCMC Inference tool for Physical Parameters of Molecular Clouds
• A warm molecular ring in AG Car: composing the mass-loss puzzle
• M31 circum-nuclear region: a molecular survey with the IRAM-interferometer
• APEX Millimeter Observations of Methanol Emission Toward High-Mass Star-Forming Cores
• Distribution and excitation of thermal methanol in 6.7 GHz maser bearing star-forming regions; I. The nearby source Cepheus A
• Constraining cloud parameters using high density gas tracers in galaxies
• Analysis of Low Excitation HDO Transitions Toward the High-Mass Star-forming Regions G34.26+0.15, W51e${}_1$/e${}_2$, and W49N
• First detection of [N II] 205 micrometer absorption in interstellar gas
• ALMA 50-parsec resolution imaging of jet-ISM interaction in the lensed quasar MGJ0414+0534
• A Systematic Observational Study on Galactic Interstellar Ratio 18O/17O. II. C18O and C17O J=2-1 Data Analysis
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• A spectral line survey of the starless and proto-stellar cores detected by BLAST toward the Vela-D molecular cloud
• Searching for further evidence for cloud-cloud collisions in L1188
• Observations and chemical modeling of the isotopologues of formaldehyde and the cations of formyl and protonated formaldehyde in the hot molecular core G331.512-0.103
• Hot Molecular Core Candidates in the Galactic Center 50 km/s Molecular Cloud
• Central concentration of warm and dense molecular gas in a strongly lensed submillimeter galaxy at z=6
• Revisiting the formaldehyde masers
• A molecular-line study of the interstellar bullet engine IRAS 05506+2414
• G-0.02-0.07, the Compact HII Region Complex nearest to the Galactic Center with ALMA
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• Shear, writhe and filaments: turbulence in the high latitude molecular cloud MBM 40
• A multi-scale investigation into the diagnostic potential of the HCN/HCO${}^{+}$ ratio for AGN and starburst activity in nearby galaxies
• DESHIMA 2.0: Rapid redshift surveys and multi-line spectroscopy of dusty galaxies
• Predicting HCN, HCO + , multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies: Constraining the properties of resolved gas and dust disks of local spiral galaxies
• Multiwavelength characterisation of an ACT-selected, lensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z=2.64
• Dense Molecular Clouds in the Crab Supernova Remnant
• H2CO and H110α observations towards NH3 sources
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• The Kinematic and Chemical Properties of a Potential Core-Forming Clump: Perseus B1-E
• Multiple gas phases in supernova remnant IC 443: mapping shocked H${}_2$ with VLT/KMOS
• The clumpiness of molecular clouds: HCO+ (3--2) survey near Herbig-Haro objects
• Collisional excitation of propyne (CH${}_3$CCH) by He atoms
• Champagne Flutes and Brandy Snifters: Modelling Protostellar Outflow-Cloud Chemical Interfaces
• SOFIA observations of CO(12-11) emission along the L1157 bipolar outflow
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). XII. Unanchored Forked Stream in the Propagating Path of a Protostellar Outflow
• Anatomy of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS with NOEMA - II. A disk replenished by a massive streamer
• Linking ice and gas in the Coronet cluster in Corona Australis
• Shock-induced HCNH+ abundance enhancement in the heart of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 unveiled by ALCHEMI
• The evolution of CH in Planck Galactic Cold Clumps
• Dense molecular clumps in the envelope of the yellow hypergiant IRC+10420
• Dense cores in the dark cloud complex LDN1188
• Probing the physical and chemical structure of the CS core in LDN 673. Multitransitional and continuum observations
• Herschel and Odin observations of H2O, CO, CH, CH+, and NII in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365. Bar-induced activity in the outer and inner circumnuclear tori
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). IX. Deuterated compounds of H2S in starless cores
• Chemistry and ro-vibrational excitation of HeH${}^{+}$ in the Planetary Nebula NGC 7027
• HII region G46.5-0.2: the interplay between ionizing radiation, molecular gas and star formation
• The shocked molecular layer in RCW 120
• ALMA FACTS. II. Large Scale Variations in the 12CO(J=2-1) to 12CO(J=1-0) Line Ratio in Nearby Galaxies
