The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era

Abstract

We present a detailed and self-consistent modeling of the cosmic X-ray background (XRB) based on the most up-to-date X-ray luminosity functions (XLF) and evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The large body of observational results collected by soft (0.5-2 keV) and hard (2-10 keV) X-ray surveys are used to constrain at best the properties of the Compton-thin AGN population and its contribution to the XRB emission. The number ratio R between moderately obscured (Compton-thin) AGN and unobscured AGN is fixed by the comparison between the soft and hard XLFs, which suggests that R decreases from 4 at low luminosities to 1 at high luminosities. From the same comparison there is no clear evidence of an evolution of the obscured AGN fraction with redshift. The distribution of the absorbing column densities in obscured AGN is determined by matching the soft and hard source counts. A distribution rising towards larger column densities is able to reproduce the soft and hard AGN counts over about 6 dex in flux. The model also reproduces with excellent accuracy the fraction of obscured objects in AGN samples selected at different X-ray fluxes. The integrated emission of the Compton-thin AGN population is found to underestimate the XRB flux at about 30 keV and a population of heavily obscured -Compton-thick- AGN, as large as that of moderately obscured AGN, is required to fit the residual background emission. Remarkably, the fractions of Compton-thick AGN observed in the Chandra Deep Field South and in the first INTEGRAL and Swift catalogs of AGN selected above 10 keV are in excellent agreement with the model predictions. [abridged]

21 pages, 19 figures, A&A in press. A version with full resolution figures is available at http://www.bo.astro.it/~gilli/paper.ps.gz

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• The OPTX Project I: The Flux and Redshift Catalogs for the CLANS, CLASXS, and CDF-N fields
• Does the obscured AGN fraction really depend on luminosity?
• Uncovering Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Homogeneously Selected Samples of Seyfert 2 Galaxies
• Cumulative hard X-ray spectrum of local AGN: a link to the cosmic X-ray background
• Searching for Compton-thick active galactic nuclei at z~0.1
• A Connection between Obscuration and Star Formation in Luminous Quasars
• High-redshift galaxies and black holes in the eyes of JWST: a population synthesis model from infrared to X-rays
• The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the Veil on Distant Active Galactic Nuclei and X-Ray Emitting Galaxies
• Discovery of strong Iron Kα emitting Compton thick quasars at z=2.5 and 2.9
• The properties of the AGN torus as revealed from a set of unbiased NuSTAR observations
• Searching for mid-IR obscured AGN in the CDF-N
• An X-rays Survey of the Young Stellar Population of the Lynds 1641 and Iota Orionis Regions
• The NuSTAR Serendipitous Survey: Hunting for The Most Extreme Obscured AGN at >10 keV
• Mock catalogs for the extragalactic X-ray sky: simulating AGN surveys with Athena and with the AXIS probe
• X-ray Coronal Properties of Swift/BAT-Selected Seyfert 1 Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Evolution and Eddington Ratio Distribution of Compton Thick Active Galactic Nuclei
• Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR era VI: The observed Compton-thick fraction in the Local Universe
• Detecting clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei in an eROSITA all-sky survey digital twin
• Reflection From the Strong Gravity Regime in a z=0.658 Gravitationally Lensed-Quasar
• Limits on the high redshift growth of massive black holes
• The XMM-LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the extended 11 deg${}^2$ and its spatial distribution
• On the faint end of the high redshift AGN luminosity function
• Synthetic simulations of the extragalactic sky seen by eROSITA. I. Pre-launch selection functions from Monte-Carlo simulations
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. X. The bolometric output of luminous obscured quasars: The Spitzer perspective
• Cosmological Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes. II. Evidence for Downsizing of Spin Evolution
• Suzaku wide-band X-ray Spectroscopy of the Seyfert 2 AGN in NGC 4945
• A Long Look At MCG-5-23-16 With NuSTAR: I- Relativistic Reflection And Coronal Properties
• The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field I: evidence for widespread nuclear activity in the Protocluster
• The MicroJy and NanoJy Radio Sky: Source Population and Multi-wavelength Properties
• Spectrum of the unresolved cosmic X ray background: what is unresolved 50 years after its discovery
• The HELLAS2XMM survey.VIII. Optical identifications of the extended sample
• Compton Thick AGN in the 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-ray Survey: a Bayesian approach
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: Initial Results and Catalog from the Extended Chandra Deep Field South
• New Compton-thick AGN in the circumnuclear water maser hosts UGC3 789 and NGC 6264
• Chandra counterparts of CANDELS GOODS-S sources
