On the Measurement of Qubits

Abstract

We describe in detail the theory underpinning the measurement of density matrices of a pair of quantum two-level systems (``qubits''). Our particular emphasis is on qubits realized by the two polarization degrees of freedom of a pair of entangled photons generated in a down-conversion experiment; however the discussion applies in general, regardless of the actual physical realization. Two techniques are discussed, namely a tomographic reconstruction (in which the density matrix is linearly related to a set of measured quantities) and a maximum likelihood technique which requires numerical optimization (but has the advantage of producing density matrices which are always non-negative definite). In addition a detailed error analysis is presented, allowing errors in quantities derived from the density matrix, such as the entropy or entanglement of formation, to be estimated. Examples based on down-conversion experiments are used to illustrate our results.

23 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys Rev A

References in corpus (2)

• Exploring Hilbert Space: accurate characterisation of quantum information
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• Partial Polarization by Quantum Distinguishability
• Direct Measurement of the Two-dimensional Spatial Quantum Wavefunction via Strong Measurements
• Linear-depth quantum circuits for loading Fourier approximations of arbitrary functions
• Linear optics and quantum maps
• Conditional not displacement: fast multi-oscillator control with a single qubit
• Entangling Bosons through Particle Indistinguishability and Spatial Overlap
• Hybrid classical-quantum linear solver using Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum machines
• Determining eigenvalues of a density matrix with minimal information in a single experimental setting
• Quantum-polarization state tomography
• On the generation of multipartite entangled states in Josephson architectures
• Two-photon tomography using on-chip quantum walks
• Fiber-optic realization of anisotropic depolarizing quantum channels
• Adaptive quantum tomography
• Wavelength-tunable high-fidelity entangled photon sources enabled by dual Stark effects
• Entangled photon pairs from a quantum dot cascade decay: the effect of time-reordering
• Entangled mixed-state generation by twin-photon scattering
• Efficiency of photonic state tomography affected by fiber attenuation
• Control of quantum interference in the quantum eraser
• The biaxial nonlinear crystal BiB3O6 as a polarization entangled photon source using non-collinear type-II parametric down-conversion
• Implementation of quantum state tomography for time-bin qudits
• Experimental characterization of universal one-way quantum computing
• Experimental hierarchy and optimal robustness of quantum correlations of two-qubit states with controllable white noise
• Rank penalized estimation of a quantum system
• Entanglement, non-Hermiticity, and duality
• Shadow tomography on general measurement frames
• High-Fidelity Z-Measurement Error Correction of Optical Qubits
• Wilson loop and Wilczek-Zee phase from a non-Abelian gauge field
• Experimental investigation of Markovian and non-Markovian channel addition
• Optimal quantum tomography of permutationally invariant qubits
• Entanglement and Quantum Error Correction with Superconducting Qubits
• Implementation of a generalized CNOT gate between fixed-frequency transmons
• Experimental Schmidt Decomposition and Entanglement Detection
• GHz-Pulsed Source of Entangled Photons for Reconfigurable Quantum Networks
• Experimental verification of entanglement generated in a plasmonic system
• Tomography of time-bin quantum states using time-resolved detection
• Tomography of a spin qubit in a double quantum dot
• Quantum process tomography of a controlled-phase gate for time-bin qubits
• Storage of polarization-entangled THz-bandwidth photons in a diamond quantum memory
• Programmable atom-photon quantum interface
• Non-Markovianity: initial correlations and nonlinear optical measurements
• Demonstration of Quantum Nonlocality in presence of Measurement Dependence
• Witnessing nonequilibrium entanglement dynamics in a strongly correlated fermionic chain
• Increasing two-photon entangled dimensions by shaping input beam profiles
• Quantum advantage for probabilistic one-time programs
• Fast entanglement detection for unknown states of two spatial qutrits
• Priority Choice Experimental Two-qubit Tomography: Measuring One by One All Elements of Density Matrices
• Non separable Werner states in spontaneous parametric down-conversion
• Errors in quantum tomography: diagnosing systematic versus statistical errors
• Quantum tomography for solid state qubits
• Quantifying Unknown Quantum Entanglement via a Hybrid Quantum-Classical Machine Learning Framework
• Generation of tunable quantum entanglement via nonlinearity symmetry breaking in semiconductor metasurfaces
• Experimental Activation of Bound Entanglement
• Quantum state tomography of orbital angular momentum photonics qubits via a projection-based technique
• Efficient decoherence-free entanglement distribution over lossy quantum channels
• Quantum State Discrimination Using the Minimum Average Number of Copies
• Experimental investigation of multi-observable uncertainty relations
• Direct tomography of high-dimensional density matrices for general quantum states of photons
• Efficient Online Quantum Generative Adversarial Learning Algorithms with Applications
• Experimental violation of Bell inequalities for multi-dimensional systems
• A semiconductor source of triggered entangled photon pairs?
