Quantum certification and benchmarking
arXiv:1910.06343 · doi:10.1038/s42254-020-0186-4
Abstract
Concomitant with the rapid development of quantum technologies, challenging demands arise concerning the certification and characterization of devices. The promises of the field can only be achieved if stringent levels of precision of components can be reached and their functioning guaranteed. This review provides a brief overview of the known characterization methods of certification, benchmarking, and tomographic recovery of quantum states and processes, as well as their applications in quantum computing, simulation, and communication.
10 pages, 1 figure, 5 text boxes, 1 table, invited review for Nature Reviews, v2 extended and updated
References in corpus (90)
- Supplementary information for "Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor"
- The Quantum Internet
- The Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution
- Entanglement detection
- On the Measurement of Qubits
- Quantum Coherence as a Resource
- Observation of many-body localization of interacting fermions in a quasi-random optical lattice
- Characterizing Quantum Supremacy in Near-Term Devices
- Quantum state tomography via compressed sensing
- Probing the relaxation towards equilibrium in an isolated strongly correlated 1D Bose gas
- Randomized Benchmarking of Quantum Gates
- Observation of entanglement propagation in a quantum many-body system
- Many-body quantum state tomography with neural networks
- Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits
- Robust randomized benchmarking of quantum processes
- Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits
- Efficient quantum state tomography
- Exact and Approximate Unitary 2-Designs: Constructions and Applications
- The European Quantum Technologies Roadmap
- Probing entanglement entropy via randomized measurements
- Self-Verifying Variational Quantum Simulation of the Lattice Schwinger Model
- Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation
- Quantum state estimation
- Experimental Comparison of Two Quantum Computing Architectures
- Scalable Noise Estimation with Random Unitary Operators
- Direct Fidelity Estimation from Few Pauli Measurements
- Efficient measurement of quantum gate error by interleaved randomized benchmarking
- Demonstration of qubit operations below a rigorous fault tolerance threshold with gate set tomography
- Optimal, reliable estimation of quantum states
- Quantum Tomography via Compressed Sensing: Error Bounds, Sample Complexity, and Efficient Estimators
- Reconstructing quantum states with generative models
- Efficient experimental validation of photonic boson sampling against the uniform distribution
- Characterization of addressability by simultaneous randomized benchmarking
- Self-Consistent Quantum Process Tomography
- Quantum Supremacy and the Complexity of Random Circuit Sampling
- Unconditionally verifiable blind computation
- Soundness and completeness of quantum root-mean-square errors
- Characterizing large-scale quantum computers via cycle benchmarking
- On the experimental verification of quantum complexity in linear optics
- Quantitative entanglement witnesses
- Robust Online Hamiltonian Learning
- Reliable Quantum State Tomography
- Suppression of the critical temperature for superfluidity near the Mott transition: validating a quantum simulator
- Emergence of coherence and the dynamics of quantum phase transitions
- Estimating the Coherence of Noise
- Estimating entanglement measures in experiments
- Randomized Benchmarking with Confidence
- Verification of quantum computation: An overview of existing approaches
- Cross-Platform Verification of Intermediate Scale Quantum Devices
- Comparing Experiments to the Fault-Tolerance Threshold
- Optimal verification of entangled states with local measurements
- Scalable reconstruction of density matrices
- Reliable quantum certification for photonic quantum technologies
- Direct randomized benchmarking for multi-qubit devices
- When are correlations quantum? -- Verification and quantification of entanglement by simple measurements
- Characterizing Universal Gate Sets via Dihedral Benchmarking
- Directly estimating non-classicality
- Quantum Tomography Protocols with Positivity are Compressed Sensing Protocols
- Randomized benchmarking with gate-dependent noise
- Robust, self-consistent, closed-form tomography of quantum logic gates on a trapped ion qubit
- Scalable randomized benchmarking of non-Clifford gates
- Efficient and feasible state tomography of quantum many-body systems
- Certifying the building blocks of quantum computers from Bell's theorem
- Characterization of Leakage Errors via Randomized Benchmarking
- Direct certification of a class of quantum simulations
- Efficient error characterization in Quantum Information Processing
- Resource-efficient verification of quantum computing using Serfling's bound
- A Scalable Maximum Likelihood Method for Quantum State Tomography
- Recovering quantum gates from few average gate fidelities
- Fidelity witnesses for fermionic quantum simulations
- Statistical analysis of randomized benchmarking
- Multi-qubit Randomized Benchmarking Using Few Samples
- Sample complexity of device-independently certified "quantum supremacy"
- Robust Characterization of Loss Rates
- Scalable reconstruction of unitary processes and Hamiltonians
- Self-calibrating Quantum State Tomography
