Witnessing Entanglement and Quantum Correlations in Condensed Matter: A Review

Abstract

The detection and certification of entanglement and quantum correlations in materials is of fundamental and far-reaching importance, and has seen significant recent progress. It impacts both our understanding of the basic science of quantum many-body phenomena as well as the identification of systems suitable for novel technologies. Frameworks suitable to condensed matter that connect measurements to entanglement and coherence have been developed in the context of quantum information theory. These take the form of entanglement witnesses and quantum correlation measures. The underlying theory of these quantities, their relation to condensed matter experimental techniques, and their application to real materials are comprehensively reviewed. In addition, their usage in e.g. protocols, the relative advantages and disadvantages of witnesses and measures, and future prospects in, e.g., correlated electrons, entanglement dynamics, and entangled spectroscopic probes, are presented. Consideration is given to the interdisciplinary nature of this emerging research and substantial ongoing progress by providing an accessible and practical treatment from fundamentals to application. Particular emphasis is placed on quantities accessible to collective measurements, including by susceptibility and spectroscopic techniques. This includes the magnetic susceptibility witness, one-tangle, concurrence and two-tangle, two-site quantum discord, and quantum coherence measures such as the quantum Fisher information.

41 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

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Cited by in corpus (17)

• Rare-Earth Chalcogenides: An Inspiring Playground For Exploring Frustrated Magnetism
• Spin dynamics in the Dirac $U(1)$ spin liquid YbZn${}_2$GaO${}_5$
• Tutorial: Extracting entanglement signatures from neutron spectroscopy
• Theory of electron-phonon interactions in extended correlated systems probed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
• Entanglement detection in quantum materials with competing orders
• Emulation of quantum correlations by classical dynamics in a spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain
• Entanglement generation and scaling from noisy quenches across a quantum critical point
• Entanglement in the pseudogap regime of cuprate superconductors
• Nonclassical dynamics of Néel vector and magnetization accompanied by THz and high-harmonic radiation from ultrafast-light-driven NiO antiferromagnet insulator
• Exploring entanglement in finite-size quantum systems with degenerate ground state
• Witnessing Disorder in Quantum Magnets
• Advancements in Entangled Photon Pairs in 2D Van der Waals Materials for On-chip Quantum Applications
• Exact quantification of bipartite entanglement in unresolvable spin ensembles
• Measuring entanglement along collective operators
• Spinon excitations and spin correlations in the one-dimensional quantum magnet $\beta$-VOSO${}_4$ probed by Raman spectroscopy
• Time correlations from steady-state expectation values
• Witnessing Spin-Orbital Entanglement using Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering