Generalised Winograd Schema and its Contextuality

Abstract

Ambiguities in natural language give rise to probability distributions over interpretations. The distributions are often over multiple ambiguous words at a time; a multiplicity which makes them a suitable topic for sheaf-theoretic models of quantum contextuality. Previous research showed that different quantitative measures of contextuality correlate well with Psycholinguistic research on lexical ambiguities. In this work, we focus on coreference ambiguities and investigate the Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC), a test proposed by Levesque in 2011 to evaluate the intelligence of machines. The WSC consists of a collection of multiple-choice questions that require disambiguating pronouns in sentences structured according to the Winograd schema, in a way that makes it difficult for machines to determine the correct referents but remains intuitive for human comprehension. In this study, we propose an approach that analogously models the Winograd schema as an experiment in quantum physics. However, we argue that the original Winograd Schema is inherently too simplistic to facilitate contextuality. We introduce a novel mechanism for generalising the schema, rendering it analogous to a Bell-CHSH measurement scenario. We report an instance of this generalised schema, complemented by the human judgements we gathered via a crowdsourcing platform. The resulting model violates the Bell-CHSH inequality by 0.192, thus exhibiting contextuality in a coreference resolution setting.

arXiv commentIn Proceedings QPL 2023, arXiv:2308.15489

References in corpus (19)

• Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons
• Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km
• Significant-loophole-free test of Bell's theorem with entangled photons
• A strong loophole-free test of local realism
• Contextuality supplies the magic for quantum computation
• The Sheaf-Theoretic Structure Of Non-Locality and Contextuality
• Graph-Theoretic Approach to Quantum Correlations
• Contextuality in Measurement-based Quantum Computation
• Computational power of correlations
• The contextual fraction as a measure of contextuality
• The Cohomology of Non-Locality and Contextuality
• All-Possible-Couplings Approach to Measuring Probabilistic Context
• Measures of Contextuality and Noncontextuality
• On Contextuality in Behavioral Data
• On the Quantum-like Contextuality of Ambiguous Phrases
• WinoWhy: A Deep Diagnosis of Essential Commonsense Knowledge for Answering Winograd Schema Challenge
• The Defeat of the Winograd Schema Challenge
• A Model of Anaphoric Ambiguities using Sheaf Theoretic Quantum-like Contextuality and BERT
• The Contextuality-by-Default View of the Sheaf-Theoretic Approach to Contextuality