• Oscillating photonic Bell state from a semiconductor quantum dot for quantum key distribution
• Bound entangled states fit for robust experimental verification
• Measurement of qutrits
• Compressively characterizing high-dimensional entangled states with complementary, random filtering
• Entanglement generation by Fock-state filtration
• Narrowband Biphotons with Polarization-Frequency Coupled Hyperentanglement
• Measurement of spatial qubits
• Determination of any pure spatial qudits from a minimum number of measurements by phase stepping interferometry
• Identification of networking quantum teleportation on 14-qubit IBM universal quantum computer
• Quantum state estimation when qubits are lost: A no-data-left-behind approach
• Efficient Bipartite Entanglement Detection Scheme with a Quantum Adversarial Solver
• Quantum efficiency, purity and stability of a tunable, narrowband microwave single-photon source
• Experimental demonstration of nonlocal effects of the partial collapse measurement and reversal process
• Experimental implementation of a fully controllable depolarizing quantum operation
• Detection and characterization of multipartite entanglement in optical lattices
• Experimental Extraction of Secure Correlations from a Noisy Private State
• Quantum state tomography with informationally complete POVMs generated in the time domain
• Tensor of coherences parameterization of multiqubit density operators for entanglement characterization
• Multiqubit entanglement witness
• Bell inequalities and density matrix for polarization entangled photons out of a two-photon cascade in a single quantum dot
• Experimental Liouvillian exceptional points in a quantum system without Hamiltonian singularities
• Certifying the presence of a photonic qubit by splitting it in two
• Quantum Pair Generation in Nonlinear Metasurfaces with Mixed and Pure Photon Polarizations
• Learning unknown pure quantum states
• Lower bounds for the fidelity of entangled state preparation
• Photon Bell-State Analysis Based on Semiconductor-Superconductor Structures
• Manipulation of entanglement sudden death in an all-optical setup
• Remote state preparation of single photon orbital angular momentum lattices
• Entanglement Dynamics in Anti-$\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-Symmetric Systems
• NOON states from cavity-enhanced down-conversion: High quality and super-resolution
• Two-photon comb with wavelength conversion and 20-km distribution for quantum communication
• Telecom Quantum Photonic Interface for a ${}^{40}$Ca${}^{+}$ Single-Ion Quantum Memory
• Experimental quantum teleportation over a high-loss free-space channel
• Evidence of the entanglement constraint on wave-particle duality using the IBM Q quantum computer
• Precision characterisation of two-qubit Hamiltonians via entanglement mapping
• Massive-mode polarization entangled biphoton frequency comb
• Quantum-secured single-pixel imaging with enhanced security
• A high-dimensional quantum frequency converter
• On-chip generation and collectively coherent control of the superposition of the whole family of Dicke states
• Experimental certification of steering criterion based on general entropic uncertainty relation
• Multicell Atomic Quantum Memory as a Hardware-Efficient Quantum Repeater Node
• A quantum detector for photon entanglement
• Demonstration of a programmable source of two-photon multiqubit entangled states
• Maximally Entangled Mixed-State Generation via Local Operations
• Experimental creation of superposition of unknown photonic quantum states
• Properties of entangled photon pairs generated by a CW laser with small coherence time: theory and experiment
• Cost of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering in the context of extremal boxes
• Experimental characterization of photonic fusion using fiber sources
• Experimental generation of entanglement from classical correlations via non-unital local noise
• Characterizing mixed state entanglement through single-photon interference
• Minimal Entanglement Witness From Electrical Current Correlations
• $\delta$-Quench measurement of quantum wavefunction
• Coherent analysis of quantum optical sideband modes
• One-photon measurement of two-photon entanglement
• Minimum-error discrimination of entangled quantum states
• Behavior of the maximum likelihood in quantum state tomography
• Various quantum nonlocality tests with a simple 2-photon entanglement source
• Suppression of polarization decoherence for traveling light pulses via bang-bang dynamical decoupling
• Entangled photon pairs from quantum dots embedded in a self-aligned cavity
• Realization of mutually unbiased bases for a qubit with only one wave plate: Theory and experiment
• Experimentally generating and tuning robust entanglement between photonic qubits
• Assessment of a quantum phase gate operation based on nonlinear optics
• Deterministic and Robust Entanglement of Nitrogen Vacancy Centers using Low-Q Photonic Crystal Cavities
• Generation of narrow-band polarization-entangled photon pairs at a rubidium D1 line
• Experimentally bounding deviations from quantum theory for a photonic three-level system using theory-agnostic tomography
• Machine-Learning-Derived Entanglement Witnesses
• Entanglement generation using a controlled-phase gate for time-bin qubits
• Multiphoton Tomography with Linear Optics and Photon Counting
• Experimental Test of Relation between Coherence and Path Information
• The Simplest Demonstrations of Quantum Nonlocality
• An Optimal Photon Counting Polarimeter
• Representing multiqubit unitary evolutions: spin coherences and infinitesimal coherences
• Cloning of Quantum Entanglement
• Coherence of a qubit stored in Zeeman levels of a single optically trapped atom
• Generation method of a photonic NOON state with quantum dots in coupled nanocavities
• Demonstration and modelling of time-bin entangled photons from a quantum dot in a nanowire
• Quantum State Interferography
• Intensified antibunching via feedback-induced quantum interference
• Reconstruction of spatial qutrit states based on realistic measurement operators
• Efficient Characterizations of Multiphoton States with an Ultra-thin Optical Device
• Quantum Logic Between Distant Trapped Ions
