Quantum Random Number Generators
arXiv:1604.03304 · doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.015004
Abstract
Random numbers are a fundamental resource in science and engineering with important applications in simulation and cryptography. The inherent randomness at the core of quantum mechanics makes quantum systems a perfect source of entropy. Quantum random number generation is one of the most mature quantum technologies with many alternative generation methods. We discuss the different technologies in quantum random number generation from the early devices based on radioactive decay to the multiple ways to use the quantum states of light to gather entropy from a quantum origin. We also discuss randomness extraction and amplification and the notable possibility of generating trusted random numbers even with untrusted hardware using device independent generation protocols.
Review paper on Quantum Random Number Generators. Second version. Errors corrected. Expanded sections on entropy estimation, randomness extraction and quantum randomness expansion and amplification. Comments welcome
References in corpus (48)
- Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km
- Observation of Majorana Fermions in Ferromagnetic Atomic Chains on a Superconductor
- Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks
- Significant-loophole-free test of Bell's theorem with entangled photons
- A strong loophole-free test of local realism
- Secure Quantum Key Distribution
- Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination
- Experimental realization of Wheeler's delayed-choice GedankenExperiment
- A simple test for hidden variables in spin-1 system
- Manipulation and Detection of a Trapped Yb+ Ion Hyperfine Qubit
- Quantum random number generation
- Private Randomness Expansion With Untrusted Devices
- Leftover Hashing Against Quantum Side Information
- Semi-device-independent security of one-way quantum key distribution
- A bias-free quantum random number generation using photon arrival time selectively
- Local deterministic model of singlet state correlations based on relaxing measurement independence
- A High Speed, Post-Processing Free, Quantum Random Number Generator
- Real time demonstration of high bitrate quantum random number generation with coherent laser light
- Delayed-choice test of complementarity with single photons
- Source-independent quantum random number generation
- 68 Gbps quantum random number generation by measuring laser phase fluctuations
- Maximization of Extractable Randomness in a Quantum Random-Number Generator
- Quantum erasure with causally disconnected choice
- All-Optical Quantum Random Bit Generation from Intrinsically Binary Phase of Parametric Oscillators
- Testing foundations of quantum mechanics with photons
- Quantum random number generation on a mobile phone
- Secure self-calibrating quantum random bit generator
- Strong Kochen-Specker theorem and incomputability of quantum randomness
- Quantum randomness and value indefiniteness
- Single-photon decision maker
- Effect of initial spin polarization on spin dephasing and electron g factor in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron system
- The effects of reduced "free will" on Bell-based randomness expansion
- Random numbers for large scale distributed Monte Carlo simulations
- Unconditionally secure device-independent quantum key distribution with only two devices
- The Bounded Storage Model in The Presence of a Quantum Adversary
- Weak randomness completely trounces the security of QKD
- Randomness generation based on spontaneous emissions of lasers
- Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation
- Quantum random number generation for 1.25 GHz quantum key distribution systems
- An On-Demand Optical Quantum Random Number Generator with In-Future Action and Ultra-Fast Response
- Device-independent randomness extraction for arbitrarily weak min-entropy source
- Post-Processing Free Spatio-Temporal Optical Random Number Generator Resilient to Hardware Failure and Signal Injection Attacks
- A modular framework for randomness extraction based on Trevisan's construction
- Comparing different approaches for generating random numbers device-independently using a photon pair source
- Minimalist design of a robust real-time quantum random number generator
- Exploring Quantum Contextuality to Generate True Random Numbers
- Optimal randomness generation from optical Bell experiments
- Truly random number generation via entropy amplification
Cited by in corpus (219)
- Advances in Quantum Cryptography
- Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices
- Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics
- Device independent quantum random number generation
- Single-photon quantum hardware: towards scalable photonic quantum technology with a quantum advantage
- Quantum Communication Using Semiconductor Quantum Dots
- Continuous-variable quantum key distribution system: past, present, and future
- Device-independent randomness expansion against quantum side information
- High speed self-testing quantum random number generation without detection loophole
- Microsatellite-based real-time quantum key distribution
- MHz-rate semi-device-independent quantum random number generators based on unambiguous state discrimination
- Massively parallel ultrafast random bit generation with a chip-scale laser
- 9~GHz measurement of squeezed light by interfacing silicon photonics and integrated electronics
- Maximal randomness expansion from steering inequality violations using qudits
- Randomness in Quantum Mechanics: Philosophy, Physics and Technology
- 18.8 Gbps real-time quantum random number generator with a photonic integrated chip
- A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness
- 1.2 GHz Balanced Homodyne Detector for Continuous-Variable Quantum Information Technology
- 6 Gbps real-time optical quantum random number generator based on vacuum fluctuation
- Resolution of 100 photons and quantum generation of unbiased random numbers
- On the Role of Hash-based Signatures in Quantum-Safe Internet of Things: Current Solutions and Future Directions
- 100 Gbps Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations
- Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators
- Machine Learning Bell Nonlocality in Quantum Many-body Systems
- Experimental Realization of Device-Independent Quantum Randomness Expansion
- Quantum Technologies in the Telecommunications Industry
- Machine Learning Cryptanalysis of a Quantum Random Number Generator
- Experimental Low-Latency Device-Independent Quantum Randomness
- Implementation vulnerabilities in general quantum cryptography
- High Speed Continuous Variable Source-Independent Quantum Random Number Generation
- The Parity Operator: applications in quantum metrology
- Passive state preparation in the Gaussian-modulated coherent states quantum key distribution
- Real-Time Source Independent Quantum Random Number Generator with Squeezed States
- Biasing the quantum vacuum to control macroscopic probability distributions
- QFaaS: A Serverless Function-as-a-Service Framework for Quantum Computing
- Semi-Device-Independent Heterodyne-based Quantum Random Number Generator
- Experimental passive state preparation for continuous variable quantum communications
- Quantum Random Number Generation using a Solid-State Single-Photon Source
- Quantifying Quantumness of Channels Without Entanglement
- Operational interpretation of coherence in quantum key distribution
- Experimental Test of Sequential Weak Measurements for Certified Quantum Randomness Extraction
- Parallel real-time quantum random number generator
- Certified Quantum Random Numbers from Untrusted Light
- Practical Semi-Device Independent Randomness Generation Based on Quantum State's Indistinguishability
- Simple source device-independent continuous-variable quantum random number generator
- Setting up experimental Bell test with reinforcement learning
- Quantum Optics Applications of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Defects
- Multiplexed Quantum Random Number Generation
- Stochastic magnetic actuated random transducer devices based on perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions
- Realization of a quantum random generator certified with the Kochen-Specker theorem
- Provably-secure quantum randomness expansion with uncharacterised homodyne detection
- Certified randomness using a trapped-ion quantum processor
- Nonlocality for Generic Networks
- Quantum random number generator based on room-temperature single-photon emitter in gallium nitride
- Quantum Random Numbers generated by the Cloud Superconducting Quantum Computer
- Semi-device-independent quantum random number generator with a broadband squeezed state of light
- Randomness Certification from Multipartite Quantum Steering for Arbitrary Dimensional Systems
- Quantum Coherence and Intrinsic Randomness
- True randomness from an incoherent source
- General Quantum Resource Theories: Distillation, Formation and Consistent Resource Measures
- Quantum Radars and Lidars: Concepts, realizations, and perspectives
- Reconfigurable photon sources based on quantum plexcitonic systems
- Coherence as a resource for source-independent quantum random-number generation
- Finite-error metrological bounds on the multi-parameter Hamiltonian estimation
- Randomness? What randomness?
