Characterizing large-scale quantum computers via cycle benchmarking

Abstract

Quantum computers promise to solve certain problems more efficiently than their digital counterparts. A major challenge towards practically useful quantum computing is characterizing and reducing the various errors that accumulate during an algorithm running on large-scale processors. Current characterization techniques are unable to adequately account for the exponentially large set of potential errors, including cross-talk and other correlated noise sources. Here we develop cycle benchmarking, a rigorous and practically scalable protocol for characterizing local and global errors across multi-qubit quantum processors. We experimentally demonstrate its practicality by quantifying such errors in non-entangling and entangling operations on an ion-trap quantum computer with up to 10 qubits, with total process fidelities for multi-qubit entangling gates ranging from 99.6(1)% for 2 qubits to 86(2)% for 10 qubits. Furthermore, cycle benchmarking data validates that the error rate per single-qubit gate and per two-qubit coupling does not increase with increasing system size.

The main text consists of 6 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. The supplementary information consists of 6 pages, 2 figures and 3 tables

References in corpus (30)

• Improved Simulation of Stabilizer Circuits
• Quantum Computing with Very Noisy Devices
• Prescription for experimental determination of the dynamics of a quantum black box
• Entanglement and quantum computation with ions in thermal motion
• Robust randomized benchmarking of quantum processes
• A simple formula for the average gate fidelity of a quantum dynamical operation
• Exact and Approximate Unitary 2-Designs: Constructions and Applications
• Distance measures to compare real and ideal quantum processes
• Noise tailoring for scalable quantum computation via randomized compiling
• Scalable Noise Estimation with Random Unitary Operators
• Direct Fidelity Estimation from Few Pauli Measurements
• Efficient measurement of quantum gate error by interleaved randomized benchmarking
• Demonstration of qubit operations below a rigorous fault tolerance threshold with gate set tomography
• Quantum Tomography via Compressed Sensing: Error Bounds, Sample Complexity, and Efficient Estimators
• A quantum information processor with trapped ions
• Practical characterization of quantum devices without tomography
• Characterization of addressability by simultaneous randomized benchmarking
• Self-Consistent Quantum Process Tomography
• Estimating the Coherence of Noise
• Quantum Process Tomography of the Quantum Fourier Transform
• Three Qubit Randomized Benchmarking
• Characterizing errors on qubit operations via iterative randomized benchmarking
• Benchmarking Gate Fidelities in a Si/SiGe Two-Qubit Device
• Characterizing Universal Gate Sets via Dihedral Benchmarking
• Randomized benchmarking with gate-dependent noise
• Robust, self-consistent, closed-form tomography of quantum logic gates on a trapped ion qubit
• Compressed sensing quantum process tomography for superconducting quantum gates
• Experimental Estimation of Average Fidelity of a Clifford Gate on a 7-qubit Quantum Processor
• Practical experimental certification of computational quantum gates via twirling
• Bounding the average gate fidelity of composite channels using the unitarity

Cited by in corpus (175)

• Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms
• Benchmarking an 11-qubit quantum computer
• t$|$ket$⟩$ : A Retargetable Compiler for NISQ Devices
• Quantum simulation and computing with Rydberg-interacting qubits
• Quantum certification and benchmarking
• Probabilistic error cancellation with sparse Pauli-Lindblad models on noisy quantum processors
• Quantum Computer Systems for Scientific Discovery
• Efficient learning of quantum noise
• Detecting crosstalk errors in quantum information processors
• Gate Set Tomography
• Challenges and Opportunities of Near-Term Quantum Computing Systems
• High-fidelity laser-free universal control of two trapped ion qubits
• Distributed Quantum Computing across an Optical Network Link
• Model-free readout-error mitigation for quantum expectation values
• Measuring the Capabilities of Quantum Computers
• Computational advantage of quantum random sampling
• Qutrit randomized benchmarking
• High-Fidelity Qutrit Entangling Gates for Superconducting Circuits
• Quantum computers as universal quantum simulators: state-of-art and perspectives
• Theory of quantum system certification: a tutorial
• Entangling logical qubits with lattice surgery
• Modelling and Simulating the Noisy Behaviour of Near-term Quantum Computers
• Tutorial: Gate-based superconducting quantum computing
• Scaling of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm on superconducting qubit based hardware
• High-fidelity three-qubit iToffoli gate for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits
• Near-Term Quantum Computing Techniques: Variational Quantum Algorithms, Error Mitigation, Circuit Compilation, Benchmarking and Classical Simulation
• Two-qubit spectroscopy of spatiotemporally correlated quantum noise in superconducting qubits
• Biology and medicine in the landscape of quantum advantages
• Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives of Quantum Verification
• A volumetric framework for quantum computer benchmarks
• High fidelity manipulation of a qubit built from a synthetic nucleus
• Hardware-Efficient Microwave-Activated Tunable Coupling Between Superconducting Qubits
• Probing many-body quantum chaos with quantum simulators
• Scalable randomized benchmarking of quantum computers using mirror circuits
• Benchmarking Coherent Errors in Controlled-Phase Gates due to Spectator Qubits
• Probing quantum processor performance with pyGSTi
• Benchmarking quantum computers
• Nonstabilizerness determining the hardness of direct fidelity estimation
• Scalable algorithm simplification using quantum AND logic
• Crosstalk Suppression for Fault-tolerant Quantum Error Correction with Trapped Ions
• Experimental Characterization of Crosstalk Errors with Simultaneous Gate Set Tomography
• Programmable Heisenberg interactions between Floquet qubits
• Quantum advantages for Pauli channel estimation
• Primitive Quantum Gates for an SU(2) Discrete Subgroup: BT
• Scalable and Parallel Tweezer Gates for Quantum Computing with Long Ion Strings
• Benchmarking a high-fidelity mixed-species entangling gate
• Re-examining the quantum volume test: Ideal distributions, compiler optimizations, confidence intervals, and scalable resource estimations
• Enabling Multi-programming Mechanism for Quantum Computing in the NISQ Era
• Primitive Quantum Gates for Dihedral Gauge Theories
• Noise-assisted digital quantum simulation of open systems
• Benchmarking quantum co-processors in an application-centric, hardware-agnostic and scalable way
• Improved Hamiltonians for Quantum Simulations
• Heating of a trapped ion induced by dielectric materials
• Matchgate benchmarking: Scalable benchmarking of a continuous family of many-qubit gates
• Extensive characterization of a family of efficient three-qubit gates at the coherence limit
• Limitations of Linear Cross-Entropy as a Measure for Quantum Advantage
• Robust and Efficient Hamiltonian Learning
• The learnability of Pauli noise
• Fast Estimation of Sparse Quantum Noise
• Experimental benchmarking of an automated deterministic error suppression workflow for quantum algorithms
• Quantum-Enhanced Greedy Combinatorial Optimization Solver
• Resource-Efficient Quantum Computing by Breaking Abstractions
• Experimental characterisation of a non-Markovian quantum process
• Random circuit block-encoded matrix and a proposal of quantum LINPACK benchmark
• Randomized compiling for scalable quantum computing on a noisy superconducting quantum processor
• The computational power of random quantum circuits in arbitrary geometries
• Minimum quantum run-time characterization and calibration via restless measurements with dynamic repetition rates
• Independent State and Measurement Characterization for Quantum Computers
• Empowering high-dimensional quantum computing by traversing the dual bosonic ladder
• Learning correlated noise in a 39-qubit quantum processor
• Efficiently improving the performance of noisy quantum computers
• Quantum Computer-Aided design of Quantum Optics Hardware
• A quantum hamiltonian simulation benchmark
• A randomized benchmarking suite for mid-circuit measurements
• Classification of four-qubit entangled states via Machine Learning
• C-band single photons from a trapped ion via two-stage frequency conversion
• Quantum Circuit Engineering for Correcting Coherent Noise
• Experimental Bayesian calibration of trapped ion entangling operations
• Engineering spin-spin interactions with optical tweezers in trapped ions
• Demonstrating scalable randomized benchmarking of universal gate sets
• A Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
• Experimental accreditation of outputs of noisy quantum computers
• HamLib: A library of Hamiltonians for benchmarking quantum algorithms and hardware
• Efficient verification of continuous-variable quantum states and devices without assuming identical and independent operations
• Synthesizing a ${\hat{\sigma }}_z$ spin-dependent force for optical, metastable, and ground state trapped-ion qubits
• Quantum algorithms for scientific computing
• Spectral Quantum Tomography
• Conditionally rigorous mitigation of multiqubit measurement errors
• Suppressing Correlated Noise in Quantum Computers via Context-Aware Compiling
• Quantum interference device for controlled two-qubit operations
• Leveraging Randomized Compiling for the QITE Algorithm
