Experimental Verification of Entangled States in the Adversarial Scenario
arXiv:2506.10655 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.064005
Abstract
Efficient verification of entangled states is crucial to many applications in quantum information processing. However, the effectiveness of standard quantum state verification (QSV) is based on the condition of independent and identical distribution (IID), which impedes its applications in many practical scenarios. Here we demonstrate a defensive QSV protocol, which is effective in all kinds of non-IID scenarios, including the extremely challenging adversarial scenario. To this end, we build a high-speed preparation-and-measurement apparatus controlled by quantum random-number generators. Our experiments clearly show that standard QSV protocols often provide unreliable fidelity certificates in non-IID scenarios. In sharp contrast, the defensive QSV protocol based on a homogeneous strategy can provide reliable and nearly tight fidelity certificates at comparable high efficiency, even under malicious attacks. Moreover, our scheme is robust against the imperfections in a realistic experiment, which is very appealing to practical applications.
arXiv comment9 pages, 5 figures
References in corpus (57)
- Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond
- Quantum Cryptography
- Experimental quantum teleportation
- Scalable multi-particle entanglement of trapped ions
- Continuous-variable optical quantum state tomography
- Direct Fidelity Estimation from Few Pauli Measurements
- Unknown Quantum States: The Quantum de Finetti Representation
- Exponential suppression of bit or phase flip errors with repetitive error correction
- Security in Quantum Cryptography
- Quantum certification and benchmarking
- Symmetry implies independence
- Practical characterization of quantum devices without tomography
- Reliable Quantum State Tomography
- One-and-a-half quantum de Finetti theorems
- Verifiable measurement-only blind quantum computing with stabilizer testing
- Blind quantum computation protocol in which Alice only makes measurements
- Theory of quantum system certification: a tutorial
- Optimal verification of entangled states with local measurements
- Full characterization of a three-photon GHZ state using quantum state tomography
- On experimental procedures for entanglement verification
- Efficient Verification of Pure Quantum States in the Adversarial Scenario
- Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives of Quantum Verification
- Verification of Many-Qubit States
- A study of LOCC-detection of a maximally entangled state using hypothesis testing
- General framework for verifying pure quantum states in the adversarial scenario
- Efficient Verification of Hypergraph States
- Quantum Crosstalk Robust Quantum Control
- Verified measurement-based quantum computing with hypergraph states
- Optimal verification and fidelity estimation of maximally entangled states
- Optimal Verification of Two-Qubit Pure States
- Statistical Methods for Quantum State Verification and Fidelity Estimation
- Self-guaranteed measurement-based quantum computation
- Resource-efficient verification of quantum computing using Serfling's bound
- Optimal verification of general bipartite pure states
- Efficient verification of bipartite pure states
- Precision-guaranteed quantum tomography
- Efficient verification of Dicke states
- Verifiable fault-tolerance in measurement-based quantum computation
- Experimental Optimal Verification of Entangled States using Local Measurements
- Fidelity witnesses for fermionic quantum simulations
- Direct Fidelity Estimation of Quantum States using Machine Learning
- When quantum tomography goes wrong: drift of quantum sources and other errors
- Optimal Verification of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States
- Optimal verification of stabilizer states
- Quantum de Finetti theorem under fully-one-way adaptive measurements
- Towards the standardization of quantum state verification using optimal strategies
- Verification of phased Dicke states
- Sample-efficient device-independent quantum state verification and certification
- Robust and efficient verification of graph states in blind measurement-based quantum computation
- Quantum verification and estimation with few copies
- Efficient verification of continuous-variable quantum states and devices without assuming identical and independent operations
- Reliable Entanglement Verification
- Efficient verification of Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki states
- Efficient verification of entangled continuous-variable quantum states with local measurements
- Efficient Verification of Ground States of Frustration-Free Hamiltonians
- Experimental optimal verification of three-dimensional entanglement on a silicon chip
- Learning Properties of Quantum States Without the I.I.D. Assumption