A strong loophole-free test of local realism

Abstract

We present a loophole-free violation of local realism using entangled photon pairs. We ensure that all relevant events in our Bell test are spacelike separated by placing the parties far enough apart and by using fast random number generators and high-speed polarization measurements. A high-quality polarization-entangled source of photons, combined with high-efficiency, low-noise, single-photon detectors, allows us to make measurements without requiring any fair-sampling assumptions. Using a hypothesis test, we compute p-values as small as $5.9\times 10^{-9}$ for our Bell violation while maintaining the spacelike separation of our events. We estimate the degree to which a local realistic system could predict our measurement choices. Accounting for this predictability, our smallest adjusted p-value is $2.3\times 10^{-7}$. We therefore reject the hypothesis that local realism governs our experiment.

Supplemental material available as an ancillary file

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• Closing Bell: Boxing black box simulations in the resource theory of contextuality
• Tackling Loopholes in Experimental Tests of Bell's Inequality
• Detection of quantum phase transition in spin-1 chain through multipartite high-order correlations
• Real or Not Real that is the question
• Device-Independent-Quantum-Randomness-Enhanced Zero-Knowledge Proof
• Quantum theory of photonic vortices and quantum statistics of twisted photons
• Towards heralded distribution of polarization entanglement
• Tight detection efficiency bounds of Bell tests in no-signaling theories
• Genuine multipartite nonlocality of permutationally invariant Gaussian states
• Unity-Efficiency Parametric Down-Conversion via Amplitude Amplification
• Unmasking the Polygamous Nature of Quantum Nonlocality
• Implementations for Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution
• Certification of unbounded randomness with arbitrary noise
• Relaxed Bell inequalities as a trade-off relation between measurement dependence and hiddenness
• Bell inequalities for nonlocality depth
• Semi-device independent randomness certification using Mermin's proof of Kochen-Specker contextuality
• Consequences of the single-pair measurement of the Bell parameter
• Robustness of Higher Dimensional Nonlocality against dual noise and sequential measurements
• My discussions of quantum foundations with John Stewart Bell
• Comment on "Spin correlations in elastic $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ scattering in QED"
• Contextuality and the fundamental theorems of quantum mechanics
• On Superdeterministic Rejections of Settings Independence
• Multipartite Nonlocality in Clifford Networks
• Experimental Non-Violation of the Bell Inequality
• Noise-robust proofs of quantum network nonlocality
• Tsirelson Polytopes and Randomness Generation
• Test of a hypothesis of realism in quantum theory using a bayesian approach
• Can foreign exchange rates violate Bell inequalities?
• Three-Body Non-Locality in Particle Decays
• Analytic quantification of the singlet nonlocality for the first Bell's inequality
• Low-loss polarization-maintaining router for single and entangled photons at a telecom wavelength
• What is the spectral density of the reservoir for a lossy quantized cavity?
• Testing Causal Quantum Theory
• General and complete description of temporal photon correlations in cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion
• Fast data-driven spectrometer with direct measurement of time and frequency for multiple single photons
• Objective realism and Joint Measurability in Quantum Many Copies
• Projecting onto any two-photon polarization state using linear optics
• Quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping with long baseline in outer space
• On the Fidelity Robustness of CHSH--Bell Inequality via Filtered Random States
• The sounds of science a symphony for many instruments and voices part II
• The quantum electromagnetic field in the Weyl-Wigner representation
• Microwave-optics entanglement via coupled opto- and magnomechanical microspheres
• Quantum observable's reality erasure with spacelike-separated operations
• Experimental Quantum Advantage in the Odd-Cycle Game
• Joint-measurability and quantum communication with untrusted devices
• Recovering quantum entanglement after its certification
• General quantum measurements in relativistic quantum field theory
• Quantum nonlocality in presence of strong measurement dependence
• Testing of quantum nonlocal correlations under constrained free will and imperfect detectors
