Energy-time and time-bin entanglement: past, present and future
arXiv:2503.14675 · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-01072-3
Abstract
Entanglement is a key resource in many quantum information tasks. From a fundamental perspective entanglement is at the forefront of major philosophical discussions advancing our understanding of nature. An experimental scheme was proposed in 1989 by Franson that exploited the unpredictability in the generation time of a photon pair in order to produce a then new form of quantum entanglement, known as energy-time entanglement. A later modification gave rise to the very popular time-bin entanglement, an important cornerstone in many real-world quantum communication applications. Both forms of entanglement have radically pushed forward our understanding of quantum mechanics throughout the 1990s and 2000s. A decade later modifications to the original proposals were proposed and demonstrated, which opens the path for the highly sought-after device-independence capability for entanglement certification, with a goal of ultra-secure quantum communication. In this review we cover the beginnings of energy-time and time-bin entanglement, many key experiments that expanded our understanding of what was achievable in quantum information experiments all the way down to modern demonstrations based on new technological advances. We will then point out to the future discussing the important place that energy-time and time-bin entanglement will have in upcoming quantum networks and novel protocols based on nonlocality.
Review paper. 27 pages, 9 figures, 250+ references. New references added. Comments welcome!
References in corpus (162)
- Quantum entanglement
- Quantum Cryptography
- The Quantum Internet
- Experimental quantum teleportation
- Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics
- Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km
- Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Channels
- Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks
- Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions
- Significant-loophole-free test of Bell's theorem with entangled photons
- Integrated Photonic Quantum Technologies
- A strong loophole-free test of local realism
- Security of quantum key distribution using d-level systems
- Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination
- Bell inequalities for arbitrarily high dimensional systems
- Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart
- Entangled Photon Pairs from Semiconductor Quantum Dots
- Generation of Hyperentangled Photons Pairs
- Pulsed energy-time entangled twin-photon source for quantum communication
- Realization of a multi-node quantum network of remote solid-state qubits
- Bell violation with entangled photons, free of the fair-sampling assumption
- Multimode quantum memory based on atomic frequency combs
- Advances in High Dimensional Quantum Entanglement
- Quantum Cryptography using entangled photons in energy-time Bell states
- Quantum Storage of Photonic Entanglement in a Crystal
- Long distance quantum teleportation of qubits from photons at 1300 nm to photons at 1550 nm wavelength
- Detection-Loophole-Free Test of Quantum Nonlocality, and Applications
- Quantum Cryptography using larger alphabets
- High-dimensional quantum communication: benefits, progress, and future challenges
- Optical-fiber source of polarization-entangled photon pairs in the 1550nm telecom band
- A photonic quantum information interface
- Quantum teleportation in high dimensions
- Entanglement-based wavelength multiplexed quantum communication network
- Entangled photon-pair generation in periodically-poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides
- Distribution of time-bin qubits over 50 km of optical fiber
- Experimental device-independent quantum key distribution between distant users
- Entangling Independent Photons by Time Measurement
- Improved fidelity of triggered entangled photons from single quantum dots
- Quantum teleportation across a metropolitan fibre network
- High speed single photon detection in the near-infrared
- Continuous wave photon pair generation in silicon-on-insulator waveguides and ring resonators
- Loopholes in Bell Inequality Tests of Local Realism
- Quantum storage of entangled telecom-wavelength photons in an erbium-doped optical fibre
- Experimental high-dimensional quantum teleportation
- Experimental demonstration of quantum correlations over more than 10 km
- Practical Quantum Key Distribution with Polarization-Entangled Photons
- Ultra-low power generation of twin photons in a compact silicon ring resonator
- A Bell-type test of energy-time entangled qutrits
- Long distance quantum teleportation in a quantum relay configuration
- Kochen-Specker Contextuality
