Contextuality or nonlocality; what would John Bell choose today?
arXiv:2202.09639 · doi:10.3390/e25020280
Abstract
A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, conspiracy and retro-causation. Such speculations are rooted in a belief that setting dependence of hidden variables in a probabilistic model, called a violation of measurement independence, would mean a violation of experimenters freedom of choice. This belief is unfounded because it is based on a questionable use of Bayes Theorem and on incorrect causal interpretation of conditional probabilities. In Bell-local realistic model, hidden variables describe only photonic beams created by a source, thus they cannot depend on randomly chosen experimental settings. However, if hidden variables describing measuring instruments are correctly incorporated into a contextual probabilistic model a violation of inequalities and an apparent violation of no-signaling reported in Bell tests can be explained without evoking quantum nonlocality. Therefore, for us, a violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities proves only that hidden variables have to depend on settings confirming contextual character of quantum observables and an active role played by measuring instruments. Bell thought that he had to choose between nonlocality and the violation of experimenters freedom of choice. From two bad choices he chose nonlocality. Today he would probably choose the violation of statistical independence understood as contextuality.
arXiv comment11 pages of text + 110 references , This is a substantially extended and revised final version of this article which has been just published in Entropy. It replaces also the first version of this articlewhich had a different title: A comment on Bell's Theorem Logical Consistency
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