• Coincidence postselection for genuine multipartite nonlocality: Causal diagrams and threshold efficiencies
• The Electroweak Horizon Problem
• Precession-induced nonclassicality of the free induction decay of NV centers by a dynamical polarized nuclear spin bath
• Experimental investigation of the relation between measurement uncertainties and non-local quantum correlations
• Quantum Information Theory and Free Semialgebraic Geometry: One Wonderland Through Two Looking Glasses
• Allowing leakage can increase quantum transmission
• Local hidden-variable model for a recent experimental test of quantum nonlocality and local contextuality
• Recovering the quantum formalism from physically realist axioms
• Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger test for multi-dimension and arbitrary time nodes entangled histories
• Anomalous Postselection in the Hensen et al. Bell Test
• Quantum Locality, Rings a Bell?: Bell's inequality meets local reality and true determinism
• An unconditional experimental test of Nonclassicality
• Persistent nonlocality in an ultracold-atom environment
• Parity-based, bias-free optical quantum random number generation with min-entropy estimation
• Bell's theorem for trajectories
• Experimental test of measurement dependent local Bell inequality with human free will
• Quantum entanglement as an extremal Kirkwood-Dirac nonreality
• Geometric extension of Clauser-Horne inequality to more qubits
• Measuring correlations in non-separable vector beams using projective measurements
• Bright-light detector control emulates the local bounds of Bell-type inequalities
• Extending the fair sampling assumption using causal diagrams
• Quantum nonlocality, and the end of classical space-time
• Quantum Bell inequalities from Information Causality -- tight for Macroscopic Locality
• A Family of Local Deterministic Models for Singlet Quantum State Correlations
• The violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities leads to different conclusions depending on the description used
• Alain Aspect's experiments on Bell's theorem: A turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics
• Long Distance Nonlocality Test with Entanglement Swapping and Displacement-Based Measurements
• Quantum, Nonlocal Aberration Cancellation
• The quantum theory of the electromagnetic field in the Weyl-Wigner representation as a local realistic model
• Closing the detection loophole in the triangle network with high-dimensional photonic states
• Probing many-body Bell correlation depth with superconducting qubits
• Toward an Experimental Device-Independent Verification of Indefinite Causal Order
• Applications of Certified Randomness
• Inconsistency of a realistic interpretation of quantum measurements: A simple example
• A three-player coherent state embezzlement game
• Explaining quantum correlations through evolution of causal models
• Composing decoherence functionals
• Local, non-classical model of Bell correlations
• Operationally independent events can influence each other in quantum theory
• Observation of quantum nonlocality in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement on a silicon chip
• Demonstration of Maxwell Demon-assistant Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering via Superconducting Quantum Processor
• Discovering Local Hidden-Variable Models for Arbitrary Multipartite Entangled States and Arbitrary Measurements
• Unveiling the nonclassicality within quasi-distribution representations through deep learning
• A computational test of quantum contextuality, and even simpler proofs of quantumness
• Tracing quantum correlations back to collective interferences
• Optimality of any pair of incompatible rank-one projective measurements for some non-trivial Bell inequality
• Proposal for a clumsiness-free test of macroscopic realism
• Reflections on Zeilinger-Brukner information interpretation of quantum mechanics
• Memory attacks in network nonlocality and self-testing
• Continuous-Variable Entanglement Test in Driven Quantum Contacts
• Experimental Test of Leggett's Inequalities with Solid-State Spins
• Measuring photon correlation using imperfect detectors
• Quantum jump photodetector for narrowband photon counting with a single atom
• Why quantum correlations are shocking
• Quantum null-hypothesis device-independent Schmidt rank witness
• Steering nonlocality in high-speed telecommunication system without detection loophole
• Detecting single photons is not always necessary to evidence interference of photon probability amplitudes
• Are Bell's conditions for local realism general enough?
