Obliquities of Hot Jupiter host stars: Evidence for tidal interactions and primordial misalignments

Abstract

We provide evidence that the obliquities of stars with close-in giant planets were initially nearly random, and that the low obliquities that are often observed are a consequence of star-planet tidal interactions. The evidence is based on 14 new measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect (for the systems HAT-P-6, HAT-P-7, HAT-P-16, HAT-P-24, HAT-P-32, HAT-P-34, WASP-12, WASP-16, WASP-18, WASP-19, WASP-26, WASP-31, Gl 436, and Kepler-8), as well as a critical review of previous observations. The low-obliquity (well-aligned) systems are those for which the expected tidal timescale is short, and likewise the high-obliquity (misaligned and retrograde) systems are those for which the expected timescale is long. At face value, this finding indicates that the origin of hot Jupiters involves dynamical interactions like planet-planet interactions or the Kozai effect that tilt their orbits, rather than inspiraling due to interaction with a protoplanetary disk. We discuss the status of this hypothesis and the observations that are needed for a more definitive conclusion.

Accepted for publication in ApJ; typos corrected, 2 broken references fixed, 26 pages, 25 figures

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• An estimate of the $k_2$ Love number of WASP-18Ab from its radial velocity measurements
• Two Transiting Low Density Sub-Saturns from K2
• When H II Regions are Complicated: Considering Perturbations from Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Other Effects
• Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of 55 Cnc e
• DREAM II. The spin-orbit angle distribution of close-in exoplanets under the lens of tides
• Obliquity Tides May Drive WASP-12b's Rapid Orbital Decay
• HD 89345: a bright oscillating star hosting a transiting warm Saturn-sized planet observed by K2
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• Ponderings on the Possible Preponderance of Perpendicular Planets
• The Evolution of Planet-Disk Systems That Are Mildly Inclined to the Orbit of a Binary Companion
• Characterisation of the HD 219134 multi-planet system I. Observations of stellar magnetism, wind, and high-energy flux
• A Multi-Planet System Transiting the $V$ = 9 Rapidly Rotating F-Star HD 106315
• The warm Neptunes around HD 106315 have low stellar obliquities
• The impact of rotation on turbulent tidal friction in stellar and planetary convective regions
• Time variation of Kepler transits induced by stellar spots - a way to distinguish between prograde and retrograde motion. II. Application to KOIs
• Obliquities of Exoplanet Host Stars: 19 New and Updated Measurements, and Trends in the Sample of 205 Measurements
• The Aligned Orbit of WASP-148b, the Only Known Hot Jupiter with a Nearby Warm Jupiter Companion, from NEID and HIRES
• Scaling laws to understand tidal dissipation in fluid planetary regions and stars I - Rotation, stratification and thermal diffusivity
• Outer-planet scattering can gently tilt an inner planetary system
• Unravelling tidal dissipation in gaseous giant planets
• The gravitational interaction between planets on inclined orbits and protoplanetary disks as the origin of primordial spin--orbit misalignments
• Star-disc (mis-)alignment in Rho Oph and Upper Sco: insights from spatially resolved disc systems with K2 rotation periods
• The Aligned Orbit of the Eccentric Warm Jupiter K2-232b
• A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Tidal inertial waves in the differentially rotating convective envelopes of low-mass stars - I. Free oscillation modes
• An Aligned Orbit for the Young Planet V1298 Tau b
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• Tests of the planetary hypothesis for PTFO 8-8695b
• The TROY project: Searching for co-orbital bodies to known planets. I. Project goals and first results from archival radial velocity
• Interplay of tidal evolution and stellar wind braking in the rotation of stars hosting massive close-in planets
• Tidal erasure of stellar obliquities constrains the timing of hot Jupiter formation
• Stars Don't Eat Their Young Migrating Planets - Empirical Constraints On Planet Migration Halting Mechanisms
