A strong loophole-free test of local realism

Abstract

We present a loophole-free violation of local realism using entangled photon pairs. We ensure that all relevant events in our Bell test are spacelike separated by placing the parties far enough apart and by using fast random number generators and high-speed polarization measurements. A high-quality polarization-entangled source of photons, combined with high-efficiency, low-noise, single-photon detectors, allows us to make measurements without requiring any fair-sampling assumptions. Using a hypothesis test, we compute p-values as small as $5.9\times 10^{-9}$ for our Bell violation while maintaining the spacelike separation of our events. We estimate the degree to which a local realistic system could predict our measurement choices. Accounting for this predictability, our smallest adjusted p-value is $2.3\times 10^{-7}$. We therefore reject the hypothesis that local realism governs our experiment.

Supplemental material available as an ancillary file

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• Certification of unbounded randomness with arbitrary noise
• Semi-device independent randomness certification using Mermin's proof of Kochen-Specker contextuality
• Device-Independent-Quantum-Randomness-Enhanced Zero-Knowledge Proof
• Observation of Nonlocality Sharing among Three Observers with One Entangled Pair via Optimal Weak Measurement
• Unmasking the Polygamous Nature of Quantum Nonlocality
• Bell inequalities for nonlocality depth
• Real or Not Real that is the question
• Quantum theory of photonic vortices and quantum statistics of twisted photons
• Unity-Efficiency Parametric Down-Conversion via Amplitude Amplification
• Towards heralded distribution of polarization entanglement
• Closing Bell: Boxing black box simulations in the resource theory of contextuality
• Relaxed Bell inequalities as a trade-off relation between measurement dependence and hiddenness
• Tight detection efficiency bounds of Bell tests in no-signaling theories
• Consequences of the single-pair measurement of the Bell parameter
• Contextuality and the fundamental theorems of quantum mechanics
• Objective realism and Joint Measurability in Quantum Many Copies
• Experimental Non-Violation of the Bell Inequality
• Noise-robust proofs of quantum network nonlocality
• Projecting onto any two-photon polarization state using linear optics
• Test of a hypothesis of realism in quantum theory using a bayesian approach
• Fast data-driven spectrometer with direct measurement of time and frequency for multiple single photons
• Tsirelson Polytopes and Randomness Generation
• Can foreign exchange rates violate Bell inequalities?
• My discussions of quantum foundations with John Stewart Bell
• Comment on "Spin correlations in elastic $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ scattering in QED"
• What is the spectral density of the reservoir for a lossy quantized cavity?
• Multipartite Nonlocality in Clifford Networks
• On Superdeterministic Rejections of Settings Independence
• Three-Body Non-Locality in Particle Decays
• General and complete description of temporal photon correlations in cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion
• Low-loss polarization-maintaining router for single and entangled photons at a telecom wavelength
• Analytic quantification of the singlet nonlocality for the first Bell's inequality
• Testing Causal Quantum Theory
• Robustness of Higher Dimensional Nonlocality against dual noise and sequential measurements
• Quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping with long baseline in outer space
• Experimental investigation of the relation between measurement uncertainties and non-local quantum correlations
• The sounds of science a symphony for many instruments and voices part II
• The quantum electromagnetic field in the Weyl-Wigner representation
• General quantum measurements in relativistic quantum field theory
• On the Fidelity Robustness of CHSH--Bell Inequality via Filtered Random States
• Microwave-optics entanglement via coupled opto- and magnomechanical microspheres
• Recovering quantum entanglement after its certification
• Quantum Locality, Rings a Bell?: Bell's inequality meets local reality and true determinism
• The Electroweak Horizon Problem
• An unconditional experimental test of Nonclassicality
• Joint-measurability and quantum communication with untrusted devices
• Experimental Quantum Advantage in the Odd-Cycle Game
• Quantum Information Theory and Free Semialgebraic Geometry: One Wonderland Through Two Looking Glasses
• Allowing leakage can increase quantum transmission
• Quantum nonlocality in presence of strong measurement dependence
• Recovering the quantum formalism from physically realist axioms
• Testing of quantum nonlocal correlations under constrained free will and imperfect detectors
• Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger test for multi-dimension and arbitrary time nodes entangled histories
• Quantum observable's reality erasure with spacelike-separated operations
• Precession-induced nonclassicality of the free induction decay of NV centers by a dynamical polarized nuclear spin bath
• Anomalous Postselection in the Hensen et al. Bell Test
• Coincidence postselection for genuine multipartite nonlocality: Causal diagrams and threshold efficiencies