• Finding optimal Bell inequalities using the cone-projection technique
• Detection Efficiency Bounds in (Semi-)Device-Independent Scenarios
• Quantum correlations cannot be reproduced with a finite number of measurements in any no-signaling theory
• Unconditionally separating noisy ${\mathsf{QNC}}^0$ from bounded polynomial threshold circuits of constant depth
• Causal Networks and Freedom of Choice in Bell's Theorem
• Stronger Nonlocality in GHZ States: A Step Beyond the Conventional GHZ Paradox
• The Role of Entanglement in Quantum Communication, and Analysis of the Detection Loophole
• How to avoid (apparent) signaling in Bell tests
• Violation of Bell inequalities from Cosmic Microwave Background data
• Strictly nonclassical behavior of a mesoscopic system
• Bell Inequality Violation with Free Choice and Local Causality on the Invariant Set
• Statistical Contextual Explanation of Quantum Paradoxes
• Secure One-Sided Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Under Collective Attacks with Enhanced Robustness
• Local models and Bell inequalities for the minimal triangle network
• High-Speed Low-Crosstalk Detection of a ${}^{171}$Yb${}^{+}$ Qubit using Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors
• Simultaneous Certification of Entangled States and Measurements in Bounded Dimensional Semi-Quantum Games
• Analysis of single-particle nonlocality through the prism of weak measurements
• Monogamy relations of entropic non-contextual inequalities and their experimental realization
• Bell's nonlocality and gravity
• Standard Model of Particle Physics Violating Crypto-Nonlocal Realism
• Quantum dots as potential sources of strongly entangled photons for quantum networks
• Reexamination of the Kochen-Specker theorem: Relaxation of the completeness assumption
• Photonic entanglement during a zero-g flight
• A simple formulation of no-cloning and no-hiding that admits efficient and robust verification
• Collapse and Revival Oscillation in Double Jaynes-Cummings Model
• Generalised Winograd Schema and its Contextuality
• Asymptotically Optimal Adversarial Strategies for the Probability Estimation Framework
• Quantum contextuality of complementary photon polarizations explored by adaptive input state control
• An Inequality for Entangled Qutrits in SU(3) basis
• Scalable multiparty steering based on a single pair of entangled qubits
• Loophole-free Bell tests with randomly chosen subsets of measurement settings
• Indistinguishability between quantum randomness and pseudo-randomness under efficiently calculable randomness measures
• Conical Designs and Categorical Jordan Algebraic Post-Quantum Theories
• Minimum Detection Efficiencies for Loophole-free Genuine Nonlocality Tests
• Device-independent certification of desirable properties with a confidence interval
• Local measurement strategies for multipartite entanglement quantification
• Quantum foundations for quantum technologies in the International Year of Quantum (2025)
• Analysis of assumptions in BIG Bell Test experiments
• Universal Entanglement and an Information-Complete Quantum Theory
• Nonlinear deterministic-chaotic collapse model -- preliminaries, philosophy, locality
• Intersubjectivity and value reproducibility of outcomes of quantum measurements
• Phase diffusion quantum entropy source on a silicon chip
• Contrasting Implications of the Frequentist and Bayesian Interpretations of Probability when Applied to Quantum Mechanics Theory
• Second-second moments and two observers testing quantum nonlocality
• The Binary-Outcome Detection Loophole
• Aspects of Entanglement Entropy in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory
• Phase Analysis on the Error Scaling of Entangled Qubits in a 53-Qubit System
• Integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides
• Generalized Iterative Formula for Bell Inequalities
• Entangled photons from composite cascade emitters
• Relative resilience to noise of standard and sequential approaches to measurement-based quantum computation
• Wigner's approach enabled detection of multipartite nonlocality using all different bipartitions
• Bell's Inequality, Generalized Concurrence and Entanglement in Qubits
• A readout-integrated time-bin qutrit analyzer for echo-based quantum memories
• Testing the necessity of complex numbers in traditional quantum theory with quantum computers
• Twenty years of quantum contextuality at USTC
• Performance of Test Supermartingale Confidence Intervals for the Success Probability of Bernoulli Trials
• Quantum interference between distant creation processes
• Correlating Local Quantum Reality with Causally Disconnected Choices
• Experimental genuine quantum nonlocality in the triangle network
• Generation of bipartite mechanical cat state by performing projective Bell state measurement
• Effects of Topological Boundary Conditions on Bell Nonlocality
• Explaining Bell Locally
