The evolution of CH in Planck Galactic Cold Clumps

Abstract

Methylidyne (CH) has long been considered a reliable tracer of molecular gas in the low-to-intermediate extinction range. Although extended CH 3.3 GHz emission is commonly observed in diffuse and translucent clouds, observations in cold, dense clumps are rare. In this work, we conducted high-sensitivity CH observations toward 27 PGCCs with the Arecibo 305m telescope. Toward each source, the CH data were analyzed in conjunction with ${}^{13}$CO (1--0), HINSA, and H${}_2$ column densities. Our results revealed ubiquitous subsonic velocity dispersions of CH, in contrast to ${}^{13}$CO, which is predominantly supersonic. The findings suggest that subsonic CH emissions may trace dense, low-turbulent gas structures in PGCCs. To investigate environmental effects, particularly the cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR), we estimated CRIR upper limits from HINSA, yielding values from $(8.1\pm 4.7)\times 10^{-18}$ to $(2.0\pm 0.8)\times 10^{-16}$ s${}^{-1}$ ($N_{H_2}$ from $(1.7\pm 0.2)\times 10^{21}$ to $(3.6\pm 0.4)\times 10^{22}$~cm${}^{-2}$). This result favors theoretical predictions of a cosmic-ray attenuation model, in which the interstellar spectra of low-energy CR protons and electrons match {\it Voyager} measurements, although alternative models cannot yet be ruled out. The abundance of CH decreases with increasing column density, while showing a positive dependence on the CRIR, which requires atomic oxygen not heavily depleted to dominate CH destruction in PGCCs. By fitting the abundance of CH with an analytic formula, we place constraints on atomic O abundance ($2.4\pm 0.4\times 10^{-4}$ with respect to total H) and C${}^{+}$ abundance ($7.4\pm 0.7\times 10^{13}{\zeta }_2/n_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}$). These findings indicate that CH formation is closely linked to the C${}^{+}$ abundance, regulated by cosmic-ray ionization, while other processes, such as turbulent diffusive transport, might also contribute a non-negligible effect.

18 pages, 13 figures. A&A accepted

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