• Beyond the four-level model: Dark and hot states in quantum dots degrade photonic entanglement
• Quantum polarization transformations in anisotropic dispersive medium
• A classical to quantum optical network link for orbital angular momentum carrying light
• A Demonstration of Quantum Key Distribution with Entangled Photons for the Undergraduate Laboratory
• Connections of geometric measure of entanglement of pure symmetric states to quantum state estimation
• Information propagation in a quantum system. Examples of open spin-1/2 chains
• Violation of Bell's inequality with quantum-dot single-photon sources
• Active control of a plasmonic metamaterial for quantum state engineering
• Two Polarization Entangled Sources from the Same Semiconductor Chip
• Direct state reconstruction with coupling-deformed pointer observables
• Linear optical demonstration of quantum speed-up with a single qudit
• Preparation of pure and mixed polarization qubits and the direct measurement of figures of merit
• Stimulated Emission Tomography: Beyond Polarization
• Quantum tomography of entangled qubits by time-resolved single-photon counting with time-continuous measurements
• Convergence of reconstructed density matrix to a pure state using maximal entropy approach
• Demonstration of quantum error correction for enhanced sensitivity of photonic measurements
• Storing a single photon as a spin wave entangled with a flying photon in telecomband
• Coherent frequency bridge between visible and telecommunications band of vortex light
• Experimental Measurement of Multi-dimensional Entanglement via Equivalent Symmetric Projection
• Persistency of non-n-local correlations in noisy linear networks
• Estimation of pure quantum states in high dimension at the limit of quantum accuracy through complex optimization and statistical inference
• Full tomography from compatible measurements
• Experimental verification of the commutation relation for Pauli spin operators using single-photon quantum interference
• Correlations for computation and computation for correlations
• Nonlocal realism tests and quantum state tomography in Sagnac-based type-II polarization-entanglement SPDC-source
• Extension of Noether's theorem in PT-symmetric systems and its experimental demonstration in an optical setup
• Temporally versatile polarization entanglement from Bragg-reflection waveguides
• Bayesian homodyne and heterodyne tomography
• Counting Classical Nodes in Quantum Networks
• Physical Security in the Post-quantum Era: A Survey on Side-channel Analysis, Random Number Generators, and Physically Unclonable Functions
• Photon Self-Induced Spin to Orbital Conversion in TGG crystal at high laser power
• Measuring Entanglement in a Photonic Embedding Quantum Simulator
• Quantification and observation of genuine three-party coherence: A solution based on classical optics
• Quantum properties of $H\to V{V}^{\ast }$: precise predictions in the SM and sensitivity to new physics
• Entangling qubit registers via many-body states of ultracold atoms
• Measuring entanglement of photons produced by a pulsed source
• Quantum teleportation mediated by surface plasmon polariton
• Measuring the quantum state of a single system with minimum state disturbance
• A multipair-free source of entangled photons in the solid state
• Learning How to Dynamically Decouple
• Decoherence modes of entangled qubits within neutron interferometry
• Experimental quantum tomography assisted by multiply symmetric states in higher dimensions
• Quantum tomography of helicity states for general scattering processes
• Variational Approach to Quantum State Tomography based on Maximal Entropy Formalism
• Experimental quantum state discrimination using the optimal fixed rate of inconclusive outcomes strategy
• Quantum steering with vector vortex photon states with the detection loophole closed
• Quantum tomography of photon states encoded in polarization and picosecond time-bins
• Heralded amplification of nonlocality via entanglement swapping for long-distance device-independent quantum key distribution
• Scalable estimation of pure multi-qubit states
• Experimental observation the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering based on the detection of entanglement
• Three-Photon Stokes Mueller Polarimetry
• Charge shelving and bias spectroscopy for the readout of a charge-qubit on the basis of superposition states
• Parallel tomography of quantum non-demolition measurements in multi-qubit devices
• Tomography scheme for two spin-1/2 qubits in a double quantum dot
• Optimized generation of spatial qudits by using a pure phase spatial light modulator
• Experimental Efficient Source-Independent Quantum Secret Sharing against Coherent Attacks
• A macroscopic quantum state analysed particle by particle
• Gradient-based stopping rules for maximum-likelihood quantum-state tomography
• Phase Space Tomography of Classical and Nonclassical Vibrational States of Atoms in an Optical Lattice
• Experimental generation of polarization entanglement from spontaneous parametric down-conversion pumped by spatiotemporally highly incoherent light
• Observation of entanglement negativity transition of pseudo-random mixed states
• Error-compensation measurements on polarization qubits
• Optimal reconstruction of states in qutrits system
• Detecting the degree of macroscopic quantumness using an overlap measurement
• Implementing generalized measurements with superconducting qubits
• Polarization of photons emitted by decaying dark matter
• Distilling entanglement from cascades with partial "Which Path" ambiguity
• Phase-stable source of high-quality three-photon polarization entanglement by cascaded downconversion
• Phase estimation of time-bin qudits by time-resolved single-photon counting
• Fitting quantum noise models to tomography data
• Fidelity measurement of a multiqubit cluster state with minimal effort
• Experimental Observation of Environment-induced Sudden Death of Entanglement
• Data-Centric Machine Learning in Quantum Information Science
• Quantum discord under system-environment coupling: the two-qubit case
• Characterization of Quantum Frequency Processors
• Quantum nonlinear metasurfaces
• Quantum-machine-learning channel discrimination