- Three-photon energy-time entanglement
- Photon Pair Generation in Silicon Micro-Ring Resonator with Reverse Bias Enhancement
- Entanglement distribution over 300 km of fiber
- Long distance entanglement based quantum key distribution
- Time-bin entangled photons from a quantum dot
- Quantum information processing with space-division multiplexing optical fibres
- High-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photons in an optical microresonator on a chip
- Distribution of high-dimensional entanglement via an intra-city free-space link
- Advances in device-independent quantum key distribution
- Ultra-bright entangled-photon pair generation from an AlGaAs-on-insulator microring resonator
- Entanglement generation using silicon wire waveguide
- Quantifying photonic high-dimensional entanglement
- Hyperentanglement of two photons in three degrees of freedom
- Superdense coding over optical fiber links with complete Bell-state measurements
- Quantum relays and noise suppression using linear optics
- Long-distance Bell-type tests using energy-time entangled photons
- Optimal Co-linear Gaussian Beams for Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion
- Quantum teleportation over 100 km of fiber using highly-efficient superconducting nanowire single photon detectors
- High-dimensional decoy-state quantum key distribution over 0.3 km of multicore telecommunication optical fibers
- Silicon Photonic Entangled Photon-Pair and Heralded Single Photon Generation with CAR 12,000 and 0.006
- Photonic verification of device-independent quantum key distribution against collective attacks
- Bell states generation on a III-V semiconductor chip at room temperature
- Simultaneous entanglement swapping of multiple orbital angular momentum states of light
- Experimental investigation of the robustness of partially entangled photons over 11km
- Teleportation Systems Towards a Quantum Internet
- A compact and reconfigurable silicon nitride time-bin entanglement circuit
- Tailoring photonic entanglement in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces
- Quantum interference with photon pairs created in spatially separated sources
- An electrically injected photon-pair source at room temperature
- Unconditional Security of Time-energy Entanglement Quantum Key Distribution using Dual-basis Interferometry
- Generation of 1.5-um band time-bin entanglement using spontaneous fiber four-wave mixing and planar lightwave circuit interferometers
- Advances in quantum entanglement purification
- Ultra-bright multiplexed energy-time entangled photon generation from lithium niobate on insulator chip
- Two-photon Franson-type experiments and local realism
- Creating single time-bin entangled photon pairs
- Metropolitan-scale heralded entanglement of solid-state qubits
- Air-core fiber distribution of hybrid vector vortex-polarization entangled states
- Time-bin entangled photon pair generation from Si micro-ring resonator
- Entanglement distribution over 150 km in wavelength division multiplexed channels for quantum cryptography
- "All-versus-nothing" nonlocality test of quantum mechanics by two-photon hyperentanglement
- Experimental Single-Copy Entanglement Distillation
- Deterministic polarization entanglement purification using time-bin entanglement
- Persistent energy-time entanglement covering multiple resonances of an on-chip biphoton frequency comb
- Observation of genuine three-photon interference
- Proposed Bell experiment with genuine energy-time entanglement
- Quantum teleportation over the Swisscom telecommunication network
- Realizing an entanglement-based multi-user quantum network with integrated photonics
- High-quality photonic entanglement for wavelength-multiplexed quantum communication based on a silicon chip
- Nonlocal Dispersion Cancellation using Entangled Photons
- A scalable network for simultaneous pairwise quantum key distribution via entanglement-based time-bin coding
- Distribution of Time-Energy Entanglement over 100 km fiber using superconducting single-photon detectors
- Quantum Teleportation with a 3-Bell-state Analyzer
- Tunable quantum interference using a topological source of indistinguishable photon pairs
- Hertz-rate metropolitan quantum teleportation
- Postselection-loophole-free Bell violation with genuine time-bin entanglement
- Hyper-entanglement of photons emitted by a quantum dot
- Security of high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocols using Franson interferometers
- Long-distance distribution of time-bin entanglement generated in a cooled fiber
- Experimental fast quantum random number generation using high-dimensional entanglement with entropy monitoring
- Hacking energy-time entanglement-based systems with classical light
- Long-distance distribution of genuine energy-time entanglement
