The Ages of Stars

Abstract

The age of an individual star cannot be measured, only estimated through mostly model-dependent or empirical methods, and no single method works well for a broad range of stellar types or for a full range in age. This review presents a summary of the available techniques for age-dating stars and ensembles of stars, their realms of applicability, and their strengths and weaknesses. My emphasis is on low-mass stars because they are present from all epochs of star formation in the Galaxy and because they present both special opportunities and problems. The ages of open clusters are important for understanding the limitations of stellar models and for calibrating empirical age indicators. For individual stars, a hierarchy of quality for the available age-dating methods is described. Although our present ability to determine the ages of even the nearest stars is mediocre, the next few years hold great promise as asteroseismology probes beyond stellar surfaces and starts to provide precise interior properties of stars and as models continue to improve when stressed by better observations.

arXiv commentTo appear in the 2010 volume of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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• Asymmetric Dark Matter Imprint on Low-mass Main-sequence Stars in the Milky Way Nuclear Star Cluster
• Cardinal kinematics: I. Rotation fields of the APOGEE Survey
• Spectral classification and HR diagram of pre-main sequence stars in NGC6530
• Interesting Features in the Combined GALEX and Sloan Color Diagrams of Solar-like Galactic Populations
• Precise Ages of Field Stars From White Dwarf Companions in Gaia DR2
• Star-planet tidal interaction and the limits of gyrochronology
• NGTS clusters survey -- III: A low-mass eclipsing binary in the Blanco 1 open cluster spanning the fully convective boundary
• Constraining Tidal Quality Factor using Spin Period in Eclipsing Binaries
• The GALAH Survey: Lithium-strong KM dwarfs
• TOI-4562 b: A highly eccentric temperate Jupiter analog orbiting a young field star
• On the Ages of Planetary Systems with Mean Motion Resonances
• Measuring Tidal Dissipation in Giant Planets from Tidal Circularization
• A Flexible Bayesian Framework for Assessing Habitability with Joint Observational and Model Constraints
• Cool White Dwarfs Found in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey
• Uranium Abundances and Ages of $R$-process Enhanced Stars with Novel U II Lines
• A Test for Radial Mixing Using Local Star Samples
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• Stellar dating using chemical clocks and Bayesian inference
• Bayesian isochrone fitting and stellar ages
• A Combined Chandra and LAMOST Study of Stellar Activity
• 8 in 10 Stars in the Milky Way Bulge Experience Stellar Encounters Within 1000 AU in a Gigayear
• Embedded Clusters
• A search for runaway stars in twelve Galactic supernova remnants
• The ages of (the oldest) stars
• Asymmetric metallicity patterns in the stellar velocity space with RAVE
• Modelling chemical clocks -- Theoretical evidences of the space and time evolution of [s/alpha] in the Galactic disc with Gaia-ESO survey
• KOI-3890: A high mass-ratio asteroseismic red-giant$+$M-dwarf eclipsing binary undergoing heartbeat tidal interactions
• Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE - Constellation
• Is [Y/Mg] a Reliable Age Diagnostic for FGK Stars?
• Characterisation of local halo building blocks: Thamnos and Sequoia
• Solar-cycle irradiance variations over the last four billion years
• An empirical isochrone archive for nearby open clusters
• Wide binaries demonstrate the consistency of rotational evolution between open cluster and field stars
• Estimating the ages of open star clusters from properties of their extended tidal tails
• Star formation and accretion rates within 500 pc as traced by Gaia DR3 XP spectra
• Mg II h+k Flux - Rotational Period Correlation for G-type stars
• The Mass and Age Distribution of Halo White Dwarfs in the Canada-France Imaging Survey
• Goodness-of-fit test for isochrone fitting in the Gaia era. Statistical assessment of the error distribution
• Stellar obliquities of eight close-in gas giant exoplanets
• A Framework for Relative Biosignature Yields from Future Direct Imaging Missions
• Chemo-dynamics and asteroseismic ages of seven metal-poor red giants from the Kepler field
• The breakdown of current gyrochronology as evidenced by old coeval stars
• Mass and Age determination of the LAMOST data with different Machine Learning methods
• $\mathrm{H}\alpha$ chromospheric activity of F-, G-, and K-type stars observed by the LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey
• The putative old, nearby cluster Lodén 1 does not exist
• Age determination of galactic B-type stars in double-lined eclipsing binaries
• Asteroseismic age estimates of RGB stars in open clusters. A statistical investigation of different estimation methods
• A Hierarchical Model for the Ages of Galactic Halo White Dwarfs
• The Abundance of Belatedly Habitable Planets and Ambiguities in Definitions of the Continuously Habitable Zone
• Fine Structure of the Age-Chromospheric Activity Relation in Solar-Type Stars: II. H$\alpha$ Line
• The Synthetic-Oversampling Method: Using Photometric Colors to Discover Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
• Investigating the Upper Scorpius OB association with HERMES. I. The spectroscopic sample and 6D kinematics
• Characterization of Exoplanet-Host Stars
• Recent star formation episodes in the Galaxy: impact on its chemical properties and the evolution of its abundance gradient
• Ages of stars: Methods and uncertainties
• Impact of asteroseismology on improving stellar ages determination
• TATOO: a tidal-chronology standalone tool to estimate the age of massive close-in planetary systems
• Chemodynamical Properties and Ages of Metal-Poor Stars in S-PLUS
• Asteroseismic age constraints on the open cluster NGC 2477 using oscillating stars identified with TESS FFI
• Nature vs. nurture: a Bayesian framework for assessing apparent correlations between planetary orbital properties and stellar ages
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Clusters: age scales for stellar physics