- The Cost of Improving the Precision of the Variational Quantum Eigensolver for Quantum Chemistry
- Efficient demultiplexed single-photon source with a quantum dot coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide
- Continuous-variable quantum authentication of physical unclonable keys: Security against an emulation attack
- Quantum noise extraction from the interference of laser pulses in optical quantum random number generator
- Encrypt me! A game-based approach to Bell inequalities and quantum cryptography
- Two-Way Physical Layer Security Protocol for Gaussian Channels
- Secure Network Code for Adaptive and Active Attacks with No-Randomness in Intermediate Nodes
- Bias-free source-independent quantum random number generator
- Source-independent quantum random number generator against tailored detector blinding attacks
- Full counting statistics of the photocurrent through a double quantum dot embedded in a driven microwave resonator
- Entropy bounds for multiparty device-independent cryptography
- Practical security analysis of a continuous-variable quantum random number generator with a noisy local oscillator
- Semi-device independent randomness from d-outcome continuous-variable detection
- Network Nonlocality via Rigidity of Token-Counting and Color-Matching
- Random number generation with cosmic photons
- Unbiased All-Optical Random-Number Generator
- Single photon randomness originating from the symmetry of dipole emission and the unpredictability of spontaneous emission
- Attacking quantum key distribution by light injection via ventilation openings
- Quantum Coherence Witness with Untrusted Measurement Devices
- Randomness expansion secured by quantum contextuality
- Semi-Device-Independent Random Number Generation with Flexible Assumptions
- Unbounded randomness from uncharacterized sources
- Continuous-variable quantum communication
- Secure uniform random number extraction via incoherent strategies
- Experimental study of quantum random number generator based on two independent lasers
- Multi-bit quantum random number generator from path-entangled single photons
- Quantum randomness generation via orbital angular momentum modes crosstalk in a ring-core fiber
- Certified quantum random number generator based on single-photon entanglement
- High-speed Source-Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator on a Chip
- Towards Integrating True Random Number Generation in Coherent Optical Transceivers
- Randomness quantification of coherent detection
- Quantum cryptography beyond key distribution: theory and experiment
- One Trillion True Random Bits Generated with a Field Programmable Gate Array Actuated Magnetic Tunnel Junction
- Physical Security in the Post-quantum Era: A Survey on Side-channel Analysis, Random Number Generators, and Physically Unclonable Functions
- Device-independent certification of maximal randomness from pure entangled two-qutrit states using non-projective measurements
- Single Photon Randomness based on a Defect Center in Diamond
- Quantum coherence via conditional entropy
- Practical randomness amplification and privatisation with implementations on quantum computers
- Device-independent randomness based on a tight upper bound of the maximal quantum value of chained inequality
- On the effects of biased quantum random numbers on the initialization of artificial neural networks
- Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on Measurements of Quantum Channels
- One-Sided Device-Independent Random Number Generation Through Fiber Channels
- Quantum Biometrics with Retinal Photon Counting
- Certified Random Number Generation from Quantum Steering
- Searching for evidence of algorithmic randomness and incomputability in the output of quantum random number generators
- How much randomness can be generated from a quantum black-box device?
- Quantum advantages of communication complexity from Bell nonlocality
- Certified Randomness from Remote State Preparation Dimension Witness
- When Federated Learning Meets Quantum Computing: Survey and Research Opportunities
- Modular Quantum-to-Quantum Bernoulli Factory in an Integrated Photonic Processor
- Steering-based randomness certification with squeezed states and homodyne measurements
- A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer
- Experimental verifiable multi-client blind quantum computing on a Qline architecture
- Measurement-device-independent quantum random number generation over 23 Mbps with imperfect single-photon sources
- Dynamic generation of photonic spatial quantum states with an all-fiber platform
- Secure network code over one-hop relay network
- Bounds on semi-device-independent quantum random number expansion capabilities
- Single system based generation of certified randomness using Leggett-Garg inequality
- An Overview of CV-MDI-QKD
- Practical quantum random number generator based on sampling vacuum fluctuations
- Gaussian Random Number Generator: Implemented in FPGA for Quantum Key Distribution
- Nonclassicality in off-resonant Raman process
- Quantifying the intrinsic randomness of quantum measurements
- Large-scale time-multiplexed nanophotonic parametric oscillators
- Measurement-device-independent quantification of irreducible high-dimensional entanglement
- Numerical Framework for Semi-Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generators
- Quantum random number generation using an on-chip plasmonic beamsplitter
- Dark Current and Single Photon Detection by 1550nm Avalanche Photodiodes: Dead Time Corrected Probability Distributions and Entropy Rates
- Tight upper bound of the maximal quantum violation of Gisin's elegant Bell inequality and its application in randomness certification
- Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Phase Reconstruction
- Traceable random numbers from a nonlocal quantum advantage
- Independent quality assessment of a commercial quantum random number generator
- A precise bare simulation approach to the minimization of some distances. Foundations
- Divergence of the variance of the optical phase in gain-switched semiconductor lasers described by stochastic rate equations