• Using the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect to observe the transmission spectrum of Earth's atmosphere
• Temperature and Distance Dependence of Tidal Circularization in Close Binaries: A Catalog of Eclipsing Binaries in the Southern Hemisphere Observed by the TESS Satellite
• Precise masses for the transiting planetary system HD 106315 with HARPS
• High-Eccentricity Migration with Disk-Induced Spin-Orbit Misalignment: a Preference for Perpendicular Hot Jupiters
• A Mechanism of Exciting Planetary Inclination and Eccentricity through a Residual Gas Disk
• On the correlation between stellar chromospheric flux and the surface gravity of close-in planets
• Stellar Obliquities in Long-period Exoplanet Systems (SOLES) I: The Spin-Orbit Alignment of K2-140 b
• Stars Get Dizzy After Lunch
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. V. WASP-15 and WASP-16
• Lucky Imaging of transiting planet host stars with LuckyCam
• TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge
• HATS-25b through HATS-30b: A Half-dozen New Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATSouth Survey
• Ephemeris refinement of 21 Hot Jupiter exoplanets with high timing uncertainties
• Spin-Orbit Misalignments of Three Jovian Planets via Doppler Tomography
• EPIC211089792 b: an aligned and inflated hot jupiter in a young visual binary
• Peculiar architectures for the WASP-53 and WASP-81 planet-hosting systems
• Highly inclined and eccentric massive planets. II. Planet-planet interactions during the disc phase
• Star-disk alignment in the protoplanetary disks: SPH simulation of the collapse of turbulent molecular cloud cores
• The Stellar Obliquity and the Long-period planet in the HAT-P-17 Exoplanetary System
• A search for multi-planet systems with TESS using a Bayesian N-body retrieval and machine learning
• Activity induced variation in spin-orbit angles as derived from Rossiter-McLaughlin measurements
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). VI. The Homogeneous Refinement of System Parameters for 39 Transiting Hot Jupiters with 127 New Light Curves
• HAT-P-49b: A 1.7 M_J Planet Transiting a Bright 1.5 M_S F-Star
• A Spin-Orbit Alignment for the Hot Jupiter HATS-3b
• Alignment of Protostars and Circumstellar Disks During the Embedded Phase
• WASP-92b, WASP-93b and WASP-118b: Three new transiting close-in giant planets
• Two long-period transiting exoplanets on eccentric orbits: NGTS-20 b (TOI-5152 b) and TOI-5153 b
• MASCARA-4 b/bRing-1b - A retrograde hot Jupiter around the bright A3V star HD 85628
• Statistical Trends in the Obliquity Distribution of Exoplanet Systems
• The Aligned Orbit of the Eccentric Proto Hot Jupiter TOI-3362b
• WASP-54b, WASP-56b and WASP-57b: Three new sub-Jupiter mass planets from SuperWASP
• HAT-P-56b: An inflated massive Hot Jupiter transiting a bright F star followed up with K2 Campaign 0 observations
• Dynamics of Stellar Spin Driven by Planets Undergoing Lidov-Kozai Migration: Paths to Spin-Orbit Misalignment
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VII. Detection of sodium on the long-transiting inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b
• Broadband transmission spectroscopy of HD209458b with ESPRESSO: Evidence for Na, TiO, or both
• The spin-orbit alignment of visual binaries
• Features of Gaia DR3 Spectroscopic Binaries I. Tidal circularization of Main-Sequence Stars
• Stellar Oblateness versus Distant Giants in Exciting Kepler Planet Mutual Inclinations
• Spin-orbit alignments for Three Transiting Hot Jupiters: WASP-103b, WASP-87b, & WASP-66b
• Formation of hot Jupiters through disk migration and evolving stellar tides
• Analysis of Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Eclipsing Binary DI Herculis
• Spin-Orbit Alignment For 110-Day-Period KOI368.01 From Gravity Darkening
• Planets on the Edge
• The well-aligned orbit of WASP-84b: evidence for disc migration
• Decoupling of a giant planet from its disk in an inclined binary system
• Nonlinear tides in a homogeneous rotating planet or star: global modes and elliptical instability
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• The K2-ESPRINT Project IV: A Hot Jupiter in a Prograde Orbit with a Possible Stellar Companion
• Spin-Orbit Misalignment and Precession in the Kepler-13Ab Planetary System
• Are WASP-107-like Systems Consistent with High-eccentricity Migration?
