Extragalactic Globular Clusters and Galaxy Formation

Abstract

Globular cluster (GC) systems have now been studied in galaxies ranging from dwarfs to giants and spanning the full Hubble sequence of morphological types. Imaging and spectroscopy with the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes have together established that most galaxies have bimodal color distributions that reflect two subpopulations of old GCs: metal-poor and metal-rich. The characteristics of both subpopulations are correlated with those of their parent galaxies. We argue that metal-poor GCs formed in low-mass dark matter halos in the early universe and that their properties reflect biased galaxy assembly. The metal-rich GCs were born in the subsequent dissipational buildup of their parent galaxies and their ages and abundances indicate that most massive early-type galaxies formed the bulk of their stars at early times. Detailed studies of both subpopulations offer some of the strongest constraints on hierarchical galaxy formation that can be obtained in the near-field.

74 pages, including 14 figures. In press for Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• A universal route for the formation of massive star clusters in giant molecular clouds
• Signatures of accretion events in the halos of early-type galaxies from comparing PNe and GCs kinematics
• Star Clusters in M31. V. Evidence for Self-Enrichment in Old M31 Clusters from Integrated Spectroscopy
• Mass-to-Light Ratios for M31 Globular Clusters: Age-Dating and a Surprising Metallicity Trend
• Stellar populations of Globular Clusters in the Elliptical galaxy NGC1407
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Abundances from High-Resolution, Integrated-Light Spectroscopy. IV. The Large Magellanic Cloud: $\alpha$, Fe-peak, Light, and Heavy Elements
• An optical/NIR survey of globular clusters in early-type galaxies III. On the colour bimodality of GC systems
• The Little Engines That Could? Globular Clusters Contribute Significantly to Reionization-era Star Formation
• Metallicity gradients in the globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies: In-situ and accreted components?
• GLIMPSE-CO1: the most massive intermediate-age stellar cluster in the Galaxy
• Constraining Globular Cluster Formation Through Studies of Young Massive Clusters - IV. Testing the Fast Rotating Massive Star Scenario
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. IX. The Color-Magnitude Relation of Globular Cluster Systems
• Global Properties of the Globular Cluster Systems of Four Spiral Galaxies
• Direct Evaluation of the Helium Abundances in Omega Centauri
• The Globular Cluster System of M60 (NGC 4649). II. Kinematics of the Globular Cluster System
• A New View of the Super Star Clusters in the Low-Metallicity Galaxy SBS 0335-052
• The stellar halos of ETGs in the IllustrisTNG simulations: the photometric and kinematic diversity of galaxies at large radii
• Primordial Black Holes: sirens of the early Universe
• Diamonds on the Hat: Globular Clusters in The Sombrero Galaxy (M104)
• An old, metal-poor globular cluster in Sextans A and the metallicity floor of globular cluster systems
• The Detailed Chemical Properties of M31 Star Clusters I. Fe, Alpha and Light Elements
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster. I. Photometric properties of early-type galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: Breaking degeneracies between dark matter, anisotropy and the IMF using globular cluster subpopulations in the giant elliptical NGC 5846
• VEGAS-SSS II: Comparing the globular cluster systems in NGC3115 and NGC1399 using VEGAS and FDS survey data
• A parametric study on the formation of extended star clusters and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies
• The tidal remnant of an unusually metal-poor globular cluster
• Resolving Globular Cluster Formation within a Cosmological Context
• A Quantitative Link Between Globular Clusters and the Stellar Halos in Elliptical Galaxies
• Dynamical Evolution of Globular Cluster Systems formed in Galaxy Mergers: Deep HST/ACS Imaging of Old and Intermediate-Age Globular Clusters in NGC 3610
• On The Origin of the Blue Tilt in Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems
• The Globular Cluster/Central Black Hole Connection in Galaxies
• Formation of Metal-Poor Globular Clusters in Lyman alpha Emitting Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Old globular clusters in magellanic-type dwarf irregular galaxies
• Are Globular Clusters the Remnant Nuclei of Progenitor Disk Galaxies?