- Randomized benchmarking for individual quantum gates
- Benchmarking of Gaussian boson sampling using two-point correlators
- Rank-based model selection for multiple ions quantum tomography
- Rolling quantum dice with a superconducting qubit
- Approximate Randomized Benchmarking for Finite Groups
- Guaranteed recovery of quantum processes from few measurements
- Wick's theorem for matrix product states
- Optimal strategies for estimating the average fidelity of quantum gates
- High posterior density ellipsoids of quantum states
- Confidence Polytopes in Quantum State Tomography
- Quantum Model Averaging
- The Learnability of Quantum States
- Efficient algorithm for optimizing data pattern tomography
- Proper error bars for self-calibrating quantum tomography
Cited by in corpus (220)
- Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms
- Quantum Error Mitigation
- Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities
- Quantum simulation and computing with Rydberg-interacting qubits
- Symmetry-resolved entanglement detection using partial transpose moments
- Quantum Machine Learning for Chemistry and Physics
- Computational advantage of quantum random sampling
- Theory of quantum system certification: a tutorial
- A general framework for randomized benchmarking
- Scalable measures of magic resource for quantum computers
- Near-Term Quantum Computing Techniques: Variational Quantum Algorithms, Error Mitigation, Circuit Compilation, Benchmarking and Classical Simulation
- Non-Markovian Quantum Process Tomography
- Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives of Quantum Verification
- Probing many-body quantum chaos with quantum simulators
- A Quantum Internet Architecture
- Optimal Entanglement Certification from Moments of the Partial Transpose
- Efficient reversible entanglement transfer between light and quantum memories
- Time evolution of many-body localized systems in two spatial dimensions
- Benchmarking quantum computers
- Nonstabilizerness determining the hardness of direct fidelity estimation
- Statistical Methods for Quantum State Verification and Fidelity Estimation
- Entanglement-assisted entanglement purification
- Quantum advantages for Pauli channel estimation
- Attacking the Quantum Internet
- Quantum and Classical Data Transmission through Completely Depolarising Channels in a Superposition of Cyclic Orders
- Lindblad Tomography of a Superconducting Quantum Processor
- Quantum networks self-test all entangled states
- Quantum field thermal machines
- Deep learning of quantum entanglement from incomplete measurements
- Fermion Sampling: a robust quantum computational advantage scheme using fermionic linear optics and magic input states
- Limitations of Linear Cross-Entropy as a Measure for Quantum Advantage
- The learnability of Pauli noise
- Optimal verification of stabilizer states
- Witnessing Wigner Negativity
- Geometry of faithful entanglement
- Closing gaps of a quantum advantage with short-time Hamiltonian dynamics
- Benchmarking Quantum Simulators using Ergodic Quantum Dynamics
- Modeling Noisy Quantum Circuits Using Experimental Characterization
- Efficient verification of Boson Sampling
- Dynamical structure factors of dynamical quantum simulators
- Characterization and Verification of Trotterized Digital Quantum Simulation via Hamiltonian and Liouvillian Learning
- Sample-efficient device-independent quantum state verification and certification
- Bilinear dynamic mode decomposition for quantum control
- Flexible learning of quantum states with generative query neural networks
- Experimental certification of contextuality, coherence and dimension in a programmable universal photonic processor
- One-axis twisting as a method of generating many-body Bell correlations
- Thrifty shadow estimation: re-using quantum circuits and bounding tails
- Detecting entanglement structure in continuous many-body quantum systems
- Distributed quantum inner product estimation
- Quantum-tailored machine-learning characterization of a superconducting qubit
- Estimating gate-set properties from random sequences
- Hybrid Oscillator-Qubit Quantum Processors: Instruction Set Architectures, Abstract Machine Models, and Applications
- Compressive gate set tomography
- Robust and efficient verification of graph states in blind measurement-based quantum computation
- Snapshot based characterization of particle currents and the Hall response in synthetic flux lattices
- Classification of four-qubit entangled states via Machine Learning
- A universal scheme for robust self-testing in the prepare-and-measure scenario
- Characterizing correlation within multipartite quantum systems via local randomized measurements
- Learning quantum many-body systems from a few copies
- Experimental Liouvillian exceptional points in a quantum system without Hamiltonian singularities
- Quantum verification and estimation with few copies
- Statistically significant tests of multiparticle quantum correlations based on randomized measurements
- A Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
- Accelerating many-body entanglement generation by dipolar interactions in the Bose-Hubbard model
- Robust Semi-Device Independent Certification of All Pure Bipartite Maximally Entangled States via Quantum Steering
- HamLib: A library of Hamiltonians for benchmarking quantum algorithms and hardware
- Efficient verification of continuous-variable quantum states and devices without assuming identical and independent operations