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XIII: Planet Orbits and Atmospheres in the V1298 Tau System, a Keystone in Studies of Early Planetary Evolution
• Recurring sets of recurring starspot occultations on exoplanet-host Qatar-2
• A Window on Exoplanet Dynamical Histories: Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b
• WASP-180Ab: Doppler tomography of an hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star in a visual binary
• Teetering Stars: Resonant Excitation of Stellar Obliquities by Hot and Warm Jupiters with External Companions
• Three long period transiting giant planets from TESS
• High-resolution emission spectroscopy retrievals of MASCARA-1b with CRIRES+: Strong detections of CO, H${}_2$O and Fe emission lines and a C$/$O consistent with solar
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• KELT-24b: A 5M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ Planet on a 5.6 day Well-Aligned Orbit around the Young V=8.3 F-star HD 93148
• BOWIE-ALIGN: JWST reveals hints of planetesimal accretion and complex sulphur chemistry in the atmosphere of the misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-15b
• The Orbital Architecture of Qatar-6: A Fully Aligned 3-Body System?
• NEID Rossiter-McLaughlin Measurement of TOI-1268b: A Young Warm Saturn Aligned with Its Cool Host Star
• An eccentric Brown Dwarf eclipsing an M dwarf
• Three Hot-Jupiters on the upper edge of the mass-radius distribution: WASP-177, WASP-181 and WASP-183
• K2-139 b: a low-mass warm Jupiter on a 29-day orbit transiting an active K0 V star
• The Young Planet DS Tuc Ab has a Low Obliquity
• Tidal interactions of a Maclaurin spheroid. II: Resonant excitation of modes by a close, misaligned orbit
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• Quantifying the Influence of Jupiter on the Earth's Orbital Cycles
• Tidal interactions of a Maclaurin spheroid. I: Properties of free oscillation modes
• Orbital alignment of the eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-677 b
• TOI-1859b: A 64-Day Warm Jupiter on an Eccentric and Misaligned Orbit
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• Kepler-1656b's Extreme Eccentricity: Signature of a Gentle Giant
• TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• HAT-P-42b and HAT-P-43b. Two Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATNet Survey
• HATS-38 b and WASP-139 b join a growing group of hot Neptunes on polar orbits
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• Automated approach to measure stellar inclinations: validation through large-scale measurements on the red giant branch
• Nodal Precession and Tidal Evolution of Two Hot-Jupiters: WASP-33 b and KELT-9 b
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXVII. CoRoT-28b, a planet orbiting an evolved star, and CoRoT-29b, a planet showing an asymmetric transit
• Dynamical Friction in a Gas: The Supersonic Case
• Obliquity measurement and atmospheric characterization of the WASP-74 planetary system
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• The resilience of Kepler systems to stellar obliquity
• The GAPS Programme at TNG: XXXVI. Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and revising the physical and orbital parameters of the HAT-P-15, HAT-P-17, HAT-P-21, HAT-P-26, HAT-P-29 eccentric planetary systems
• Can stellar activity make a planet seem misaligned?
• The influence of planetary engulfment on stellar rotation in metal-poor main-sequence stars
• Constraining the orbit of the planet-hosting binary $\tau$ Boötis: Clues about planetary formation and migration
• Tracking the spin axes orbital alignment in selected binary systems - Torun Rossiter-McLaughlin effect survey
• Protostellar spin-down: a planetary lift?
• Dealing With $\delta$-Scuti Variables: Transit Light Curve Analysis of Planets Orbiting Rapidly-Rotating, Seismically Active A/F Stars
• Forming Different Planetary Architectures . I . Formation Efficiency of Hot Jupites from High-eccentricity Mechanisms
• Can we detect the stellar differential rotation of WASP-7 through theRossiter-McLaughlin observations?