• Generation of a time-bin Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger state with an optical switch
• Multi-mode superconducting circuits for realizing strongly coupled multi-qubit processor units
• Accurate polarization preparation and measurement using twisted nematic liquid crystals
• Entangled state generation with an intrinsically pure single-photon source and a weak coherent source
• Biphoton State Reconstruction via Phase Retrieval Methods
• Experimental Reconstruction of Entanglement Quasiprobabilities
• Entanglement localization after a coupling to incoherent noisy system
• A polarization maintaining scheme for 1.5 μm polarization entangled photon pair generation in optical fibers
• Temperature-independent almost perfect photon entanglement from quantum dots via the SUPER scheme
• Modular Quantum-to-Quantum Bernoulli Factory in an Integrated Photonic Processor
• Optical spin squeezing: bright beams as high-flux entangled photon sources
• Experimental demonstration of adversarial examples in learning topological phases
• Compressive Direct Imaging of a Billion-Dimensional Optical Phase-Space
• Frequency-encoded linear cluster states with coherent Raman photons
• Demonstration of active feedforward one-way quantum computing with photon-matter hyperentanglement
• Revisiting comparison between entanglement measures for two-qubit pure states
• Fourier Transform Quantum State Tomography
• Perfect polarization for arbitrary light beams
• Swap Test-based Characterization of Quantum Processes in Universal Quantum Computers
• Entangled Photon Polarimetry
• Spectral Properties of Transverse Laguerre-Gauss Modes in Parametric Down-Conversion
• Maximal coin-walker entanglement in a ballistic quantum walk
• Practical and efficient experimental characterization of multiqubit stabilizer states
• Crossed crystal scheme for fs-pulsed entangled photon generation in ppKTP
• Adiabatic quantum dynamics under decoherence in a controllable trapped-ion setup
• Simulating noisy quantum channels via quantum state preparation algorithms
• High dimensional entanglement between a photon and a multiplexed atomic quantum memory
• Theoretical study of the Compton effect with correlated three-photon emission: From the differential cross section to high-energy triple-photon entanglement
• Anomaly detection in reconstructed quantum states using a machine-learning technique
• Experimental determination of multipartite entanglement with incomplete information
• Broadband Fiber-based Entangled Photon Pair Source at Telecom O-band
• Engineering Arbitrary Hamiltonians in Phase Space
• An Optical Spin Read-out Method for a Quantum Dot using the AC Stark Effect
• Programmable purification of type-I polarization-entanglement
• Efficient learning of mixed-state tomography for photonic quantum walk
• Neural networks in quantum many-body physics: a hands-on tutorial
• Programmable coherent linear quantum operations with high-dimensional optical spatial modes
• Fault Models for Quantum Mechanical Switching Networks
• Amending entanglement-breaking channels via intermediate unitary operations
• Approaching the Tsirelson bound with a Sagnac source of polarization-entangled photons
• Experimental determination of the degree of quantum polarisation of continuous variable states
• Evidence procedure for efficient quantum state tomography
• A set of $4d-3$ observables to determine any pure qudit state
• Universal finestructure eraser for quantum dots
• Measurement-induced quantum entanglement recovery
• Experimental demonstration of a measurement-based realisation of a quantum channel
• Near-maximal two-photon entanglement for quantum communications at 2.1 $\mu$m
• Phase shift spectra of a fiber-microsphere system at the single photon level
• Postselection-Free Cavity-Enhanced Narrow-Band Orbital Angular Momentum Entangled Photon Source
• Single observable concurrence measurement without simultaneous copies
• Nonlocality enhanced precision in quantum polarimetry via entangled photons
• Linear-optical simulation of the cooling of a cluster-state Hamiltonian system
• Hamiltonian tomography by the quantum quench protocol with random noise
• Intrinsic degree of coherence of two-qubit states and measures of two-particle quantum correlations
• Quantum state tomography with time-continuous measurements: reconstruction with resource limitations
• Quantum Polarimetry
• Orthogonalization of partly unknown quantum states
• A robust approach for time-bin encoded photonic quantum information protocols
• Modern compressive tomography for quantum information science
• OAM tomography with Heisenberg-Weyl observables
• Interference and complementarity for two-photon hybrid entangled states
• Experimental verification of multidimensional quantum steering
• Quantum Teleportation from Telecom Photons to Erbium-ion Ensembles
• Single-shot characterization of photon indistinguishability with dielectric metasurfaces
• Agnostic Phase Estimation
• Factorization dynamics between quantum Fisher information and quantum coherence
• Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Stokes - Mueller Polarimetry
• Quantum Fisher Information Bounds on Precision Limits of Circular Dichroism
• Scalable entanglement of nuclear spins mediated by electron exchange
• Fiber Loop Quantum Buffer for Photonic Qubits
• In-line detection and reconstruction of multi-photon quantum states
• Generating mixtures of spatial qubits
• Experimental observation of entanglement duality for identical particles
• Observation of multiple steady states with engineered dissipation
• Maximum likelihood quantum state tomography is inadmissible
• Experimental Realization of Schumacher's Information Geometric Bell Inequality
• Robust Classical and Quantum Polarimetry with a Single Nanostructured Metagrating
• Quantum Tomography of Pure States with Projective Measurements Distorted by Experimental Noise
• Polarization and Orbital Angular Momentum Encoded Quantum Toffoli Gate Enabled by Diffractive Neural Networks
• Single-qubit measurement of two-qubit entanglement in generalized Werner states
• Measuring higher-dimensional entanglement
• Hyperfine-interaction limits polarization entanglement of photons from semiconductor quantum dots
• Fate of non-Hermitian free fermions with Wannier-Stark ladder