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• Multi-wavelength and Multi-CO View of The Minor Merger Driven Star Formation in the Nearby LIRG NGC 3110
• The OH Megamaser Emission in Arp\,220: the rest of the story
• Chemical properties of two dense cores in a Planck Galactic Cold Clump G168.72-15.48
• Physical conditions in Centaurus A's northern filaments I: APEX mid-J CO observations of CO-bright regions
• A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs
• Turbulent Pressure Heats Gas and Suppresses Star Formation in Galactic Bar Molecular Clouds
• Rotational excitation of H${}_3$O${}^{+}$ cations by para-H${}_2$: improved collisional data at low temperatures
• Toward a robust physical and chemical characterization of heterogeneous lines of sight: The case of the Horsehead nebula
• The molecular environment of the pillar-like features in the HII region G46.5-0.2
• Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS). X. Observational effects of turbulence on the chemistry of molecular clouds
• Deuterium fractionation in cold dense cores in the low-mass star forming region L1688
• Hot Diggity Dog: Simultaneous CO and Dust Modeling of the Most Luminous WISE Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxy Unveils Extreme Molecular Gas Excitation
• Thermal Formaldehyde Emission in NGC7538 IRS1
• Water abundance in four of the brightest water sources in the southern sky
• A Massive Dense Gas Cloud close to the Nucleus of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068
• The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071
• The rich molecular environment of the luminous blue variable star AFGL 2298
• Parsec scales of carbon chain and complex organic molecules in AFGL 2591 and IRAS 20126
• A CO-to-H${}_2$ ratio of $\approx 10^{-5}$ towards the Herbig Ae star HK Ori
• SOFIA FIFI-LS spectroscopy of DR21 Main: energetics of the spatially-resolved outflow from a high-mass protostar
• CH${}_3$OH as a User-Friendly Density Probe: Calibration and Beyond
• Unmasking the physical information inherent to interstellar spectral line profiles with Machine Learning. I. Application of LTE to HCN and HNC transitions
• Predicting HCN, HCO${}^{+}$, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies -- Extension to luminous infrared galaxies and the role of cosmic ray ionization
• Observational studies on S-bearing molecules in massive star forming regions
• Odin observations of ammonia in the Sgr A +50 km/s Cloud and Circumnuclear Disk
• Velocity-resolved high-J CO emission from massive star-forming clumps
• The factors that influence protostellar multiplicity I: Gas temperature, density, and mass in Perseus with Nobeyama
• A sub-ppm upper limit on the cosmological variations of the fine structure constant alpha
• Uncovering the structure and kinematics of the ionized core of M\,2-9 with ALMA
• ALMA uncovers optically thin and multi-component CO gas in the outflowing circumnuclear disk of NGC1068
• An nl-model with radiative transfer for hydrogen recombination line masers
• Herschel-HIFI observations of H2O, NH3 and N2H+ toward high-mass starless and proto-stellar clumps identified by the Hi-GAL survey
• FUGIN hot core survey. I. Survey method and initial results for $l=10^{\circ }-20^{\circ }$
• Molecular Gas Density Measured with H${}_2$CO and CS toward a Spiral Arm of M51
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). XX. Constraining the Chemical Tracers of Young Protostellar Sources
• Upper Limits to Magnetic Fields in the Outskirts of Galaxies
• Hunting pre-stellar cores with APEX: overview
• An 18-25 GHz spectroscopic survey of dense cores in the Chamaeleon I molecular cloud
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• Systematic Study of the Inner Structure of Molecular Tori in Nearby U/LIRGs using Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Does the HCN/CO ratio trace the star-forming fraction of gas? II. Variations in CO and HCN Emissivity
• Cosmic-ray induced sputtering of interstellar formaldehyde ices
• High resolution observations of 12CO and 13CO(3--2) toward the NGC 6334 extended filament
• HCN (1-0) opacity of outflowing gas in Arp 220W
• Spectral Survey of the Star Formation Region DR21OH in the 4 mm Wavelength Range