• Local hidden-variable model for a recent experimental test of quantum nonlocality and local contextuality
• Quantum, Nonlocal Aberration Cancellation
• Toward an Experimental Device-Independent Verification of Indefinite Causal Order
• Bright-light detector control emulates the local bounds of Bell-type inequalities
• Applications of Certified Randomness
• The quantum theory of the electromagnetic field in the Weyl-Wigner representation as a local realistic model
• Proposal for a clumsiness-free test of macroscopic realism
• Measuring photon correlation using imperfect detectors
• Reflections on Zeilinger-Brukner information interpretation of quantum mechanics
• Experimental Test of Leggett's Inequalities with Solid-State Spins
• Bell's theorem for trajectories
• Closing the detection loophole in the triangle network with high-dimensional photonic states
• Quantum entanglement as an extremal Kirkwood-Dirac nonreality
• Experimental test of measurement dependent local Bell inequality with human free will
• Long Distance Nonlocality Test with Entanglement Swapping and Displacement-Based Measurements
• Quantum Bell inequalities from Information Causality -- tight for Macroscopic Locality
• Inconsistency of a realistic interpretation of quantum measurements: A simple example
• Geometric extension of Clauser-Horne inequality to more qubits
• A three-player coherent state embezzlement game
• A Family of Local Deterministic Models for Singlet Quantum State Correlations
• The violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities leads to different conclusions depending on the description used
• Optimality of any pair of incompatible rank-one projective measurements for some non-trivial Bell inequality
• Continuous-Variable Entanglement Test in Driven Quantum Contacts
• Persistent nonlocality in an ultracold-atom environment
• Parity-based, bias-free optical quantum random number generation with min-entropy estimation
• Discovering Local Hidden-Variable Models for Arbitrary Multipartite Entangled States and Arbitrary Measurements
• Extending the fair sampling assumption using causal diagrams
• Probing many-body Bell correlation depth with superconducting qubits
• Alain Aspect's experiments on Bell's theorem: A turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics
• Explaining quantum correlations through evolution of causal models
• A computational test of quantum contextuality, and even simpler proofs of quantumness
• Operationally independent events can influence each other in quantum theory
• Observation of quantum nonlocality in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement on a silicon chip
• Demonstration of Maxwell Demon-assistant Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering via Superconducting Quantum Processor
• Quantum nonlocality, and the end of classical space-time
• Unveiling the nonclassicality within quasi-distribution representations through deep learning
• Tracing quantum correlations back to collective interferences
• Composing decoherence functionals
• Memory attacks in network nonlocality and self-testing
• Measuring correlations in non-separable vector beams using projective measurements
• Local, non-classical model of Bell correlations
• Strictly nonclassical behavior of a mesoscopic system
• An Inequality for Entangled Qutrits in SU(3) basis
• Violation of Bell inequalities from Cosmic Microwave Background data
• Reexamination of the Kochen-Specker theorem: Relaxation of the completeness assumption
• Why quantum correlations are shocking
• Quantum dots as potential sources of strongly entangled photons for quantum networks
• Quantum null-hypothesis device-independent Schmidt rank witness
• Device-independent certification of desirable properties with a confidence interval
• Detection Efficiency Bounds in (Semi-)Device-Independent Scenarios
• Finding optimal Bell inequalities using the cone-projection technique
• Standard Model of Particle Physics Violating Crypto-Nonlocal Realism
• Photonic entanglement during a zero-g flight
• A simple formulation of no-cloning and no-hiding that admits efficient and robust verification
• High-Speed Low-Crosstalk Detection of a ${}^{171}$Yb${}^{+}$ Qubit using Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors
• Generalised Winograd Schema and its Contextuality
• Local measurement strategies for multipartite entanglement quantification
• Steering nonlocality in high-speed telecommunication system without detection loophole
• Bell's nonlocality and gravity
• Local models and Bell inequalities for the minimal triangle network
• Quantum jump photodetector for narrowband photon counting with a single atom
• Conical Designs and Categorical Jordan Algebraic Post-Quantum Theories
• Monogamy relations of entropic non-contextual inequalities and their experimental realization
• Secure One-Sided Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Under Collective Attacks with Enhanced Robustness
• Asymptotically Optimal Adversarial Strategies for the Probability Estimation Framework
• Quantum contextuality of complementary photon polarizations explored by adaptive input state control
• Collapse and Revival Oscillation in Double Jaynes-Cummings Model
• Bell Inequality Violation with Free Choice and Local Causality on the Invariant Set
• Are Bell's conditions for local realism general enough?