• Entanglement between superconducting qubits and a tardigrade
• Accuracy matrix in generalized simultaneous measurement of a qubit system
• Effects of photo-neutralization on the emission properties of quantum dots
• Inverting pump-probe spectroscopy for state tomography of excitonic systems
• Full Bell-basis measurement of an atom-photon 2-qubit state and its application for quantum networks
• A Tailor-made Quantum State Tomography Approach
• Complete physical characterization of QND measurements via tomography
• Single-shot characterization of vector beams by generalized measurements
• Optimal verification of entanglement in a photonic cluster state experiment
• Two-photon excitation with finite pulses unlocks pure dephasing-induced degradation of entangled photons emitted by quantum dots
• Non-Markovianity by undersampling in quantum optical simulators
• Tomographic Witnessing and Holographic Quantifying of Coherence
• Experimental QND measurements of complementarity on two-qubit states with IonQ and IBM Q quantum computers
• Local and scalable detection of genuine multipartite single-photon path entanglement
• Quantum process tomography of single photon quantum channels with controllable decoherence
• Experimental anonymous conference key agreement using linear cluster states
• Easy access to energy fluctuations in non-equilibrium quantum many-body systems
• Detecting Entanglement with Partial State Information
• Emergence of the Born rule in quantum optics
• Tomography, Control and Characterization of Entanglement in Three level Atomic System
• Quantifying entanglement of two-qubit Werner states
• Measurement of entropy and quantum coherence properties of two type-I entangled photonic qubits
• Implementation and characterization of a controllable dephasing channel based on coupling polarization and spatial degrees of freedom of light
• Multiparameter estimation for qubit states with collective measurements: a case study
• Generation of a non-zero discord bipartite state with classical second-order interference
• Versatile fidelity estimation with confidence
• Temperature-field phase diagrams of one-way quantum work deficit in two-qubit XXZ spin systems
• Realization of the tradeoff between internal and external entanglement
• Quantum state tomography of undetected photons
• Demonstration of machine-learning-enhanced Bayesian quantum state estimation
• Eliminating temporal correlation in quantum-dot entangled photon source by quantum interference
• Hamiltonian learning from time dynamics using variational algorithms
• Towards Quantum Repeaters with Solid-State Qubits: Spin-Photon Entanglement Generation using Self-Assembled Quantum Dots
• Experimental hierarchy of the nonclassicality of single-qubit states via potentials for entanglement, steering, and Bell nonlocality
• Extreme spin squeezing for photons
• STIRAP-Inspired Robust Gates for a Superconducting Dual-Rail Qubit
• Self-calibrating tomography for multi-dimensional systems
• Simple performance evaluation of pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources for quantum communications
• Experimental demonstration of switching entangled photons based on the Rydberg blockade effect
• Stable and Efficient Charging of Superconducting Capacitively Shunted Flux Quantum Batteries
• Experimental generation of complex noisy photonic entanglement
• Delocalization of quantum information in long-range interacting systems
• Hardware-efficient entangled measurements for variational quantum algorithms
• Gradient-descent methods for fast quantum state tomography
• Optimization of quantum state tomography in the presence of experimental constraints
• Experimental demonstration of phase estimation advantage in presence of depolarizing noise by using coherent measurements
• Nonlocal compensation of pure phase objects with entangled photons
• An Updated Quantum Complementarity Principle
• Adaptive identification of coherent states
• Perturbative Framework for Engineering Arbitrary Floquet Hamiltonian
• A characteristic function approach to the Jaynes-Cummings model revivals
• Characterizing quantum instruments: from non-demolition measurements to quantum error correction
• Optimal choice of state tomography quorum formed by projection operators
• Different types of photon entanglement from a constantly driven quantum emitter inside a cavity
• RF-induced heating dynamics of non-crystallized trapped ions
• Extracting an arbitrary relative phase from a multiqubit two-component entangled state
• Entanglement measurement based on two-particle interference
• Unrolling SVT to obtain computationally efficient SVT for n-qubit quantum state tomography
• Tomographic characterisation of correlations in a photonic tripartite state
• Generation of subnatural-linewidth orbital angular momentum entangled biphotons using a single driving laser in hot atoms
• Heralded processes on continuous-variable spaces as quantum maps
• Optimal characterization of Gaussian channels using photon-number-resolving detectors
• Optimal measurement strategies for fast entanglement detection
• Accessible bounds for general quantum resources
• Direct measurement of particle statistical phase
• Quantum state tomography of qudits via Hong-Ou-Mandel interference
• Dynamic state reconstruction of quantum systems subject to pure decoherence
• Determination of Molecular Energies via Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution in a Superconducting Qubit System
• Photonic Implementation of Quantum Gravity Simulator
• Quantum Estimation of the Stokes Vector Rotation for a General Polarimetric Transformation
• Controllable generation of mixed two-photon states
• Engineering the Cost Function of a Variational Quantum Algorithm for Implementation on Near-Term Devices
• Information complementarity in quantum physics
• Quantum density estimation with density matrices: Application to quantum anomaly detection
• Direct measurement of density-matrix elements using a phase-shifting technique Tianfeng
• Experimental Examination of Entanglement Estimates
• Experimental Extraction of Coherent Ergotropy and Its Energetic Cost in a Superconducting Qubit
• Optical implementation of a unitarily correctable code
• Statistical analysis of low rank tomography with compressive random measurements