• Unbound stars hold the key to young star cluster history
• Which Stars can see Earth as a Transiting Exoplanet?
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• A Monte Carlo Method for Evaluating Empirical Gyrochronology Models and its Application to Wide Binary Benchmarks
• The Interior Structure Constants as an Age Diagnostic for Low-Mass, Pre-Main Sequence Detached Eclipsing Binary Stars
• Spectral characterization and differential rotation study of active CoRoT stars
• Externally irradiated young stars in NGC 3603. A JWST NIRSpec catalogue of pre-main-sequence stars in a massive star formation region
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation
• StarFlow: Leveraging Normalizing Flows for Stellar Age Estimation in SDSS-V DR19
• Advancing accuracy in age determinations of old-disk stars using an oscillating red giant in an eclipsing binary
• Stellar age determination in the Mass-Luminosity Plane
• A catalogue of asteroseismically calibrated ages for APOGEE DR17. The predictions of a CatBoost machine learning model based on the [Mg/Ce] chemical clock and other stellar parameters
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• New stellar age estimates using SPInS based on Gaia DR3 photometry and LAMOST DR8 abundances
• Is planetary inward migration responsible for GJ 504's fast rotation and bright X-ray luminosity? New constraints from eROSITA
• ChronoFlow: A Data-Driven Model for Gyrochronology
• High-contrast, high-angular resolution view of the GJ 367 exoplanet system
• Ensemble age inversions for large spectroscopic surveys
• Constraints on Tidal Quality Factor in Kepler Eclipsing Binaries using Tidal Synchronization: A Frequency-Dependent Approach
• Measuring Long Stellar Rotation Periods (>10 days) from TESS FFI Light Curves is Possible: An Investigation Using TESS and ZTF
• Ages for exoplanet host stars
• Theoretical and Observational Evidence for Coriolis Effects in Coronal Magnetic Fields Via Direct Current Driven Flaring Events
• Constraining the age of young stellar clusters via the amplitude of photometric variability
• CEMPlifying reionization
• Tidal Tails of Nearby Open Clusters. II. A Review of Simulated Properties and the Reliability of Observational Catalogues
• Modelling $\delta$ Scuti pulsations: A new grid of p, g, and f modes across pre-main-sequence to post-main-sequence evolution
• The curious case of PDS 11: a nearby, >10 Myr old, classical T Tauri binary system
• A young spectroscopic binary in a quintuple system part of the Local Association
• Exoplanet Occurrence Rate with Age for FGK Stars in Kepler
• zoomies: A tool to infer stellar age from vertical action in Gaia data
• Globular clusters as cosmic clocks: new cosmological hints from their integrated light
• MAISTEP -- a new grid-based machine learning tool for inferring stellar parameters I. Ages of giant-planet host stars
• Uncertainties in asteroseismic grid-based estimates of the ages of halo stars
• The Milky Way in context: The formation of galactic discs and chemical sequences from a cosmological perspective
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• A bird's eye view of stellar evolution through populations of variable stars in Galactic open clusters
• The 3D Galactocentric velocities of Kepler stars: marginalizing over missing RVs
• The oldest Milky Way stars: New constraints on the age of the Universe and the Hubble constant
• The strongly irradiated planets in Praesepe
• The rotation of planet-hosting stars
• The Solar Neighborhood L: Spectroscopic Discovery of K Dwarfs Younger Than 1 Gyr and New Binaries within 30 pc
• Evolution of Size, Mass, and Density of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Photometric stellar parameters for asteroseismology and Galactic studies
• A Recent Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Galactic Center Unveiled by the Hypervelocity Stars
• Nearly 30,000 late-type main-sequence stars with stellar age from LAMOST DR5
• Quantifying chemical and kinematical properties of Galactic disks
• Stellar age determination using deep neural networks: Isochrone ages for 1.3 million stars, based on BaSTI, MIST, PARSEC, Dartmouth and SYCLIST evolutionary grids
• Asteroseismology of red giants & galactic archaeology
• Apache Point Observatory follow-up of ACcelerating Candidate ExopLanet host Stars (APO ACCELS): Ages for 166 Accelerating Stars in the Northern Hemisphere
• Tidal effects on stellar activity
• HiPERCAM and TESS observations of the rapidly rotating M7V star LP 89--187
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Revisiting the Galactic age-metallicity relation from wide white dwarf-main-sequence binaries
• Continuous Habitable Zones: Using Bayesian Methods to Prioritize Characterization of Potentially Habitable Worlds
• The SAGA so far: reading the history of the Galaxy with asteroseismology
• Potential Habitability as a Stellar Property: Effects of Model Uncertainties and Measurement Precision
• NGC 147 Corroborates the Break in the Stellar Mass-Stellar Metallicity Relation for Galaxies
• J-PLUS Reconstructing the Milky Way Disc's star formation history with twelve-filter photometry
• Using a neural network approach and starspots dependent models to predict effective temperatures and ages of young stars
• Closing remarks and Outlook
• The chemodynamical memory of a major merger in a NIHAO-UHD Milky Way analogue -- I. A golden thread through time and space
• Nature vs. Nurture: Investigating the Effects of Measurement Uncertainties in the Assessment of Potential Trends Between Planetary and Stellar Properties
• Towards age/rotation/magnetic activity relation with seismology
• Turning Points in the Age-Metallicity Relations -- Created by Late Satellite Infall and Enhanced by Radial Migration
• Stellar multiplicity and stellar rotation: Insights from APOGEE
• Double Trouble: How Unresolved Spectroscopic Binary Stars Skew GALAH DR4 Stellar Parameters
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). II: Catalog and Analyses of the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Stellar Kinematic Properties
• Relative evolution of eclipsing binaries: A tool to measure globular cluster ages and He abundances
• Search and study of young infrared stellar clusters