• Tidal disruption of dark matter halos around proto-globular clusters
• A Deep, Wide-Field, and Panchromatic View of 47 Tuc and the SMC with HST: Observations and Data Analysis Methods
• An optical/NIR survey of globular clusters in early-type galaxies II. Ages of GC systems and the relation to galaxy morphology
• Insights from the Outskirts: Chemical and Dynamical Properties in the outer Parts of the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• GALEX Ultraviolet Photometry of Globular Clusters in M31: Three Year Results and a Catalog
• The SLUGGS Survey: Wide Field Imaging of the Globular Cluster System of NGC 4278
• The SLUGGS Survey: New evidence for a tidal interaction between the early type galaxies NGC 4365 and NGC 4342
• The SLUGGS Survey: Measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
• Globular Cluster Systems in Brightest Cluster Galaxies. II: NGC 6166
• The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - III. Relationship to the stellar halo
• Erosion of Globular Cluster Systems: The Influence of Radial Anisotropy, Central Black Holes and Dynamical Friction
• Washington CCD Photometry of the Globular Cluster System of the Giant Elliptical Galaxy M60 in Virgo
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. III. On the Discrepancy in Metallicity between Globular Cluster Systems and their Parent Elliptical Galaxies
• The contribution of N-rich stars to the Galactic stellar halo using APOGEE red giants
• The correlation between the sizes of globular cluster systems and their host dark matter haloes
• The difference in metallicity distribution functions of halo stars and globular clusters as a function of galaxy type: A tracer of globular cluster formation and evolution
• Chandra Survey of Nearby Galaxies: A Significant Population of Candidate Central Black Holes in Late-type Galaxies
• H.E.S.S. observations of the globular clusters NGC 6388 and M 15 and search for a Dark Matter signal
• The Globular Cluster System of the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4636: II. Kinematics of the Globular Cluster System
• Fossil stellar streams and their globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Massive star clusters in galaxies
• Evolution of star clusters in a cosmological tidal field
• A Comprehensive GALEX Ultraviolet Catalog of Star Clusters in M31 and a Study of the Young Clusters
• The origin of the 'blue tilt' of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• The early-type galaxies NGC 1407 and NGC 1400 - II: star formation and chemical evolutionary history
• Constraining Globular Cluster Age Uncertainties Using the IR Color-Magnitude Diagram
• The chemical composition of Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters
• Spectra of globular clusters in the Sombrero galaxy: evidence for spectroscopic metallicity bimodality
• Dual Stellar Halos in the Standard Elliptical Galaxy M105 and Formation of Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Probing Intermediate Mass Black Holes With Optical Emission Lines from Tidally Disrupted White Dwarfs
• The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. IX. The catalog of sources in the FDS area, with an example study for globular clusters and background galaxies
• Biases in the inferred mass-to-light ratio of globular clusters: no need for variations in the stellar mass function
• VLT-UVES abundance analysis of four giants in NGC 6553
• Predicting accreted satellite galaxy masses and accretion redshifts based on globular cluster orbits in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Multiple stellar populations and their evolution in globular clusters: A nucleosynthesis perspective
• Primordial Globular Clusters, X-Ray Binaries & Cosmological Reionisation
• A new red giant-based distance modulus of 13.3 Mpc to the Antennae galaxies and its consequences
• Compact Stellar Systems around NGC 1399
• Stellar Population Constraints on the Dark Matter Content and Origin of Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies
• Extending the baseline: Spitzer Mid-Infrared Photometry of Globular Cluster Systems in the Centaurus A and Sombrero Galaxies
• The Detection Rates of Merging Binary Black Holes Originating from Star Clusters and Their Mass Function
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. III. Globular Cluster Specific Frequencies of Early-Type Galaxies
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey II - Planetary Nebulae kinematics within 200 kpc of the cluster core
• Galaxy evolution in a complex environment: a multi-wavelength study of HCG 7
• Detection of a distinct metal-poor stellar halo in the early-type galaxy NGC 3115
• Where did the globular clusters of the Milky Way form? Insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Globular cluster systems and galaxy formation
• N-body models of globular clusters: metallicity, half-light radii and mass-to-light ratios
• The role of stellar relaxation in the formation and evolution of the first massive black holes
• The role of galaxy mergers on the evolution of star clusters
• The SLUGGS survey: inferring the formation epochs of metal-poor and metal-rich globular clusters
• Locations of Peculiar Supernovae as a Diagnostic of Their Origins