• Improving direct state measurements by using rebits in real enlarged Hilbert spaces
• On-demand generation of entangled photon pairs in the telecom C-band for fiber-based quantum networks
• Nonlocal biphoton generation in Werner state from a single semiconductor quantum dot
• Quantum Entanglement is Quantum: ZZ Production at the LHC
• Quantum Steering on IBMQ
• Fourier Quantum Process Tomography
• Experimental witnessing of the quantum channel capacity in the presence of correlated noise
• Quantum State Tomography Using Successive Measurements
• Ptychography of pure quantum states
• Experimental reversion of the optimal quantum cloning and flipping processes
• Analysis of Elliptically Polarized Maximally Entangled States for Bell Inequality Tests
• From polarization multipoles to higher-order coherences
• Non-Hermitian unidirectional routing of photonic qubits
• tqix: A toolbox for Quantum in X: Quantum measurement, quantum tomography, quantum metrology, and others
• Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-type violation of local realism by mixed states
• Quantum tomography of three-qubit generalized Werner states
• Low-loss polarization-maintaining router for single and entangled photons at a telecom wavelength
• Measurements on Composite Qudits
• Low-Loss Polarization-Maintaining Optical Router for Photonic Quantum Information Processing
• Inferring superposition and entanglement from measurements in a single basis
• A measure of quantum correlations that lies approximately between entanglement and discord
• Certification of quantum state functions under partial information
• Nonlocal quantum differentiation between polarization objects using entanglement
• Weak measurement-based state estimation of Gaussian states of one-variable quantum systems
• Quantum teleportation with independent sources over an optical fibre network
• Experimental relative entanglement potentials of single-photon states
• Experimental Verification of Anisotropic Invariance for Three-Qubit States
• Heralded Interaction Control between Quantum Systems
• Theory of time-bin entangled photons from quantum emitters
• Scalable scheme for entangling multiple ququarts using linear optical elements
• Experimental implementation of arbitrary entangled operations
• Experimental investigation of the uncertainty relations with coherent light
• Deployed quantum link characterization via Bayesian ancilla-assisted process tomography
• Machine learning reveals features of spinon Fermi surface
• Entanglement characterization by single-photon counting with random noise
• On Preparing Entangled Pairs of Polarization Qubits in the Frequency Non-Degenerate Regime
• Overcomplete quantum tomography of a path-entangled two-photon state
• Generation of the Complete Bell Basis via Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference
• Device-independent Verification of Quantum Coherence without Quantum Control
• Non-Markovianity of photon dynamics in a birefringent crystal
• The time as an emergent property of quantum mechanics, a synthetic description of a first experimental approach
• Stimulated emission quantum state tomography for frequency non-degenerate entangled photon pairs
• Parameterizing density operators with arbitrary symmetries to gain advantage in quantum state estimation
• Noise resilience in path-polarization hyperentangled probe states
• Direct Measurement Methods of Density Matrix of an Entangled Quantum State
• Separability criteria with angular and Hilbert space averages
• Polarization-entangled photon pair source using beam displacers and thin crystals
• Numerical Bayesian state assignment for a three-level quantum system. I. Absolute-frequency data; constant and Gaussian-like priors
• Quantum observable's reality erasure with spacelike-separated operations
• Entanglement generation in microcavity polariton devices
• Robust and bright polarization-entangled photon sources exploiting non-critical phase matching without periodic poling
• Engineering Bosonic Codes with Quantum Lattice Gates
• Non-completely positive maps: properties and applications
• Topological eigenvalues braiding and quantum state transfer near a third-order exceptional point
• Efficient experimental characterization of quantum processes via compressed sensing on an NMR quantum processor
• Experimental proposal to probe the extended Pauli principle
• Detecting Initial System-Environment Correlations in Open Systems
• Complete analysis of measurement-induced entanglement localization on a three-photon system
• Fiber-coupled broadband quantum memory for polarization-encoded photonic qubits
• Dramatic impact of pumping mechanism on photon entanglement in microcavity
• Spatial Quantum State Tomography with A Deformable Mirror
• Interferometric distillation and determination of unknown two-qubit entanglement
• Time-dependent switching of the photon entanglement type using a driven quantum emitter-cavity system
• Observation of the tradeoff between internal quantum nonseparability and external classical correlations
• Quantum State Tomography of Four-Level Systems with Noisy Measurements
• Deterministic Bidirectional Communication and Remote Entanglement Generation Between Superconducting Quantum Processors
• Cloning of arbitrary mirror-symmetric distributions on Bloch sphere: Optimality proof and proposal for practical photonic realization
• Experimental long-distance quantum secure direct communication
• The Effect of Decoherence on the Contextual and Nonlocal Properties of a Biphoton
• Adaptive State Fidelity Estimation for Higher Dimensional Bipartite Entanglement
• Extracting an entangled photon pair from collectively decohered pairs at a telecommunication wavelength
• Recovering quantum entanglement after its certification
• An efficient adaptive MCMC algorithm for Pseudo-Bayesian quantum tomography
• Explaining quantum correlations through evolution of causal models
• The optimal reordering of measurements for photonic quantum tomography
• Experimental quantum triangle network nonlocality with an AlGaAs multiplexed entangled photon source
• Experimental Lower Bounds to the Classical Capacity of Quantum Channels
• State reconstruction for composite systems of two spatial qubits
• Stokes vector and its relationship to Discrete Wigner Functions of multiphoton states