• Practical verification protocols for analog quantum simulators
• A quantum-classical co-processing protocol towards simulating nuclear reactions on contemporary quantum hardware
• Compressively certifying quantum measurements
• Benchmarking quantum logic operations relative to thresholds for fault tolerance
• Benchmarking universal quantum gates via channel spectrum
• Benchmarking quantum gates and circuits
• Numerical optimization of amplitude-modulated pulses in microwave-driven entanglement generation
• Tight bounds on Pauli channel learning without entanglement
• Tensor network noise characterization for near-term quantum computers
• Fully scalable randomized benchmarking without motion reversal
• A random-walk benchmark for single-electron circuits
• Scalable noise characterization of syndrome-extraction circuits with averaged circuit eigenvalue sampling
• Efficient Assessment of Process Fidelity
• Simple efficient decoders for quantum key distribution over quantum repeaters with encoding
• Hybrid discrete-continuous compilation of trapped-ion quantum circuits with deep reinforcement learning
• Experimental Bayesian estimation of quantum state preparation, measurement, and gate errors in multi-qubit devices
• Signal processing techniques for efficient compilation of controlled rotations in trapped ions
• Optimized noise-assisted simulation of the Lindblad equation with time-dependent coefficients on a noisy quantum processor
• Sample-efficient verification of continuously-parameterized quantum gates for small quantum processors
• Quasi-Probabilistic Readout Correction of Mid-Circuit Measurements for Adaptive Feedback via Measurement Randomized Compiling
• Techniques for learning sparse Pauli-Lindblad noise models
• Improving entanglement generation rates in trapped ion quantum networks using nondestructive photon measurement and storage
• Robustness of Noether's principle: Maximal disconnects between conservation laws and symmetries in quantum theory
• Cross-verification of independent quantum devices
• Benchmarking Quantum Generative Learning: A Study on Scalability and Noise Resilience using QUARK
• A generalized cycle benchmarking algorithm for characterizing mid-circuit measurements
• Improved Quantum State Tomography for the Systems with XX+YY Couplings and Z Readouts
• Linear Cross Entropy Benchmarking with Clifford Circuits
• Operational Markovianization in Randomized Benchmarking
• Efficient diagnostics for quantum error correction
• Pauli Noise Learning for Mid-Circuit Measurements
• Scalable evaluation of quantum-circuit error loss using Clifford sampling
• Fault-tolerant compiling of classically hard IQP circuits on hypercubes
• Characterizing quantum instruments: from non-demolition measurements to quantum error correction
• Estimation of correlations and non-separability in quantum channels via unitarity benchmarking
• Group twirling and noise tailoring for multi-qubit controlled phase gates
• Navigating the noise-depth tradeoff in adiabatic quantum circuits
• Scalable fast benchmarking for individual quantum gates with local twirling
• Electric field noise in a high-temperature superconducting surface ion trap
• Realizing a Continuous Set of Two-Qubit Gates Parameterized by an Idle Time
• Simulating nonlinear optical processes on a superconducting quantum device
• Disti-Mator: an entanglement distillation-based state estimator
• Robust Finite-Temperature Many-Body Scarring on a Quantum Computer
• Efficient self-consistent learning of gate set Pauli noise
• Optimized Noise Suppression for Quantum Circuits
• Coherent randomized benchmarking
• Estimating the bias of CX gates via character randomized benchmarking
• Cross-Platform Comparison of Arbitrary Quantum Processes
• AppQSim: Application-oriented benchmarks for Hamiltonian simulation on a quantum computer
• Augmented fidelities for single qubit gates
• Calibrating quantum gates up to 52 qubits in a superconducting processor
• Leakage Benchmarking for Universal Gate Sets
• Resource-efficient Generalized Quantum Subspace Expansion
• Quantum computing hardware in the cloud: Should a computational chemist care?
• Estimating Coherent Contributions to the Error Profile Using Cycle Error Reconstruction
• A Theory of Direct Randomized Benchmarking
• Dark spin-cats as biased qubits
• Randomized Benchmarking Protocol for Dynamic Circuits
• Noisy Probabilistic Error Cancellation and Generalized Physical Implementability
• Resource-Efficient Cross-Platform Verification with Modular Superconducting Devices
• Characterizing physical and logical errors in a transversal CNOT via cycle error reconstruction
• Invariance of success probability in Grover's quantum search under local noise with memory
• Agnostic Process Tomography
• Implementation of a quantum addressable router using superconducting qubits
• Revealing correlated noise with single-qubit operations
• Using non-convex optimization in quantum process tomography: Factored gradient descent is tough to beat
• Theory of quantum error mitigation for non-Clifford gates
• Post-selection-free preparation of high-quality physical qubits
• Dual Map Framework for Noise Characterization of Quantum Computers
• Precise and extensive characterization of an optical resonator for cavity-based quantum networks
• Logical Noise Bias in Magic State Injection
• Partial randomized benchmarking
• Thermal masses and trapped-ion quantum spin models: a self-consistent approach to Yukawa-type interactions in the $\lambda {\varphi }^4$ model
• Circuit-Noise-Resilient Virtual Distillation
• Reduced Sampling Overhead for Probabilistic Error Cancellation by Pauli Error Propagation
• Comprehensive Study on Heisenberg-limited Quantum Algorithms for Multiple Observables Estimation
• Mitigating errors in state preparation and measurement with noncomputational states
• Robust shaped pulses for arrays of superconducting or semiconductor spin qubits with fixed Ising coupling
• Benchmarking non-Clifford gates using only Pauli twirling group
• Topology-Aware Block Coordinate Descent for Qubit Frequency Allocation of Superconducting Quantum Processors
• Noise-Aware Circuit Compilations for a Continuously Parameterized Two-Qubit Gateset
• Near-Term Fermionic Simulation with Subspace Noise Tailored Quantum Error Mitigation
• Accreditation Against Limited Adversarial Noise
• Disambiguating Pauli noise in quantum computers