• A Large Population of Obscured AGN in Disguise as Low Luminosity AGN in Chandra Deep Field South
• Balancing the Cosmic Energy Budget: The Cosmic X-ray Background, Blazars and the Compton Thick AGN Fraction
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era III: A systematic study of the torus covering factor
• Suzaku observations of hard X-ray selected Seyfert 2 galaxies
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: X-ray spectroscopic analysis of the bright hard-band selected sample
• Average Fe K-alpha emission from distant AGN
• The narrow Fe K$\alpha$ line and the molecular torus in active galactic nuclei - an IR/X-ray view
• Fe K emission from active galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Evidence for a large fraction of Compton-thick quasars at high redshift
• Piercing Through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields: I. X-ray Spectral and Long-term Variability Analyses
• NuSTAR Observations of 52 Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by the Swift/BAT All-sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• The infrared-radio correlation of spheroid- and disc-dominated star-forming galaxies to z $\sim$ 1.5 in the COSMOS field
• "Revealing a Population of Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei at z=0.5-1 in the Chandra Deep Field-South
• A new technique to efficiently select Compton-thick AGN
• A Compton-thin Solution for the Suzaku X-ray Spectrum of the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Mkn 3
• The bulk motion of gas in the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster
• An obscured AGN population hidden in the VIPERS galaxies: identification through spectral energy distribution decomposition
• The XMM large scale structure survey: optical vs. X-ray classifications of active galactic nuclei and the unified scheme
• The XXL Survey: VI. The 1000 brightest X-ray point sources
• Faint progenitors of luminous $z\sim 6$ quasars: why don't we see them?
• HST grism spectroscopy of z~3 massive quiescent galaxies: Approaching the metamorphosis
• Scattered X-rays in Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei and their Implications for Geometrical Structure and Evolution
• The broad-band XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL spectra of bright type 1 Seyfert galaxies
• Submillimetre observations of WISE/radio-selected AGN and their environments
• X-ray Constraints on the AGN Properties in Spitzer-IRS identified z~2 Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Chandra survey in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep Field. I. X-ray data, point-like source catalog, sensitivity maps, and number counts
• Geometrically thick obscuration by radiation-driven outflow from magnetized tori of active galactic nuclei
• The Chandra X-ray point source catalog in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey fields
• Finding Rare AGN: X-ray Number Counts of Chandra Sources in Stripe 82
• Suzaku View of the Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei (I): Spectral Analysis of Six AGNs and Evidence for Two Types of Obscured Population
• The high-redshift (z>3) AGN population in the 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field South
• Far-IR/Submillimeter Spectroscopic Cosmological Surveys: Predictions of Infrared Line Luminosity Functions for z<4 Galaxies
• X-ray constraints on the fraction of obscured AGN at high accretion luminosities
• The relation between AGN type and host galaxy properties
• The Halo Occupation Distribution of X-ray-Bright Active Galactic Nuclei: A Comparison with Luminous Quasars
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey: the z>3 sample
• The XMM-Newton deep survey in the Chandra Deep Field South. III. Point source catalogue and number counts in the hard X-rays
• Constraints on light bending and reflection from the hard X-ray background
• The weak neutral Fe fluorescence line and long-term X-ray evolution of the Compton-thick AGN in NGC 7674
• The XMM-Newton slew survey in the 2-10 keV band
• Athena X-IFU synthetic observations of galaxy clusters to probe the chemical enrichment of the Universe
• Deep Chandra Monitoring Observations of NGC 4278: Catalog of Source Properties
• Revisit of Local X-ray Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei with the MAXI Extragalactic Survey
• Calibration and in orbit performance of the reflection grating spectrometer onboard XMM-Newton
• Modelling Galaxy and AGN Evolution in the IR: Black Hole Accretion versus Star-Formation Activity
• The Contribution of z<6 Sources to the Spatial Coherence in the Unresolved Cosmic near-Infrared and X-ray Backgrounds
• Discovery of heavily-obscured AGN among 7 INTEGRAL hard X-ray sources observed by Chandra
• An Archival Chandra and XMM-Newton Survey of Type 2 Quasars
• The Largest X-ray Selected Sample of z>3 AGNs: C-COSMOS & ChaMP
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey XXVII: Scattered X-Ray Radiation in Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Probing large scale coherence between Spitzer IR and Chandra X-ray source-subtracted cosmic backgrounds
• Low-luminosity AGN and X-ray binary populations in COSMOS star-forming galaxies
• Infrared Excess Sources: Compton Thick QSOs, low luminosity Seyferts or starbursts?