• A high cluster formation efficiency in the Sagittarius B2 complex
• Dynamical Models of Elliptical Galaxies -- II. M87 and its Globular Clusters
• The Survey of Centaurus A's Baryonic Structures (SCABS). II. The Extended Globular Cluster System of NGC5128 and its Nearby Environment
• Feedback from High-Mass X-Ray Binaries on the High Redshift Intergalactic Medium : Model Spectra
• Counter-dispersed slitless-spectroscopy technique: planetary nebula velocities in the halo of NGC 1399
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) XXXI. The kinematics of intra-cluster globular clusters in the core of the Virgo cluster
• New g'r'i'z' Photometry of the NGC 5128 Globular Cluster System
• Great Balls of FIRE II: The evolution and destruction of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
• The chemical composition of globular clusters in the Local Group
• Globular clusters as tracers of the dark matter halo: insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Hierarchical Structure Formation and Modes of Star Formation in Hickson Compact Group 31
• Star Formation in the Outer Filaments of NGC 1275
• VLT photometry in the Antlia Cluster: the giant ellipticals NGC 3258 and NGC 3268 and their globular cluster systems
• Spectrum Syntheses of High Resolution Integrated Light Spectra of Galactic Globular Clusters
• Two Thresholds for Globular Cluster Formation and their Dominance of Star Formation in the Early-Universe
• A Catalog of Extended Clusters and Ultra-Compact Dwarf Galaxies - An Analysis of their Parameters in Early- and Late-Type Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Systems of Early-type Galaxies in Low-density Environments
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5846: dark matter fraction, internal rotation and velocity anisotropy out to six effective radii
• Nuclear star cluster formation in star-forming dwarf galaxies
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster system kinematics and substructure in NGC 4365
• Metallicity Effect on LMXB Formation in Globular Clusters
• The globular cluster system of NGC1316. I. Wide-field photometry in the Washington system
• The Peculiar Globular Cluster System of the S0 Galaxy NGC 7457
• Deriving Metallicities From the Integrated Spectra of Extragalactic Globular Clusters Using the Near-Infrared Calcium Triplet
• Searching for GC-like abundance patterns in young massive clusters
• X-ray Binary Luminosity Function Scaling Relations in Elliptical Galaxies: Evidence for Globular Cluster Seeding of Low-Mass X-ray Binaries in Galactic Fields
• The environment of formation as a second parameter for globular cluster classification
• Specific Frequencies and Luminosity Profiles of Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light in Abell 1689
• Mapping the galaxy NGC 4486 (M87) through its Globular Cluster System
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• The Overlooked Potential of Generalized Linear Models in Astronomy-III: Bayesian Negative Binomial Regression and Globular Cluster Populations
• Sizes of Confirmed Globular Clusters in NGC 5128: A Wide-Field High-Resolution Study
• The Globular Cluster System of M60 (NGC 4649). I. CFHT MOS Spectroscopy and Database
• The Globular Cluster System of the Coma cD Galaxy NGC 4874 from Hubble Space Telescope ACS and WFC3/IR Imaging
• Insight Into the Formation of the Milky Way Through Cold Halo Substructure. II. The Elemental Abundances of ECHOS
• N-body Models of Extended Clusters
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. II. A Test on the Nonlinearity Scenario for Color Bimodality Using the u-band Colors: The Case of M87 (NGC 4486)
• Massive star cluster formation and evolution in tidal dwarf galaxies
• Deep Chandra Monitoring Observations of NGC 4649: II. Wide-Field Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Globular Clusters
• Globular cluster systems as tracers of environmental effects on Virgo early-type dwarfs
• Evidence for the disky origin of luminous Virgo dwarf ellipticals from the kinematics of their globular cluster systems
• NGC 5128 globular cluster candidates out to 150 kpc: a comprehensive catalog from Gaia and ground based data
• Gas-rich, field ultra-diffuse galaxies host few globular clusters
• Globular clusters of NGC 3115 in the near-infrared. Demonstrating the correctness of two opposing scenarios
• The Globular Cluster Systems of Abell 1185
• Simulating the Spatial Distribution and Kinematics of Globular Clusters within Galaxy Clusters in Illustris
• 3D core kinematics of NGC 6362: central rotation in a dynamically evolved globular cluster
• Deep Hubble Space Telescope Observations of GW170817: Complete Light Curves and the Properties of the Galaxy Merger of NGC 4993
• Globular Cluster Systems and their Host Galaxies: Comparison of Spatial Distributions and Colors
• A Search for Radio Supernova Remnants in Four Irregular Galaxies
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Deep anatomy of nearby galaxies
• Evidence for inhomogeneous reionization in the local Universe from metal-poor globular cluster systems
• Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters out to Large Radius in the Sombrero Galaxy
• The PIPER Survey: I. An Initial Look at the Intergalactic Globular Cluster Population in the Perseus Cluster