• Influence of polarization and the environment on wave-particle duality
• Relation between three-qubit entanglement invariants and two-qubit concurrence
• Phonon-induced transition between entangled and nonentangled photon emission in constantly driven quantum-dot--cavity systems
• Efficient fidelity estimation: Alternative derivation and related applications
• Single-Qubit Reaped Quantum State Tomography
• Observation of quantum nonlocality in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement on a silicon chip
• Quantum state tomography with disentanglement algorithm
• Wigner State and Process Tomography on Near-Term Quantum Devices
• A self-guide method to search maximal Bell violation for unknown quantum states
• Binary Black Hole Information Loss Paradox & Future Prospects
• Reducing circuit depth with qubitwise diagonalization
• Blindly Factorizing 21 Quantumly
• Interferometric detection of continuous-variable entanglement using two states
• Identification of soft modes in amorphous Al${}_2$O${}_3$ via first-principles
• Sampling Groups of Pauli Operators to Enhance Direct Fidelity Estimation
• Ptychographic reconstruction of pure quantum states
• Retrieving space-dependent polarization transformations via near-optimal quantum process tomography
• Quantum state tomography of qutrits by single-photon counting with imperfect measurements
• Entangling Nuclear Spins by Dissipation in a Solid-state System
• Experimental entanglement swapping through single-photon ${\chi }^{(2)}$ nonlinearity
• Three-Photon Polarization Entanglement of Green Light
• Single plane minimal tomography of double slit qubits
• Improved Tomographic Estimates by Specialised Neural Networks
• Ancilla-assisted frequency estimation under phase covariant noises with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states
• A scalable tripartite Wigner's friend scenario
• Synthesis and observation of optical skyrmionic structure in free space
• Macroscopic approach to N-qudit systems
• Quantum dots as potential sources of strongly entangled photons for quantum networks
• Probabilities, Tensors and Qubits
• A Concise Primer on Solid-State Quantum Emitters
• Experimentally Certified Transmission of a Quantum Message through an Untrusted and Lossy Quantum Channel via Bell's Theorem
• Adaptive Lattice Gas Algorithm: Classical and Quantum implementations
• Experimental demonstration of robust entanglement distribution over reciprocal noisy channels assisted by a counter-propagating classical reference light
• Minimal orthonormal bases for pure quantum state estimation
• Experimental Device-Independent Tests of Classical and Quantum Entropy
• Robust entanglement measure for mixed quantum states
• Experimental demonstration of error-insensitive approximate universal-NOT gates
• Entanglement robustness to excitonic spin precession in a quantum dot
• Experimental verification of Threshold Quantum State Tomography on a fully-reconfigurable photonic integrated circuit
• Quantum metamaterials: entanglement of spin and orbital angular momentum of a single photon
• Single-shot quantum measurements sketch quantum many-body states
• Complex structure and characterization of multi-photon split states in integrated circuits
• On the possibility to detect quantum correlation regions with the variable optimal measurement angle
• Optimal observables to determine entanglement of a two qubit state
• Quantum Liang Information Flow Probe of Causality across Critical Points
• Entangled state generation via quantum walks with multiple coins
• Quantum process tomography of structured optical gates with convolutional neural networks
• Adaptive tomography of qubits: Purity versus statistical fluctuations
• Shannon entropy in quasiparticle states of quantum chains
• Harnessing Data Augmentation to Quantify Uncertainty in the Early Estimation of Single-Photon Source Quality
• Optimal and robust experiment design for quantum state tomography of star-topology register
• Data processing for qubit state tomography: An information geometric approach
• Simulation of single photon dynamics in coupled cavities through IBM quantum computer
• True experimental reconstruction of quantum states and processes via convex optimization
• Determination of spatial quantum states by using Point Diffraction Interferometry
• Experimental test of the majorization uncertainty relation with mixed states
• Estimation of Wigner distribution of single mode Gaussian states: a comparative study
• Quantum Tomography and Schwinger's Picture of Quantum Mechanics
• Entanglement quantification enhanced by dark count correction
• Conditional purity and quantum correlation measures in two qubit mixed states
• Enhancing multi-step quantum state tomography by PhaseLift
• Scalable Experimental Bounds for Entangled Quantum State Fidelities
• Active Learning for Quantum Mechanical Measurements
• Experimental realization of secure multi-party computation in an entanglement access to network
• Analysing multiparticle quantum states
• Direct measurement of large-scale quantum states
• Controllable fusion of electromagnetic bosons in two-dimensional semiconductors
• Correlating Local Quantum Reality with Causally Disconnected Choices
• Non-Markovian Dynamics in Fiber Delay-line Buffers
• Optimal unbiased state characterization
• Verification of entangled states under noisy measurements
• Visibility Stokes parameters as a foundation for quantum information science with undetected photons
• Measurement Schemes for Quantum Linear Equation Solvers
• Metasurface-enabled small-satellite polarisation imaging
• Transport approach to quantum state tomography
• Experimental protocol for qubit-environment entanglement detection
• Unorthodox parallelization for Bayesian quantum state estimation
• Full-field mapping of spatially varying polarization entanglement generated from spontaneous parametric down-conversion
• Identification of Decoherence-Free Subspaces Without Quantum Process Tomography
• Enhanced Compressive Threshold Quantum State Tomography for Qudit Systems
• Demonstration of High-Fidelity Entangled Logical Qubits using Transmons
• Engineering a C-Phase quantum gate: optical design and experimental realization
