Efficient verification of continuous-variable quantum states and devices without assuming identical and independent operations

Abstract

Continuous-variable quantum information, encoded into infinite-dimensional quantum systems, is a promising platform for the realization of many quantum information protocols, including quantum computation, quantum metrology, quantum cryptography, and quantum communication. To successfully demonstrate these protocols, an essential step is the certification of multimode continuous-variable quantum states and quantum devices. This problem is well studied under the assumption that multiple uses of the same device result into identical and independently distributed (i.i.d.) operations. However, in realistic scenarios, identical and independent state preparation and calls to the quantum devices cannot be generally guaranteed. Important instances include adversarial scenarios and instances of time-dependent and correlated noise. In this paper, we propose the first set of reliable protocols for verifying multimode continuous-variable entangled states and devices in these non-i.i.d scenarios. Although not fully universal, these protocols are applicable to Gaussian quantum states, non-Gaussian hypergraph states, as well as amplification, attenuation, and purification of noisy coherent states.

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Cited by in corpus (12)

• Statistical Methods for Quantum State Verification and Fidelity Estimation
• Quantum and Classical Data Transmission through Completely Depolarising Channels in a Superposition of Cyclic Orders
• Sample-efficient device-independent quantum state verification and certification
• Efficient verification of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki states
• Efficient verification of entangled continuous-variable quantum states with local measurements
• Efficient Verification of Ground States of Frustration-Free Hamiltonians
• Quantum Similarity Testing with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Efficient Learning of Continuous-Variable Quantum States
• Learning Properties of Quantum States Without the I.I.D. Assumption
• Randomized hypergraph states and their entanglement properties
• Experimental Verification of Entangled States in the Adversarial Scenario
• Universal and Efficient Quantum State Verification via Schmidt Decomposition and Mutually Unbiased Bases