• Globular cluster numbers in dark matter haloes in a dual formation scenario: an empirical model within EMERGE
• Prospects for Detecting Fast Radio Bursts in Globular Clusters of Nearby Galaxies
• First phase space portrait of a hierarchical stellar structure in the Milky Way
• To the Edge of M87 and Beyond: Spectroscopy of Intracluster Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Virgo Cluster
• Search for globular clusters associated with the Milky Way dwarf galaxies using Gaia DR2
• Constraints on the Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes from the Globular Cluster NGC 3201
• Globular Cluster Formation from Colliding Substructure
• Newly-Discovered Globular Clusters in NGC 147 and NGC 185 from PAndAS
• The Optical Colors of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and their Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Indicate a Bottom-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• The SLUGGS Survey: HST/ACS Mosaic Imaging of the NGC 3115 Globular Cluster System
• The SLUGGS survey: Exploring the globular cluster systems of the Leo II group and their global relationships
• The SLUGGS Survey: Multi-population dynamical modelling of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1407 from stars and globular clusters
• Isolated ellipticals and their globular cluster systems III. NGC 2271, NGC 2865, NGC 3962, NGC 4240 and IC 4889
• Ultra-Compact Dwarfs around NGC 3258 in Antlia
• A model for the minimum mass of bound stellar clusters and its dependence on the galactic environment
• The WAGGS project - II. The reliability of the calcium triplet as a metallicity indicator in integrated stellar light
• Globular cluster formation histories, masses and radii inferred from gravitational waves
• The extended structure of the remote cluster B514 in M31. Detection of extra-tidal stars
• Detailed abundances from integrated-light spectroscopy: Milky Way globular clusters
• Age and Metallicities of Cluster Galaxies: A1185 and Coma
• Exploring the Correlations between Globular Cluster Populations and Supermassive Black Holes in Giant Galaxies
• The Two-Dimensional Spatial Distributions of the Globular Clusters and Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries of NGC4649
• Spectroscopy of M81 Globular Clusters
• The horizontal branch luminosity vs metallicity in M31 globular clusters
• Evidence for Blue Straggler Stars Rejuvenating the Integrated Spectra of Globular Clusters
• When efficient star formation drives cluster formation
• Confirmation of Hostless Type Ia Supernovae Using Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
• Radially Extended Kinematics in the S0 Galaxy NGC 2768 from Planetary Nebulae, Globular Clusters and Starlight
• Luminosity functions of globular clusters in five nearby spiral galaxies using HST/ACS images
• An optical/NIR survey of globular clusters in early-type galaxies. I. Introduction and data reduction procedures
• The formation and evolution of star clusters in interacting galaxies
• Dynamical modelling of globular clusters: challenges for the robust determination of IMBH candidates
• A Blue Tilt in the Globular Cluster System of the Milky Way-like Galaxy NGC 5170
• Are Some Milky Way Globular Clusters Hosted by Undiscovered Galaxies?
• The paucity of globular clusters around the field elliptical NGC 7507
• Expanding the time domain of multiple populations: evidences of nitrogen variations in the ~1.5 Gyr old star cluster NGC 1783
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey III -- Kinematical characterisation of globular clusters across the Fornax galaxy cluster
• Search Instructions for Globular Clusters in Formation at High Redshifts
• The globular clusters-stellar haloes connection in early type galaxies
• Globular cluster systems as tracers of the evolutionary history in NGC 3258 and NGC 3268
• Field and Globular Cluster LMXBs in NGC 4278
• A SLUGGS and Gemini/GMOS combined study of the elliptical galaxy M60: wide-field photometry and kinematics of the globular cluster system
• The SLUGGS survey: combining stars, globular clusters and planetary nebulae to understand the assembly history of early-type galaxies from their large radii kinematics
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• Globular Clusters in High-Redshift Dwarf Galaxies: A Case Study from the Local Group
• The globular cluster system in NGC5866: optical observations from HST Advanced Camera for Surveys
• The radial distribution of X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in NGC 4649 and their relation with the local stellar mass density
• The SLUGGS survey: Probing the supermassive black hole connection with bulges and haloes using red and blue globular cluster systems
• G2C2 II: Integrated colour-metallicity relations for Galactic Globular Clusters in SDSS passbands
• The Ages and Metallicities of the Globular Clusters in the Sparkler
• DDO216-A1: a central globular cluster in a low-luminosity transition type galaxy
• What Are Those Tiny Things? A First Study of Compact Star Clusters in the SMACS0723 Field with JWST
• Star cluster dynamics
• Dual Halos and Formation of Early-Type Galaxies