• The Role of Entanglement in Quantum Communication, and Analysis of the Detection Loophole
• Simultaneous Certification of Entangled States and Measurements in Bounded Dimensional Semi-Quantum Games
• Analysis of single-particle nonlocality through the prism of weak measurements
• How to avoid (apparent) signaling in Bell tests
• Causal Networks and Freedom of Choice in Bell's Theorem
• Stronger Nonlocality in GHZ States: A Step Beyond the Conventional GHZ Paradox
• Scalable multiparty steering based on a single pair of entangled qubits
• Loophole-free Bell tests with randomly chosen subsets of measurement settings
• Unconditionally separating noisy ${\mathsf{QNC}}^0$ from bounded polynomial threshold circuits of constant depth
• Indistinguishability between quantum randomness and pseudo-randomness under efficiently calculable randomness measures
• Minimum Detection Efficiencies for Loophole-free Genuine Nonlocality Tests
• Quantum correlations cannot be reproduced with a finite number of measurements in any no-signaling theory
• Detecting single photons is not always necessary to evidence interference of photon probability amplitudes
• Statistical Contextual Explanation of Quantum Paradoxes
• Relative resilience to noise of standard and sequential approaches to measurement-based quantum computation
• A Tractable Protocol for Detection-Loophole-Free Bell Tests over Long Distances
• Testing the necessity of complex numbers in traditional quantum theory with quantum computers
• Comment on "The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection"
• Superluminal signalling witness for quantum state reduction
• Intersubjectivity and value reproducibility of outcomes of quantum measurements
• Generation of bipartite mechanical cat state by performing projective Bell state measurement
• Nonlinear deterministic-chaotic collapse model -- preliminaries, philosophy, locality
• Wigner's approach enabled detection of multipartite nonlocality using all different bipartitions
• Quantum foundations for quantum technologies in the International Year of Quantum (2025)
• Twenty years of quantum contextuality at USTC
• Topologically noise robust network steering without inputs
• Exact algebraic separability criterion for two-qubit systems
• Universal Entanglement and an Information-Complete Quantum Theory
• Experimental genuine quantum nonlocality in the triangle network
• Bell correlations between momentum-entangled pairs of ${}^4{\text{He}}^{\ast }$ atoms
• Contrasting Implications of the Frequentist and Bayesian Interpretations of Probability when Applied to Quantum Mechanics Theory
• Phase diffusion quantum entropy source on a silicon chip
• Sampling and the complexity of nature
• Semi-device-independent self-testing of unitary operations
• Aspects of Entanglement Entropy in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory
• Violation of no-signaling on a public quantum computer
• Integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides
• The Binary-Outcome Detection Loophole
• Generalized Iterative Formula for Bell Inequalities
• Unexpected consequences of Post-Quantum theories in the graph-theoretical approach to correlations
• Performance of Test Supermartingale Confidence Intervals for the Success Probability of Bernoulli Trials
• Interplay of Quantum Resources in Nonlocality Tests
• Analysis of assumptions in BIG Bell Test experiments
• Entangled photons from composite cascade emitters
• Quantum realism is consistent with quantum facts
• A note on quantum Bell nonlocality and quantum entanglement for high dimensional quantum systems
• Bell violations with entangled and non-entangled optical fields
• Explaining Bell Locally
• W-class states-identification and quantification of Bell-CHSH inequalities' violation
• A 16-pixel NbN nanowire single photon detector coupled with 300 micrometer fiber
• A readout-integrated time-bin qutrit analyzer for echo-based quantum memories
• Second-second moments and two observers testing quantum nonlocality
• Theory-independent monitoring of the decoherence of a superconducting qubit with generalized contextuality