• Rapid rotators revisited: absolute dimensions of KOI-13
• The Spin-Orbit Alignment of 8 Warm Gas Giant Systems
• Measuring the Obliquities of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets with MAROON-X
• Transit Timing Variation of XO-3b: Evidence for Tidal Evolution of Hot Jupiter with High Eccentricity
• TASTE V. A new ground-based investigation of orbital decay in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-12b
• BOWIE-ALIGN: A JWST comparative survey of aligned vs misaligned hot Jupiters to test the dependence of atmospheric composition on migration history
• Stellar obliquities and magnetic activities of Planet-Hosting Stars and Eclipsing Binaries based on Transit Chord Correlation
• KELT-18b: Puffy Planet, Hot Host, Probably Perturbed
• Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS
• Gravity-Darkened Seasons: Insolation Around Rapid Rotators
• NEID Reveals that The Young Warm Neptune TOI-2076 b Has a Low Obliquity
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• Nodal Precession of WASP-33b for Eleven Years by Doppler Tomographic and Transit Photometric Observations
• Two Planets Straddling the Habitable Zone of The Nearby K Dwarf Gl 414A
• Qatar Exoplanet Survey: Qatar-6b -- a grazing transiting hot Jupiter
• A decade of radial-velocity monitoring of Vega and new limits on the presence of planets
• Evidence of apsidal motion and a possible co-moving companion star detected in the WASP-19 system
• Probable Spin-Orbit Aligned Super-Earth Planet Candidate KOI-2138.01
• Sub-Jovian desert of exoplanets at its boundaries. Parameter dependence along the main sequence
• Tracing the formation and migration history: molecular signatures in the atmosphere of misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-94Ab using JWST NIRSpec/G395H
• The PFS view of TOI-677 b: A spin-orbit aligned warm Jupiter in a dynamically hot system
• Synergies between Asteroseismology and Exoplanetary Science
• MASCARA-3b: A hot Jupiter transiting a bright F7 star in an aligned orbit
• Rossiter-McLaughlin detection of the 9-month period transiting exoplanet HIP41378 d
• Tropical and Extratropical General Circulation with a Meridional Reversed Temperature Gradient as Expected in a High Obliquity Planet
• An apparently eccentric orbit of the exoplanet WASP-12 b as a radial velocity signature of planetary-induced tides in the host star
• A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127
• The OATMEAL Survey. I. Low Stellar Obliquity in the Transiting Brown Dwarf System GPX-1
• The impact of tidal friction evolution on the orbital decay of ultra-short period planets
• EPIC 246851721 b: A Tropical Jupiter Transiting a Rapidly Rotating Star in a Well-Aligned Orbit
• Revisiting Orbital Evolution in HAT-P-2 b and Confirmation of HAT-P-2 c
• HAT-P-58b -- HAT-P-64b: Seven Planets Transiting Bright Stars
• Stellar activity consequence on the retrieved transmission spectra through chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• Orbital decay of short-period gas giants under evolving tides
• Tides and angular momentum redistribution inside low-mass stars hosting planets: a first dynamical model
• Confirmation and characterisation of three giant planets detected by TESS from the FIES/NOT and Tull/McDonald spectrographs
• The DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits (DEMONEX): Seven Transits of XO-4b
• Stellar winds as a mechanism to tilt the spin axes of Sun-like stars
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
• Warm Spitzer Occultation Photometry of WASP-26b at 3.6μm and 4.5μm
• Stellar obliquities of eight close-in gas giant exoplanets
• A closer look at LTT 9779b: The ESPRESSO endeavour to pierce the atmospheric veil
• Spinning up a Daze: TESS Uncovers a Hot Jupiter orbiting the Rapid-Rotator TOI-778
• Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars
• Gap formation by inclined massive planets in locally isothermal three-dimensional discs
• XO-7 b: A transiting hot Jupiter with a massive companion on a wide orbit
• Moderately misaligned orbit of the warm sub-Saturn HD 332231 b
• K2-HERMES II. Planet-candidate properties from K2 Campaigns 1-13
• Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• Prospects for detecting the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of Earth-like planets: the test case of TRAPPIST-1b and c
• The Occurrence of Earth-Like Planets Around Other Stars
• Difficulty in Formation of Counter-orbiting Hot Jupiters from Near-coplanar Hierarchical Triple Systems: A Sub-stellar Perturber
• Probing the effect of gravitational microlensing on the measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• Nature vs. nurture: a Bayesian framework for assessing apparent correlations between planetary orbital properties and stellar ages
• Revisiting the Architecture of the KOI-89 System
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)
• On the nature of the azimuthal asymmetry of protoplanetary disks observed pole-on. The case LkHa 101
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment II: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Hot Jupiters in Compact Multiplanet Systems
• WASP-12b: A Mass-Losing Extremely Hot Jupiter
• The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b
• Discovery of an inflated hot Jupiter around a slightly evolved star TOI-1789
• The Aligned Orbit of a Hot Jupiter around the M Dwarf TOI-4201
• What is the mass of alpha Cen B b?