• New Constraints on Early-Type Galaxy Assembly from Spectroscopic Metallicities of Globular Clusters in M87
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• Exploring the Role of Globular Cluster Specific Frequency on the Nova Rates in Three Virgo Elliptical Galaxies
• More Remote Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• The globular cluster system of NGC1316. III. Kinematic complexity
• Stellar Populations in Compact Galaxy Groups: a Multi-Wavelength Study of HCGs 16, 22, and 42, their Star Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies
• A New Formation Scenario for the Milky Way Cluster NGC2419
• On the Origin of Mass--Metallicity Relations, Blue Tilts, and Scaling Relations for Metal-poor Globular Cluster Systems
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VIII. Reproducing Color Distributions of Individual Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows I: Nonequillibrium Coolant Formation
• Optimal Integrated Abundances for Chemical Tagging of Extragalactic Globular Clusters
• Uncovering the formation of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies by multivariate statistical analysis
• Mapping Accreted Stars in Early-Type Galaxies Across the Mass-Size Plane
• Globular Cluster Systems of Spiral and S0 Galaxies: Results from WIYN Imaging of NGC1023, NGC1055, NGC7332 and NGC7339
• A HST/WFPC2 survey of bright young clusters in M31. I. VdB0, a massive star cluster seen at ~= 25 Myr
• Globular Cluster Formation in the Virgo Cluster
• Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
• Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC6482, NGC1132 and ESO306-017
• Multicolour-metallicity Relations from Globular Clusters in NGC 4486 (M87)
• The globular cluster system of the Auriga simulations
• Ongoing hierarchical massive cluster assembly: the LISCA II structure in the Perseus complex
• Luminous [O III] and [N II] from Tidally Disrupted Horizontal Branch Stars
• The Globular Cluster Population of NGC 7457: Clues to the Evolution of Field S0 Galaxies
• A prescription and fast code for the long-term evolution of star clusters - II. Unbalanced and core evolution
• Search for dark matter signals with Fermi-LAT observation of globular clusters NGC 6388 and M 15
• A VST and VISTA study of globular clusters in NGC253
• The Globular Cluster Populations of Giant Galaxies: Mosaic Imaging of Five Moderate-Luminosity Early-Type Galaxies
• The Proper Motion of Pyxis: the first use of Adaptive Optics in tandem with HST on a faint halo object
• The Star Cluster Population of the Spiral Galaxy NGC3370
• Globular Clusters and Streaming Velocities: Testing the new formation channel in high-resolution cosmological simulations
• Self-consistent simulations of star cluster formation from gas clouds under the influence of galaxy-scale tidal fields
• Inspection of 19 globular cluster candidates in the Galactic bulge with the VVV survey
• The SLUGGS Survey: The Inner Dark Matter Density Slope of the Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1407
• Kinematic Structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster System from Gaia eDR3 and Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions
• Constraining the initial conditions of globular clusters using their radius distribution
• Low-Mass X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies. II. Globular Cluster Candidates and their Mass-Metallicity Relation
• The Globular Cluster System of NGC 4636 and Formation of Globular Clusters in Giant Elliptical Galaxies
• Intra-cluster Globular Clusters in a Simulated Galaxy Cluster
• Star Cluster Candidates in M81
• Spatial Distribution of Globular Clusters in the Galaxy
• Color-Magnitude Relations within Globular Cluster Systems of Giant Elliptical Galaxies: The Effects of Globular Cluster Mass Loss and the Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Age and structure parameters of a remote M31 globular cluster B514 based on HST, 2MASS, GALEX and BATC observations
• Where Are Most of the Globular Clusters in Today's Universe?
• A discrete chemo-dynamical model of M87's globular clusters: Kinematics extending to ~ 400 kpc
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. V. Nonlinear Absorption-line Index versus Metallicity Relations and Bimodal Index Distributions of M31 Globular Clusters
• The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
• Optical-NIR analysis of globular clusters in the IKN dwarf spheroidal: a complex star formation history
• Spin Doctors: How to diagnose a hierarchical merger origin
• The innermost globular clusters of M87
• Evidence for a chemical enrichment coupling of globular clusters and field stars in the Fornax dSph
• The faint globular cluster in the dwarf galaxy Andromeda I
• Star Cluster Evolution in Dark Matter Dominated Galaxies
• Spatial Structures In the Globular Cluster Distribution of the Ten Brightest Virgo Galaxies
• Tidal disruption of star clusters in galaxy formation simulations
• Newly Identified Star Clusters in M33. III. Structural Parameters
• On the nature of the brightest globular cluster in M81
• The Two Dimensional Projected Spatial Distribution of Globular Clusters: Method and Application to NGC4261
• Footprints in the sand: What can globular clusters tell us about NGC 4753 past?
