Non-Markovian Quantum Process Tomography

Abstract

Characterisation protocols have so far played a central role in the development of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers capable of impressive quantum feats. This trajectory is expected to continue in building the next generation of devices: ones that can surpass classical computers for particular tasks -- but progress in characterisation must keep up with the complexities of intricate device noise. A missing piece in the zoo of characterisation procedures is tomography which can completely describe non-Markovian dynamics over a given time frame. Here, we formally introduce a generalisation of quantum process tomography, which we call process tensor tomography. We detail the experimental requirements, construct the necessary post-processing algorithms for maximum-likelihood estimation, outline the best-practice aspects for accurate results, and make the procedure efficient for low-memory processes. The characterisation is a pathway to diagnostics and informed control of correlated noise. As an example application of the hardware-agnostic technique, we show how its predictive control can be used to substantially improve multi-time circuit fidelities on superconducting quantum devices. Our methods could form the core for carefully developed software that may help hardware consistently pass the fault-tolerant noise threshold.

21 pages, 10 figures

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• Generalized Cross-Entropy Benchmarking for Random Circuits with Ergodicity
• Sparse Non-Markovian Noise Modeling of Transmon-Based Multi-Qubit Operations
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• Process Tensor Approaches to Non-Markovian Quantum Dynamics
• Blind-spots of Randomized Benchmarking Under Temporal Correlations
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