- High-quality photonic entanglement based on a silicon chip
- Modelling and optimization of photon pair sources based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion
- Storage of hyperentanglement in a solid-state quantum memory
- Quantification of multidimensional entanglement stored in a crystal
- Classical dispersion-cancellation interferometry
- Strict detector-efficiency bounds for n-site Clauser-Horne inequalities
- Stable single-photon interference in a 1 km fiber-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer with continuous phase adjustment
- Experimental Bell inequality violation without the postselection loophole
- Robust and stable delay interferometers with application to -dimensional time-frequency quantum key distribution
- Time Entanglement between a Photon and a Spin Wave in a Multimode Solid-state Quantum Memory
- Four-dimensional entanglement distribution over 100 km
- Testing Hardy nonlocality proof with genuine energy-time entanglement
- Storage and analysis of light-matter entanglement in a fibre-integrated system
- Entangled photons from on-chip slow light
- Tensor network states in time-bin quantum optics
- Scalable spin-photon entanglement by time-to-polarization conversion
- Efficient single-spatial-mode periodically-poled KTiOPO_4 waveguide source for high-dimensional entanglement-based quantum key distribution
- Coherence and degree of time-bin entanglement from quantum dots
- Quantum interferometers: principles and applications
- Exploring Energy-Time Entanglement Using Geometric Phase
- Single pairs of time-bin entangled photons
- Multi-dimensional entanglement generation with multi-core optical fibers
- Postselection-Loophole-Free Bell Test Over an Installed Optical Fiber Network
- Entanglement Swapping with Independent Sources over an Optical Fibre Network
- High visibility time-energy entangled photons from a silicon nanophotonic chip
- Entanglement-based signature of nonlocal dispersion cancellation
- Experimental demonstration of time-frequency duality of biphotons
- Nonlocality test of energy-time entanglement via nonlocal dispersion cancellation with nonlocal detection
- Experimentally optimizing QKD rates via nonlocal dispersion compensation
- Generation of time-bin entangled photons without temporal post-selection
- Experimental Demonstration of Quantum Pseudotelepathy
- Fibre based hyperentanglement generation for dense wavelength division multiplexing
- Quantum secret sharing based on modulated high-dimensional time-bin entanglement
- High-concurrence time-bin entangled photon pairs from optimized Bragg-reflection waveguides
- Exponentially decreasing critical detection efficiency for any Bell inequality
- Frequency-bin entanglement-based quantum key distribution
- High visibility two photon interference of frequency time entangled photons generated in a quasi phase matched AlGaAs waveguide
- Experimental Quantum Teleportation with a 3-Bell-state Analyzer
- Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter
- Entangled photon pairs from quantum dots embedded in a self-aligned cavity
- Certification of genuine time-bin and energy-time entanglement with integrated photonics
- Optimal analysis of ultra broadband energy-time entanglement for high bit-rate dense wavelength division multiplexed quantum networks
- Demonstration and modelling of time-bin entangled photons from a quantum dot in a nanowire
- Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on Routed Bell Tests
- Graph-theoretic approach to Bell experiments with low detection efficiency
- Certifying long-range quantum correlations through routed Bell tests
- Non-local two-photon correlations using interferometers physically separated by 35 meters
- Optimal focusing conditions for bright spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources
- Purcell-Enhanced Generation of Photonic Bell States via the Inelastic Scattering of Single Atoms
- Nonlocal Dispersion Cancellation for Three or More Photons
- Entanglement swapping in a Franson interferometer setup
Cited by in corpus (8)
- Gigahertz-rate thin-film lithium niobate receiver for time-bin quantum communication
- Optimal filtering and generation of entangled photons for quantum applications in the presence of noise
- Increasing the secret key rates and point-to-multipoint extension for experimental coherent-one-way quantum key distribution protocol
- Zero-added-loss entanglement multiplexing using time-bin spectral shearing
- Photonic quantum information with time-bins: Principles and applications
- Open quantum systems beyond equilibrium: Lindblad equation and path integral molecular dynamics
- Advances in Position-Momentum Entanglement: A Versatile Tool for Quantum Technologies
- Photonic hyperentanglement in polarisation and frequency via joint spectrum shaping