• A Gemini/GMOS study of the bright elliptical galaxy NGC 3613 and its globular cluster system
• Chandra observations of NGC4342, an optically faint, X-ray gas-rich early-type galaxy
• Testing Feedback from Star Clusters in Simulations of the Milky Way Formation
• A Wide-field Photometric Survey of Globular Clusters in the Peculiar Early-type Galaxy M85
• Chemical abundance anticorrelations in globular cluster stars: The effect on cluster integrated spectra
• Stellar cluster formation in a Milky Way-sized galaxy at z>4 -- I. The proto-globular cluster population and the imposter amongst us
• Hyper Wide Field Imaging of the Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC 1613: An Extended Component of Metal-poor Stars
• All Puffed Up: Exploring Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Origins through Galaxy Interactions
• Reconstructing the initial mass function of disc-bulge Galactic globular clusters from N-body simulations
• Globular cluster metallicity distributions in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Understanding the progenitor formation galaxies of merging binary black holes
• The horizontal branch morphology of M31 globular clusters. Extreme second parameter effect in outer halo clusters
• Chemical Abundances of Globular Clusters in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• Globular Cluster Scale Sizes in Giant Galaxies: The Case of M87 and the Role of Orbital Anisotropy and Tidal Filling
• The colour-magnitude relation of Globular Clusters in Centaurus and Hydra - Constraints on star cluster self-enrichment with a link to massive Milky Way GCs
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• Globular Cluster Systems of Relic Galaxies
• Old stellar population synthesis: New age and mass estimates for Mayall II = G1
• Globular Cluster Populations: First Results from S${}^4$G Early-Type Galaxies
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• The Integrated Calcium II Triplet as a Metallicity Indicator: Comparisons with High Resolution [Fe/H] in M31 Globular Clusters
• WIYN Imaging of the Globular Cluster Systems of the Spiral Galaxies NGC891 and NGC4013
• SUBARU Spectroscopy of the Globular Clusters in the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy M86
• Probing the Intermediate-Age Globular Clusters in NGC 5128 from Ultraviolet Observations
• Nonlinear Color--Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VI. On Calcium II Triplet Based Metallicities of Globular Clusters in Early-type Galaxies
• On the origin of the metallicity dependence in dynamically formed extragalactic low-mass X-ray binaries
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IV. Testing the Nonlinearity Scenario for Color Bimodality via HST/WFC3 u-band Photometry of M84 (NGC 4374)
• Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram
• How tidal erosion has shaped the relation between globular cluster specific frequency and galaxy luminosity
• An HST/WFPC2 survey of bright young clusters in M31. IV. Ages and mass estimates
• The Size Difference Between Red And Blue Globular Clusters Is NOT Due To Projection Effects
• The Fornax Cluster VLT Spectroscopic Survey IV -- Cold kinematical substructures in the Fornax core from COSTA
• Revealing the formation mechanism of the shell galaxy NGC474 with MUSE
• On the AGB stars of M 4: A robust disagreement between spectroscopic observations and theory
• Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) Spectra of Globular Clusters and Ultra Compact Dwarfs in the Halo of M87
• Spatially-resolved stellar populations and kinematics with KCWI: probing the assembly history of the massive early-type galaxy NGC 1407
• Mergers of globular clusters in the Galactic disc: intermediate mass black hole coalescence and implications for gravitational waves detection
• Initial Size Distribution of the Galactic Globular Cluster System
• The influence of globular cluster evolution on the specific frequency in dwarf galaxies
• The Observational and Theoretical Tidal Radii of Globular Clusters in M87
• Old Massive Globular Clusters and the Stellar Halo of the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 4449
• VEGAS-SSS. A VST survey of elliptical galaxies in the southern hemisphere: analysis of small stellar systems. Testing the methodology on the globular cluster system in NGC3115
• Galactic orbital motions of star clusters: static versus semicosmological time-dependent Galactic potentials
• Colour-colour diagrams and extragalactic globular cluster ages. Systematic uncertainties using the (V-K)-(V-I) diagram
• Formation of the Galactic globular clusters with He-rich stars in low-mass halos virialized at high redshift
• Origin of rotational kinematics in the globular cluster system of M31: A new clue to the bulge formation
• Spatially-Resolved Medium Resolution Spectroscopy of an Interacting E+A (post-starburst) System with the Subaru telescope
• Dynamical evolution of Milky Way globular clusters on the cosmological timescale I. Mass loss and interaction with the nuclear star cluster
• G2C2-III: Structural parameters for Galactic globular clusters in SDSS passbands
• Cosmic Strings and the Origin of Globular Clusters
• Young Massive Clusters: Their Population Properties, Formation and Evolution, and Their Relation to the Ancient Globular Clusters
• An Unexplained Origin for the Unusual Globular Cluster System in the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy FCC 224
• The SLUGGS survey: chromo-dynamical modelling of the lenticular galaxy NGC 1023
• The Massive M31 Cluster G1: Detailed Chemical Abundances from Integrated Light Spectroscopy
• The Globular Cluster System of the Virgo Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4636: I. Subaru/FOCAS Spectroscopy and Database
• Young Globular Clusters in an old S0: Clues to the Formation History of NGC 4570
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?