- Stabilizer entropy of quantum tetrahedra
- Spin squeezing in open Heisenberg spin chains
- Quantum algorithms for scientific computing
- Model predictive control for robust quantum state preparation
- Learning logical Pauli noise in quantum error correction
- Verification of graph states in an untrusted network
- Self-testing of binary Pauli measurements requiring neither entanglement nor any dimensional restriction
- Scalable estimation of pure multi-qubit states
- Parallel tomography of quantum non-demolition measurements in multi-qubit devices
- No-Go Theorems for Universal Entanglement Purification
- Recovering quantum correlations in optical lattices from interaction quenches
- Fitting quantum noise models to tomography data
- Robust certification of arbitrary outcome quantum measurements from temporal correlations
- Neural-Shadow Quantum State Tomography
- Benchmarking universal quantum gates via channel spectrum
- Learning fermionic correlations by evolving with random translationally invariant Hamiltonians
- Efficient verification of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki states
- Wave function network description and Kolmogorov complexity of quantum many-body systems
- Enhancing quantum state tomography via resource-efficient attention-based neural networks
- Experimental sample-efficient quantum state tomography via parallel measurements
- Swap Test-based Characterization of Quantum Processes in Universal Quantum Computers
- Semi-device-dependent blind quantum tomography
- Learning quantum states of continuous variable systems
- Experimental verifiable multi-client blind quantum computing on a Qline architecture
- Multiple-shot and unambiguous discrimination of von Neumann measurements
- Generation of scalable many-body Bell correlations in spin chains with short-range two-body interactions
- Randomized measurement protocols for lattice gauge theories
- Efficient Verification of Ground States of Frustration-Free Hamiltonians
- Experimental Fock-State Bunching Capability of Non-Ideal Single-Photon States
- Engineering impurity Bell states through coupling with a quantum bath
- Unitarity estimation for quantum channels
- Certifying dimension of quantum systems by sequential projective measurements
- Efficient flexible characterization of quantum processors with nested error models
- High-accuracy Hamiltonian learning via delocalized quantum state evolutions
- Emergent entanglement structures and self-similarity in quantum spin chains
- Synergies Between Operations Research and Quantum Information Science
- Collective Operations Can Exponentially Enhance Quantum State Verification
- Qubit-environment entanglement outside of pure decoherence: hyperfine interaction
- Quantum Similarity Testing with Convolutional Neural Networks
- Benchmarking Quantum Generative Learning: A Study on Scalability and Noise Resilience using QUARK
- Hamiltonian and Liouvillian learning in weakly-dissipative quantum many-body systems
- Noise fingerprints in quantum computers: Machine learning software tools
- Variational certification of quantum devices
- Efficient distributed inner product estimation via Pauli sampling
- Semi-device-independently characterizing quantum temporal correlations
- Quantum reservoir computing for photonic entanglement witnessing
- Cross-Platform Verification in Quantum Networks
- Operational Markovianization in Randomized Benchmarking
- Hamiltonian Learning in Quantum Field Theories
- Benchmarking Quantum Computers: Towards a Standard Performance Evaluation Approach
- Zero Uncertainty States in the Presence of Quantum Memory
- Quantum computer error structure probed by quantum error correction syndrome measurements
- Optimal parent Hamiltonians for time-dependent states
- Quantum supremacy in driven quantum many-body systems
- Qudit Shadow Estimation Based on the Clifford Group and the Power of a Single Magic Gate
- Benchmarking bosonic modes for quantum information with randomized displacements
- Verifiable measurement-based quantum random sampling with trapped ions
- Efficient Learning for Linear Properties of Bounded-Gate Quantum Circuits
- Estimation of correlations and non-separability in quantum channels via unitarity benchmarking
- Quantifying multiparticle entanglement with randomized measurements
- Optimal trace-distance bounds for free-fermionic states: Testing and improved tomography
- Multiparameter estimation of continuous-time Quantum Walk Hamiltonians through Machine Learning
- Demonstrating quantum error mitigation on logical qubits
- Group twirling and noise tailoring for multi-qubit controlled phase gates
- Non-adaptive measurement-based quantum computation on IBM Q
- Statistical Analysis on Random Quantum Sampling by Sycamore and Zuchongzhi Quantum Processors
- Digital Quantum Simulation, Learning of the Floquet Hamiltonian, and Quantum Chaos of the Kicked Top
- Efficient self-consistent learning of gate set Pauli noise
- Coherent randomized benchmarking
- Universal algorithms for quantum data learning
- Learning Properties of Quantum States Without the I.I.D. Assumption
- Context Aware Fidelity Estimation
- Machine learning of quantum channels on NISQ devices
- Inherent quantum resources in stationary spin chains
- Robust ultra-shallow shadows
- Generating multipartite nonlocality to benchmark quantum computers
- Disti-Mator: an entanglement distillation-based state estimator