• Advancements in Entangled Photon Pairs in 2D Van der Waals Materials for On-chip Quantum Applications
• Quantum CNOT Gate with Actively Synchronized Photon Pairs
• Violation of local realism with spatially multimode parametric down-conversion pumped by spatially incoherent light
• Quantum Information transmission
• Highly Efficient and Broadband Optical Delay Line towards a Quantum Memory
• Teleportation-based quantum state tomography
• Hyperentanglement in Nanophotonic Systems with Discrete Rotational Symmetry
• Any DOF All at Once: Single Photon State Tomography in a Single Measurement Setup
• Spin-1 teleportation-based quantum state tomography
• Photonic Energy-Coherence Theorem and Experimental Validations
• Sampling and the complexity of nature
• State reconstruction of finite dimensional compound systems via local projective measurements and one-way classical communication
• Design and Analysis of Communication Protocols using Quantum Resources
• Appearance of Gibbs states in quantum-state tomography
• Implementation of controllable universal unital optical channels
• Quantum Tomography by Regularized Linear Regression
• 3D compact photonic circuits for realizing quantum state tomography of qudits in any finite dimension
• Experimental demonstration of complementarity relations between quantum steering criteria
• Adiabatic Dynamics and Shortcuts to Adiabaticity: Fundamentals and Applications
• Efficient verification and fidelity estimation of discrete bipartite squeezed states
• Quantum process matrices as images: new tools to design novel denoising methods
• Coarse-graining in retrodictive quantum state tomography
• Ptychographic estimation of pure multiqubit states in a quantum device
• Spectrally Resolved Quantum Tomography of Polarization Entangled States
• Quantum State Tomography of Photonic Qubits with Realistic Coherent Light Sources
• Assessment of Polarization Entanglement Source: Photon Counting and Correlation Measurement
• Compact non-degenerate entangled-photon source and near-infrared-to-telecom quantum teleportation
• Non-classical correlation of cascaded photon pairs emitted from quantum dot
• Quantum Storage of Qubits in an Array of Independently Controllable Solid-State Quantum Memories
• Nonlocal Cancellation of Optical Rotations in Fructose Solutions
• Machine Learning of Quantum Entanglement from Noisy Measurements
• Distributed variational quantum computing with deterministic entanglement tuning
• Room-Temperature Storage of Entanglement in a Silicon Carbide Quantum Node
• Characterizing an Entangled-Photon Source with Classical Detectors and Measurements
• Run-length certificates in quantum learning: sample complexity and noise thresholds
• Size-Consistent Quantum Chemistry on Quantum Computers
• Optical downlink modeling for low-earth-orbit and medium-earth-orbit satellites under atmospheric turbulence with a quantum-state-tomography use case
• Absorption-based qubit estimation in discrete-time quantum walks
• Constrained Shadow Tomography for Molecular Simulation on Quantum Devices
• High-Fidelity Controlled-Phase Gate for Binomial Codes via Geometric Phase Engineering
• In situ quantum verification of polarization-stabilized optical channels
• Benchmarking Single-Qubit Gates on a Neutral Atom Quantum Processor
• QEDtool: A Python package for numerical quantum information in quantum electrodynamics
• Classical State Detection Using Quantum State Tomography
• Three-qubit W state tomography via full and marginal state reconstructions on ibm_osaka
• Can Randomly Structured Metasurfaces Be Used for Quantum Tomography of High-Dimensional Spatial Qudits?
• Efficient detection of localization transitions using predictability
• Error-mitigated inference of quantum network topology
• Photonic quantum information with time-bins: Principles and applications
• Quantum Machine Learning for State Tomography Using Classical Data
• Reducing Complexity of Shadow Process Tomography with Generalized Measurements
• Multi-Operator Quantum Uncertainty Relations from New Cauchy-Schwarz Inequalities
• Rigorous Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Quantum States
• High-Order Hermite Optimization: Fast and Exact Gradient Computation in Open-Loop Quantum Optimal Control using a Discrete Adjoint Approach
• Evaluation of Distimation's Real-world Performance on a Superconducting Quantum Computer
• Selective and efficient quantum state tomography for multi-qubit systems
• Ability of entanglement and purity to help to detect systematic experimental errors
• Estimating Bell Diagonal states with separable measurements
• Evaluation of quantum entanglement state between photoelectron spin and emitted photon polarization in spin and polarization resolved XEPECS of $\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{i}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_3$
• Engineering qubit dynamics in open systems with photonic synthetic lattices
• Two-detector reconstruction of multiphoton states in linear optical networks
• Quantum Assemblage Tomography
• Nonlinear response of telecom-wavelength superconducting single-photon detectors
• Quantum state tomography on closed timelike curves using weak measurements
• Entanglement constraint on wave-particle duality for tripartite systems
• Effects of the detection loophole on rival entanglement attestation techniques
• Minimum Number of Copies in the Measurement of Multi-Photon Entanglement
• Correlation between concurrence and mutual information
• Projectivities of informationally complete measurements
• Optimal protocol for quantum state tomography
• A context-aware gate set tomography characterization of superconducting qubits
• Evaluation of two-photon polarization density matrix of polarization-entangled photon-pairs generated through biexciton resonant hyper-parametric scattering
• High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100 km of fiber
• Experimental entanglement restoration on entanglement-breaking channels
• Classical Communication Enhanced Quantum State Verification
• Adaptive quantum state tomography with iterative particle filtering
• Consistent Nonparametric Different-Feature Selection via the Sparsest $k$-Subgraph Problem
• Comparing weak and projective measurements for quantum state tomography of a single-qubit system