• A Trail of the Invisible: Blue Globular Clusters Trace the Radial Density Distribution of the Dark Matter -- Case Study of NGC 4278
• Testing the tidal stripping scenario of ultra-compact dwarf galaxy formation by using internal properties
• MOCCA Survey Database: Extra Galactic Globular Clusters. I. Method and first results
• G2C2 I: Homogeneous SDSS photometry for Galactic GCs
• Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• The large-scale structure of globular clusters in the NGC 1052 group
• The old globular cluster system of NGC 4365: new VLT/FORS2 spectra
• X-ray Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools
• Galaxy archaeology for wet mergers: Globular cluster age distributions in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies
• The Disturbed and Globular Cluster-Rich Ultra-diffuse Galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1
• VEGAS-SSS: Tracing Globular Cluster Populations in the Interacting NGC3640 Galaxy Group
• Euclid: Early Release Observations of diffuse stellar structures and globular clusters as probes of the mass assembly of galaxies in the Dorado group
• Field/Isolated lenticular galaxies with high $S_N$ values: the case of NGC 4546 and its globular cluster system
• Astroinformatics based search for globular clusters in the Fornax Deep Survey
• Detection of the Stellar Intracluster Medium in Perseus (Abell 426)
• Dating the tidal disruption of globular clusters with Gaia data on their stellar streams
• The physics governing the upper truncation mass of the globular cluster mass function
• Damp Mergers: Recent Gaseous Mergers without Significant Globular Cluster Formation?
• High resolution imaging of the early-type galaxy NGC 1380: an insight into the nature of extended extragalactic star clusters
• The globular cluster system of the nearest Seyfert II galaxy Circinus
• The steep redshift evolution of the hierarchical binary black hole merger rate may cause the $z$-${\chi }_{\mathrm{eff}}$ correlation
• The specific frequency and the globular cluster formation efficiency in Milgromian dynamics
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• Globular Cluster Populations: Results Including S${}^4$G Late-Type Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Scale Sizes in Giant Galaxies: Orbital Anisotropy and Tidally Under-filling Clusters in M87, NGC 1399, and NGC 5128
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows III: Observability and Connection to Halo Globular Clusters
• New Velocity Measurements of NGC 5128 Globular Clusters out to 130 kpc: Outer Halo Kinematics, Substructure and Dynamics
• Measuring distances to galaxies with globular cluster velocity dispersions
• On the precision of full-spectrum fitting of simple stellar populations. II. The dependence on star cluster mass in the wavelength range 0.3-5.0 $\mu$m
• Isothermal distributions in MONDian gravity as a simple unifying explanation for the ubiquitous $\rho \propto r^{-3}$ density profiles in tenuous stellar halos
• MOCCA-Survey Database: Extra Galactic Globular Clusters. II. Milky Way and Andromeda
• J-PLUS: A catalogue of globular cluster candidates around the M81/M82/NGC3077 triplet of galaxies
• Comparing Mid-Infrared Globular Cluster Colors With Population Synthesis Models
• Beyond the Brim of the Hat: Kinematics of Globular Clusters out to Large Radius in the Sombrero Galaxy
• Globular cluster ages and their relation to high-redshift stellar cluster formation times from different globular cluster models
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• Growing a nuclear star cluster from star formation and cluster mergers: The JWST NIRSpec view of NGC 4654
• Imprint of the galactic acceleration scale on globular cluster systems
• Spectroscopic analysis of the bulge Globular Cluster ESO~456-SC38
• On the Origin of the Kinematical Differences Between the Stellar Halo and the Old Globular Cluster System in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• On the offset of Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Investigating the Dark Matter Halo of NGC 5128 using a Discrete Dynamical Model
• A Glimpse into the Past: The Recent Evolution of Globular Clusters
• Accessing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 728 Globular Star Clusters in NGC\,4472
• Supra-galactic Colour Patterns in Globular Cluster Systems
• Fresh Insights on the Kinematics of M49's Globular Cluster System with MMT/Hectospec Spectroscopy
• Shadows of the Colossus: Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in a 10-million-body Globular Cluster Simulation
• A Supra-galactic Conundrum: The Globular Clusters Colour Pattern in Virgo Galaxies
• Spatial Structures in the Globular Cluster Distribution of Fornax Cluster Galaxies
• Substructure in the Globular Cluster Populations of the Virgo Cluster Elliptical Galaxies M84 and M86
• Evaluating the feasibility of interpretable machine learning for globular cluster detection
• Revisiting the globular clusters of NGC1052-DF2
• Star Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4589 Hosting a Calcium-rich SN Ib (SN 2005CZ)
• Kinematic imprint of clumpy disk formation on halo objects
• Multivariate analysis of the globular clusters in M87
• A Closer Look at an Unusual Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy
• Searching for globular clusters in the inner halo of the Circinus galaxy
• The Spatial Distributions of Red and Blue Globular Clusters in Major Dry Merger Remnants
• Tracing the Giant Outer Halo of the Mysterious Massive Disk Galaxy M104 I. Photometry of the Extended Globular Cluster Systems
• J-PLUS: Detecting and studying extragalactic globular clusters -- the case of NGC 1023
• The emergence of globular clusters and globular-cluster-like dwarfs
• A study of globular clusters in a lenticular galaxy in Hydra I from deep HST/ACS photometry
• Using the Agile software development lifecycle to develop a standalone application for generating colour magnitude diagrams
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Dynamical Simulations of the First Globular Clusters
• A Statistical Study of H I Gas in Nearby Narrow-Line AGN-Hosting Galaxies
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IX. Different Radial Number Density Profiles between Blue and Red Clusters
• Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS): Exploring the nature of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra-I cluster IV. A study of the Globular Cluster population in four UDGs
• Non-resonant relaxation of anisotropic globular clusters
• Metal Abundance Properties of M81 Globular Cluster System
• Shapes of dark matter haloes with discrete globular cluster dynamics: The example of NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• The present-day globular cluster kinematics of lenticular galaxies from the E-MOSAICS simulations and their relation to the galaxy assembly histories
• Detecting metal-rich intermediate-age Globular Clusters in NGC 4570 using K-band photometry
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• Star Clusters in Pseudo-Bulges of Spiral Galaxies
• The Ancient Globular Clusters of NGC 1291
• VEGAS-SSS: An intra-group component in the globular cluster system of NGC 5018 group of galaxies using VST data
• Evolution of binaries with compact objects in globular clusters
• Structural Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• On the primordial specific frequency of globular clusters in dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies
• Globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies - do we understand them?