• Constraining the halo-ISM connection through multi-transition carbon monoxide line-intensity mapping
• Interrelations between Astrochemistry and Galactic Dynamics
• Physical Properties and HI-to-H2 Transition Across Taurus Linear Edge
• Beetroots: spatially-regularized Bayesian inference of physical parameter maps -- Application to Orion
• First detection of the $J_{-1}\to (J-$ 1)${}_0-E$ methanol maser transitions at $J=7$ and $10$
• Ionisation as indicator for cosmic ray acceleration
• First detection of CF${}^{+}$ in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• CO mapping of Cygnus-X -- volume density distribution
• The Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way's Black Hole
• Molecular line ratio diagnostics and gas kinematics in the AGN host Seyfert galaxy NGC 5033
• Fine-tuning the complex organic molecule formation: sulfur and CO ice as regulators of surface chemistry
• Low-velocity large-scale shocks in the infrared dark cloud G035.39-00.33: bubble-driven cloud-cloud collisions
• H3+ in irradiated protoplanetary disks: Linking far-ultraviolet radiation and water vapor
• ArH+ and H2O+ absorption towards luminous galaxies
• Which Molecular Cloud Structures Are Bound?
• Extended atomic carbon around molecular clouds
• Chemical Tracers of Pre-Brown Dwarf Cores Formed Through Turbulent Fragmentation
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• pythonradex: a fast Python re-implementation of RADEX with extended functionality
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks by Far-UV photons arising from neighbouring massive stars: observation of proplyds and modelling
• First Submillimeter Lights from Dome A: Tracing the Carbon Cycle in the Feedback of Massive Stars
• On the rotational energy distributions of reactive, non-polar species in the interstellar medium
• Detecting water ice and vapor disks originating from icy planetary bodies around white dwarfs with future PRIMA observations
• The 107 GHz methanol transition is a dasar in G0.253+0.016
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Neural network ensemble for computing cross sections for rotational transitions in H${}_2$O + H${}_2$O collisions
• Torus feeding and outflow launching in the active nucleus of the Circinus galaxy
• High resolution ALMA observations of H${}_2$S in LIRGS (Dense gas and shocks in outflows and CNDs)
• The factors that influence protostellar multiplicity II. Gas temperature and mass in Perseus with APEX
• Fast spectral line calculations with the escape probability method and tests with synthetic observations of interstellar clouds
• From the Circumnuclear Disk in the Galactic Center to thick, obscuring tori of AGNs -- Modelling the molecular emission of a parsec-scale torus as found in NGC1068
• Cosmic-ray-induced ionization in molecular clouds adjacent to supernova remnants
• Study of the Inner Structure of the Molecular Torus in IRAS 08572+3915 NW with Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• An Analysis of HCN Observations of The Galactic Centre's Circumnuclear Disk
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• Which molecule traces what: chemical diagnostics of protostellar sources
• c-C3H2 deuteration towards prestellar and starless cores in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Modelling carbon chain and complex organic molecules in the DR21(OH) clump
• Physical conditions in Centaurus A's northern filaments II: Does the HCO${}^{+}$ emission highlight the presence of shocks?
• Constraining Nuclear Molecular Gas Content with High-resolution CO Imaging of GOALS Galaxies
• Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon
• Physical Conditions in the LMC's Quiescent Molecular Ridge: Fitting Non-LTE Models to CO Emission
• Early Science with the Large Millimetre Telescope: Molecules in the Extreme Outflow of a proto-Planetary Nebula
• Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds -- Observation and Interpretation
• The peculiar nebula Simeis 57: II. Distance, nature and excitation
• An 18 - 25 GHz spectroscopic survey of southern hemisphere dense cores
• Seed of Life in Space (SOLIS) XI. First measurement of nitrogen fractionation in shocked clumps of the L1157 protostellar outflow
• Survival of Molecular Complexity under Recent Supernova Feedback: Detection of Hot Cores in RX J1713.7-3946