- Light, matter, and quantum randomness generation: A relativistic quantum information perspective
- Statistical Analysis on Random Quantum Sampling by Sycamore and Zuchongzhi Quantum Processors
- Generation of True Quantum Random Numbers with On-Demand Probability Distributions via Single-Photon Quantum Walks
- Randomness versus Nonlocality in Multi-input and Multi-output Quantum Scenario
- The time-adaptive statistical testing for random number generators
- The m-least significant bits operation for quantum random number generation
- Optical scheme for cryptographic commitments with physical unclonable keys
- Detecting Temporal Correlation via Quantum Random Number Generation
- Generation of quantum-certified random numbers using on-chip path-entangled single photons from an LED
- Proposal for a quantum random number generator using coherent light an a non-classical observable
- Secure random number generation from parity symmetric radiations
- Measuring full counting statistics in a trapped-ion quantum simulator
- Generalized measurements on qubits in quantum randomness certification and expansion
- Single photon sources with different spatial modes
- Analysis of a Programmable Quantum Annealer as a Random Number Generator
- Naimark dilations of qubit POVMs and joint measurements
- Improving semi-device-independent randomness certification by entropy accumulation
- A consolidated and accessible security proof for finite-size decoy-state quantum key distribution
- Beamsplitter-free, high bit-rate, quantum random number generator based on temporal and spatial correlations of heralded single-photons
- The Role of Quantum Computing in Advancing Scientific High-Performance Computing: A perspective from the ADAC Institute
- Asymptotic and Non-Asymptotic Analysis for Hidden Markovian Process with Quantum Hidden System
- Holographically-controlled random numbers from entangled twisted photons
- Correlations and randomness generation based on energy constraints
- Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Randomness Certification from Incompatibility
- Quantum random number generation using an on-chip nanowire plasmonic waveguide
- Sampling Problems on a Quantum Computer
- Generation of Correlated Quantum Random Number Sequences with Bright Twin Beams
- Certified Random Number Generation using Quantum Computers
- Controlling quantum coherence of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate via an impurity atom
- Towards efficient and secure quantum-classical communication networks
- Estimating the privacy of quantum-random numbers
- The operational reality of quantum nonlocality
- Wigner-function formalism for the detection of single microwave pulses in a resonator-coupled double quantum dot
- Certifying quantumness beyond steering and nonlocality and its implications on quantum information processing
- Quantifying Coherence with Untrusted Devices
- Quantum Systems for Monte Carlo Methods and Applications to Fractional Stochastic Processes
- Reality and super-reality: properties of a mathematical multiverse
- Parity-based, bias-free optical quantum random number generation with min-entropy estimation
- White Gaussian Noise Generation with a Vacuum State Quantum Entropy Source Chip
- Maximal intrinsic randomness of a quantum state
- Assessing randomness with the aid of quantum state measurement
- Experimental demonstration of high-entropy time of arrival based optical QRNG qualifying stringent statistical tests
- One-Shot Min-Entropy Calculation Of Classical-Quantum States And Its Application To Quantum Cryptography
- Generating Randomness from a Computable, Non-random Sequence of Qubits
- A SOI Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Phase fluctuations from a Laser Diode
- An attack to quantum systems through RF radiation tracking
- Indistinguishability between quantum randomness and pseudo-randomness under efficiently calculable randomness measures
- Four-qubit photonic system for publicly verifiable quantum random numbers and generation of public and private key
- Fully passive quantum random number generation with untrusted light
- Sampling and the complexity of nature
- Information-theoretically secure quantum timestamping with one-time universal hashing
- Emergence and Control of Complex Behaviours in Driven Systems of Interacting Qubits with Dissipation
- Highly integrated broadband entropy source for quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations
- A Theory of Inaccessible Information
- Local hidden variable values without optimization procedures
- Hybrid classical-quantum communication networks
- On the role of the measurement apparatus in quantum measurements
- Algorithmic Randomness and Kolmogorov Complexity for Qubits
- Source Independent Quantum Walk Random Number Generation
- Quantum Sampling for Optimistic Finite Key Rates in High Dimensional Quantum Cryptography
- Semi-device-independent randomness certification on discretized continuous-variable platforms
- Randomness in quantum random number generator from vacuum fluctuations with source-device-independence
- Digitization of a random signal from the interference of laser pulses
- Quantum security and theory of decoherence
- Quantum Random Number Generation with Partial Source Assumptions
- On asymptotically optimal tests for random number generators
- Device-independent Shannon entropy certification
- Randomness quantification in spontaneous emission
- Impartial binary decisions through qubits
- Flying Unicorn: Developing a Game for a Quantum Computer
- Are optical quantum information processing experiments possible without beamsplitter?
- Quantum advantage in a unified scenario and secure detection of resources
- Spontaneous Chaotic Microlasers for Random Number Generation
- Quantum Random Self-Modifiable Computation
- Selective excitation of a single rare-earth ion in an optical fiber
- Quantum random number generation by coherent detection of phase noise
- Quantum Physics in Space
- Evaluating Quantumness, Efficiency and Cost of Quantum Random Number Generators via Photon Statistics
- Experimental Quantum-enhanced Cryptographic Remote Control
- Operational Coherent Measurements with Steering and Randomness