• Formation and evolution of globular clusters in cosmological simulations
• Effect of dynamical interactions on integrated properties of globular clusters
• Influence of irradiation-driven winds on the evolution of intermediate-mass black hole X-ray binaries
• Bayesian Inference of Globular Cluster Properties Using Distribution Functions
• Properties of Globular Clusters in Galaxy Clusters: Sensitivity from the Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
• A disk and no signatures of tidal distortion in the galaxy "lacking" dark matter NGC 1052-DF2
• Globular cluster population of the HST frontier fields galaxy J07173724+3744224
• The X-ray Point Source Population Hosted by Globular Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4261
• On the origin of globular cluster bimodality
• Globular clusters as indicators of Galactic evolution
• Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The star cluster systems of the Local Group dwarf galaxies IC 10 and NGC 6822
• Cosmic wallflowers: the circumgalactic origins of isolated ultra-compact star clusters at $z>7$
• Hidden Figures of Globular Clusters: Integrated Stellar Populations Impacted by Hot Subdwarfs
• Slow Cooling in Low Metallicity Clouds: An Origin of Globular Cluster Bimodality?
• An optical/near-infrared survey of GCs in early-type galaxies
• Massive Star Clusters in the Semi-Analytical Galaxy Formation Model L-Galaxies 2020
• Low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to star cluster complexes
• Metal Abundance and Kinematical Properties of M81 Globular Cluster System
• Chemo-dynamical reconstruction of Milky Way globular cluster progenitors: Age-metallicity relations and the universality of multiple stellar populations
• Intracluster globular clusters as tracers of the mass assembly of the Hydra I galaxy cluster
• New Way to Date Globular Clusters: Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequences
• The Multiplicity of Main Sequence Turnoffs in Globular Clusters
• Where is Population II?
• Compact [OIII] emission-line regions ("Green Seeds") in $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ emitters at Cosmic Noon from JWST Observations
• The galactic acceleration scale is imprinted on globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies of most masses and on red and blue globular cluster subpopulations
• The origin of metal-poor and metal-rich globular clusters in E-MOSAICS
• Prospects for Revealing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in NGC 1399 using SKA
• Galaxies as fluctuations in cosmic stellar liquid
• Evidence for the First Globular Cluster Stellar Stream beyond the Milky Way
• MOCCA survey database I: preliminary mock Extra Galactic Globular Cluster observations
• The Escape of Globular Clusters from the Satellite Dwarf Galaxies of the Milky Way
• A song of interactions and mergers: The case of NGC 4709
• The star cluster system of the luminous elliptical galaxy NGC 1600
• Distinguishing Dark Matter Cusps from Cores using Globular Clusters
• 58 Radio Sources Near Bright Natural Guide Stars
• Differences between the globular cluster systems of the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. XI. Nonlinearity Effect Revealed by NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) and NGC 4594 (Sombrero) Galaxies
• Wandering globular clusters: the first dwarf galaxies in the universe?
• Evidence for Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Formation Through Tidal Heating of Normal Dwarfs
• The Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS).VIII. A Support Vector Machine Approach for Disentangling Globular Clusters from other Sources
• Estimating galaxy masses from kinematics of globular cluster systems: a new method based on deep learning
• Sustained formation of progenitor globular clusters in a giant elliptical galaxy
• Tidal stripping as a mechanism for placing globular clusters on wide orbits: the case of MGC1 in M31
• Evidence for Environmental Stripping in the Coma Cluster