- Non-Randomness of Google's Quantum Supremacy Benchmark
- Certification of quantum state functions under partial information
- Certifying nonstabilizerness in quantum processors
- The Role of Quantum Computing in Advancing Scientific High-Performance Computing: A perspective from the ADAC Institute
- Average-Case Verification of the Quantum Fourier Transform Enables Worst-Case Phase Estimation
- Cross-Platform Comparison of Arbitrary Quantum Processes
- Learning topological states from randomized measurements using variational tensor network tomography
- Hamiltonian Learning via Shadow Tomography of Pseudo-Choi States
- Non-Clifford Cost of Random Unitaries
- On the optimal certification of von Neumann measurements
- Recovering quantum entanglement after its certification
- Lower Bounds on Learning Pauli Channels with Individual Measurements
- Lightweight Detection of a Small Number of Large Errors in a Quantum Circuit
- Nondestructive Verification of Entangled States via Fidelity Witnessing
- Symmetry verification for noisy quantum simulations of non-Abelian lattice gauge theories
- Quantum noise modeling through Reinforcement Learning
- Unifying non-Markovian characterisation with an efficient and self-consistent framework
- Learning interactions between Rydberg atoms
- Lindblad-like quantum tomography for non-Markovian quantum dynamical maps
- Gaining confidence on the correct realization of arbitrary quantum computations
- Minimal orthonormal bases for pure quantum state estimation
- A simple formulation of no-cloning and no-hiding that admits efficient and robust verification
- Parent Hamiltonian Reconstruction via Inverse Quantum Annealing
- Counting collisions in random circuit sampling for benchmarking quantum computers
- Using non-convex optimization in quantum process tomography: Factored gradient descent is tough to beat
- Device-independent certification of desirable properties with a confidence interval
- Classical certification of quantum gates under the dimension assumption
- PAC-learning of free-fermionic states is NP-hard
- Certifying Temporal Correlations
- Efficient and robust estimation of many-qubit Hamiltonians
- Tomography of parametrized quantum states
- Bosonic randomized benchmarking with passive transformations
- Error metric for non-trace-preserving quantum operations
- Learning the noise fingerprint of quantum devices
- Complexity of quantum tomography from genuine non-Gaussian entanglement
- Excluding false negative error in certification of quantum channels
- Quantum Proofs of Proximity
- Highly-entangled, highly-doped states that are efficiently cross-device verifiable
- Pure State Tomography with Fourier Transformation
- Robust one-sided self-testing of two-qubit states via quantum steering
- Short-time simulation of quantum dynamics by Pauli measurements
- Experimental Verification of Entangled States in the Adversarial Scenario
- Generalized Cross-Entropy Benchmarking for Random Circuits with Ergodicity
- Determining non-Hermitian parent Hamiltonian from a single eigenstate
- Experimental measurement and a physical interpretation of quantum shadow enumerators
- Certifying asymmetry in the configuration of three qubits
- Corrupted sensing quantum state tomography
- Discrimination and certification of unknown quantum measurements
- A double selection entanglement distillation-based state estimator
- Artificial intelligence for representing and characterizing quantum systems
- Chasing shadows with Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill codes
- Neural networks with quantum states of light
- Adaptively secure unitary designs with constant non-Clifford cost
- Benchmarking non-Clifford gates using only Pauli twirling group
- Bounded-Error Quantum Simulation via Hamiltonian and Lindbladian Learning
- Detecting quantum many-body states with imperfect measuring devices
- Topology-Aware Block Coordinate Descent for Qubit Frequency Allocation of Superconducting Quantum Processors
- Detecting entanglement from few partial transpose moments and their decay via weight enumerators
- Virtual Cloning of Quantum States
- Quantum Assemblage Tomography
- Optimizing Measurements Sequences for Quantum State Verification
- Optimal Verification of the Bell State and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States in Untrusted Quantum Networks
- The symplectic rank of non-Gaussian quantum states
- Optimal randomized measurements for a family of non-linear quantum properties
- Evaluation of Distimation's Real-world Performance on a Superconducting Quantum Computer
- Sharing classical secrets with continuous-variable entanglement: Composable security and network coding advantage
- The abelian state hidden subgroup problem: Learning stabilizer groups and beyond
- Comprehensive Study on Heisenberg-limited Quantum Algorithms for Multiple Observables Estimation
- Rigorous Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Quantum States
- Optimal Hamiltonian recognition of unknown quantum dynamics
- On the query complexity of unitary channel certification
- More global randomness from less-random local gates
- Sequential information theoretic protocols in continuous variable systems
- Classification of quantum states of light using random measurements through a multimode fiber
- Blind-spots of Randomized Benchmarking Under Temporal Correlations
- Parameterized process characterization with reduced resource requirements