• Possible Outcomes of Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration: Hot Jupiters, Close-in Super-Earths, and Counter-orbiting Planets
• Tentative Evidence for Transit Timing Variations of WASP-161b
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II
• Constraining Planetary Migration and Tidal Dissipation with Coeval Hot Jupiters
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Saturn HD 149026b
• Resonance capture and long-term evolution of planets in binary star systems
• Atmospheric Mass Loss from TOI-1259 A b, a Gas Giant Planet With a White Dwarf Companion
• Obliquities of Exoplanet Host Stars from Precise Distances and Stellar Angular Diameters
• A Data-Driven Technique for Measuring Stellar Rotation
• Secrets in the shadow: High precision stellar abundances of fast-rotating A-type exoplanet host stars through transit spectroscopy
• Asteroseismic determination of the stellar rotation period of the Kepler transiting planetary systems and its implications for the spin-orbit architecture
• The OATMEAL Survey. III. An Aligned Transiting Warm Brown Dwarf and Evidence for Quiescent Brown Dwarf Migration
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. VI: Confirmation of a Long-Period Giant Planet Discovered with a Single TESS Transit
• Migration and Evolution of giant ExoPlanets (MEEP) II: Super-Jupiters and Lithium-rich Host Stars
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• Stellar Obliquity Excitation via Disk Dispersal-Driven Resonances in Binaries
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• Detection and characterisation of a 106-day transiting Jupiter : TOI-2449 b / NGTS-36 b
• Nonlinear tidal excitation of super-harmonic gravity waves in main-sequence stars in binary and exoplanetary systems
• Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars
• PEPSI's non-detection of escaping hydrogen and metal lines adds to the enigma of WASP-12 b
• Yuti: A General-purpose Transit Simulator for Arbitrary Shaped Objects Orbiting Stars
• Engulfment of a hot Jupiter as a possible origin of the rapid spin and internal spin misalignment of the planet-hosting red giant Kepler-56
• Bifurcated Evolutionary Pathways in Multi-planet Systems Driven by Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks
• Formation of terrestrial planets in eccentric and inclined giant planet systems
• TOI-1259Ab: A Warm Jupiter Orbiting a K-dwarf White-Dwarf Binary is on a Well-aligned Orbit
• Re-recognized universality of Kozai oscillation on three-body dynamics
• Further Evidence for Tidal Spin-Up of Hot Jupiter Host Stars
• Planets spinning up their host stars: a twist on the age-activity relationship
• Tidal interactions in rotating multiple stars and their impact on their evolution
• Rotation of planet-harbouring stars
• HARPS-N Reveals a Well-aligned Orbit for the Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter TOI-4127 b
• The Influence of General Relativity on the Spins of Celestial Bodies in Inclined Orbits
• The EBLM Project XVIII. 3D Obliquities of Five Low-Mass Eclipsing Binaries
• Observational imprints of tidal internal gravity wave dissipation in star-planet systems
• Orbital alignment of HD 332231 b
• The tidal interaction of an orbiting giant planet with a star near the Kraft break: the excitation of $r$-modes and the retention of orbital and spin angular momenta misalignment
• Planets in Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Search for Stellar Companions
• Constraints on the Obliquities of Kepler Planet-Hosting Stars
• Multi-Wavelength High-Resolution Spectroscopy for Exoplanet Detection: Motivation, Instrumentation and First Results
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• Nature vs. Nurture: Investigating the Effects of Measurement Uncertainties in the Assessment of Potential Trends Between Planetary and Stellar Properties
• Exoplanet System Kepler-2 with comparisons to Kepler-1 and 13
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• POSEIDON II: The Anti-Aligned Orbit of the Warm Neptune TOI-1710 A b
• Tidal star-planet interaction and its observed impact on stellar activity in planet-hosting wide binary systems
• TOI-6884b: A low-mass brown dwarf transiting a slightly evolved star