• Interplay of Quantum Resources in Nonlocality Tests
• Violation of no-signaling on a public quantum computer
• Superluminal signalling witness for quantum state reduction
• Unexpected consequences of Post-Quantum theories in the graph-theoretical approach to correlations
• Theory-independent monitoring of the decoherence of a superconducting qubit with generalized contextuality
• States Violating Both Locality and Noncontextuality Inequalities in Quantum Theory
• Bell correlations between momentum-entangled pairs of ${}^4{\text{He}}^{\ast }$ atoms
• Detecting genuine multipartite entanglement in multi-qubit devices with restricted measurements
• Topologically noise robust network steering without inputs
• A Tractable Protocol for Detection-Loophole-Free Bell Tests over Long Distances
• Semi-device-independent randomness certification on discretized continuous-variable platforms
• Semi-device-independent self-testing of unitary operations
• A 16-pixel NbN nanowire single photon detector coupled with 300 micrometer fiber
• W-class states-identification and quantification of Bell-CHSH inequalities' violation
• Exact algebraic separability criterion for two-qubit systems
• A note on quantum Bell nonlocality and quantum entanglement for high dimensional quantum systems
• Sampling and the complexity of nature
• Bell violations with entangled and non-entangled optical fields
• Comment on "The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection"
• Quantum realism is consistent with quantum facts
• Strength of statistical evidence for genuine tripartite nonlocality
• Quantum Physics in Space
• No Bipartite-Nonlocal Causal Theory Can Explain Nature's Correlations
• Quantum Monogamy with Predetermined Events
• Distribution of Non-Locality On Quantum Random Circuits
• Evaluating Quantumness, Efficiency and Cost of Quantum Random Number Generators via Photon Statistics
• A cost-effective measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution system for quantum networks
• An approach using geometric diagrams to generic Bell inequalities with multiple observables
• Consistency and Causality of Interconnected Nonsignaling Resources
• Two-time quantities as elements of physical reality
• Interplay between Quantumness, Randomness, and Selftesting
• Accounting for gauge symmetries in CHSH experiments
• The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
• Trade-off between Information Gain and Disturbance in Local Discrimination of Entangled Quantum States
• Comparing the cost of violating causal assumptions in Bell experiments: locality, free choice and arrow-of-time
• Correcting for finite statistics effects in a quantum steering experiment
• Entanglement witnessing with untrusted detectors
• The Interplay between Quantum Contextuality and Wigner Negativity
• Filtering of higher-dimensional entanglement networks using information volumes
• Cyclic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering
• Comment on: Bell tests explained by classical optics without quantum entanglement
• Blind witnesses quench quantum interference without transfer of which-path information
• Conservation of correlation in measurement underlying the violation of Bell inequalities and a game of joint mapping
• A model independent study of nonlocality with polarization entangled photons
• The entangled measurement state is not a paradoxical superposition of the detector
• Comment on "Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometers"
• Simulation of Quantum Correlation Functions is not Sufficient Resource to Describe Quantum Entanglement
• Comment on "Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons"
• Certified Quantumness via Single-Shot Temporal Measurements
• Conceptual variables, quantum theory, and statistical inference theory
• Closing loopholes of measurement-device-independent nonlinear entanglement witnesses
• Naïve Infinitesimal Analysis: Its Construction and Its Properties
• On some EPR (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen) issues
• Probe of Generic Quantum Contextuality and Nonlocal Resources for Qubits
• Experimental Test of Generalized Hardy's Paradox
• Loss-robust crossband entanglement generation beyond the direct-transduction limit
• The Contextual Heisenberg Microscope
• Tight and self-testing multipartite quantum Bell inequalities from the renormalization group
• Nonlocality in Continuous-Variable Quantum Networks
• Is spacetime quantum?
• Purcell Enhancement of Parametric Luminescence: Bright and Broadband Nonlinear Light Emission in Metamaterials
• Leggett-type inequalities for testing nonlocal realism in multipartite systems
• Quantitative and Optimal Device-Independent Lower Bounds on Detection Efficiency
• No-cost Bell nonlocality certification from quantum tomography and its applications in quantum-magic-resource witnessing
• Relativity, Anomalies and Objectivity Loophole in Recent Tests of Local Realism