• Quantum interference between distant creation processes
• Effects of Topological Boundary Conditions on Bell Nonlocality
• Semi-device-independent randomness certification on discretized continuous-variable platforms
• Detecting genuine multipartite entanglement in multi-qubit devices with restricted measurements
• Correlating Local Quantum Reality with Causally Disconnected Choices
• States Violating Both Locality and Noncontextuality Inequalities in Quantum Theory
• Bell's Inequality, Generalized Concurrence and Entanglement in Qubits
• Phase Analysis on the Error Scaling of Entangled Qubits in a 53-Qubit System
• Accounting for gauge symmetries in CHSH experiments
• Nonlocality in Continuous-Variable Quantum Networks
• Quantitative and Optimal Device-Independent Lower Bounds on Detection Efficiency
• A model independent study of nonlocality with polarization entangled photons
• Closing loopholes of measurement-device-independent nonlinear entanglement witnesses
• Simulation of Quantum Correlation Functions is not Sufficient Resource to Describe Quantum Entanglement
• Conceptual variables, quantum theory, and statistical inference theory
• Strength of statistical evidence for genuine tripartite nonlocality
• Comment on "Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometers"
• Experimental Test of Generalized Hardy's Paradox
• Certified Quantumness via Single-Shot Temporal Measurements
• Comment on "Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons"
• Naïve Infinitesimal Analysis: Its Construction and Its Properties
• Comparing the cost of violating causal assumptions in Bell experiments: locality, free choice and arrow-of-time
• Conservation of correlation in measurement underlying the violation of Bell inequalities and a game of joint mapping
• On some EPR (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen) issues
• No-cost Bell nonlocality certification from quantum tomography and its applications in quantum-magic-resource witnessing
• Comment on: Bell tests explained by classical optics without quantum entanglement
• Entanglement witnessing with untrusted detectors
• Blind witnesses quench quantum interference without transfer of which-path information
• The entangled measurement state is not a paradoxical superposition of the detector
• Correcting for finite statistics effects in a quantum steering experiment
• Tight and self-testing multipartite quantum Bell inequalities from the renormalization group
• An approach using geometric diagrams to generic Bell inequalities with multiple observables
• Trade-off between Information Gain and Disturbance in Local Discrimination of Entangled Quantum States
• Distribution of Non-Locality On Quantum Random Circuits
• The Contextual Heisenberg Microscope
• The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
• Two-time quantities as elements of physical reality
• Quantum Monogamy with Predetermined Events
• Relativity, Anomalies and Objectivity Loophole in Recent Tests of Local Realism
• A cost-effective measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution system for quantum networks
• Probe of Generic Quantum Contextuality and Nonlocal Resources for Qubits
• Interplay between Quantumness, Randomness, and Selftesting
• Purcell Enhancement of Parametric Luminescence: Bright and Broadband Nonlinear Light Emission in Metamaterials
• Loss-robust crossband entanglement generation beyond the direct-transduction limit
• No Bipartite-Nonlocal Causal Theory Can Explain Nature's Correlations
• Quantum Physics in Space
• Leggett-type inequalities for testing nonlocal realism in multipartite systems
• Filtering of higher-dimensional entanglement networks using information volumes
• Is spacetime quantum?
• Cyclic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering
• The Interplay between Quantum Contextuality and Wigner Negativity
• Consistency and Causality of Interconnected Nonsignaling Resources
• Evaluating Quantumness, Efficiency and Cost of Quantum Random Number Generators via Photon Statistics