• X-ray spectral properties of Seyfert galaxies and the unification scheme
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: source catalog and the Compton-thick fraction in the UDS field
• Inspiraling streams of enriched gas observed around a massive galaxy 11 billion years ago
• A New Sample of Buried Active Galactic Nuclei Selected from the Second XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue
• Coronal properties of Swift/BAT-selected Seyfert 1 AGN observed with NuSTAR
• AGN Selection Methods Have Profound Impacts on the Distributions of Host Galaxy Properties
• Infrared Classification and Luminosities For Dusty AGN and the Most Luminous Quasars
• A strong excess in the 20-100 keV emission of NGC 1365
• A New Compton-thick AGN in our Cosmic Backyard: Unveiling the Buried Nucleus in NGC 1448 with NuSTAR
• AEGIS: Radio and Mid-Infrared Selection of Obscured AGN Candidates
• Suzaku Observations of Heavily Obscured (Compton-thick) Active Galactic Nuclei selected by Swift/BAT Hard X-ray Survey
• Suzaku View of the Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei. III. Application of Numerical Torus Models to Two Nearly Compton Thick AGNs (NGC 612 and NGC 3081)
• Swift/XRT- NuSTAR spectra of type 1 AGN]{Swift/XRT- NuSTAR spectra of type 1 AGN: confirming INTEGRAL results on the high energy cut-off
• Can we reproduce the X-ray background spectral shape using local AGN?
• On the Lx-L6micron ratio as a diagnostic for Compton-thick AGN
• AEGIS: A Multi-wavelength Study of Spitzer Power-law Galaxies
• NuSTAR J033202-2746.8: direct constraints on the Compton reflection in a heavily obscured quasar at z~2
• High redshift AGNs and HI reionisation: limits from the unresolved X-ray background
• Deep Learning-Based Super-Resolution and De-Noising for XMM-Newton Images
• X-ray properties of BzK-selected galaxies in the deepest X-ray fields
• A Spectroscopic Survey of WISE-selected Obscured Quasars with the Southern African Large Telescope
• The dusty tori of nearby QSOs as constrained by high-resolution mid-IR observations
• Cosmic radiation backgrounds from primordial black holes
• Multiwavelength Astronomy and CTA: X-rays
• A deep INTEGRAL hard X-ray survey of the 3C 273/Coma region
• A Compton thick AGN in the barred spiral NGC 4785
• Highlights and Discoveries from the Chandra X-ray Observatory
• Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR era VIII: A joint NuSTAR-XMM-Newton monitoring of the changing-look Compton-thick AGN NGC 1358
• Galaxy fields of LISA massive black hole mergers in a simulated Universe
• Local AGN Survey (LASr): I. Galaxy sample, infrared colour selection and predictions for AGN within 100 Mpc
• NuSTAR observations of heavily obscured Swift/BAT AGN: constraints on the Compton-thick AGN fraction
• Accretion Properties of A Sample of Hard X-ray (<60keV) Selected Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• The average 0.5-200 keV spectrum of local active galactic nuclei and a new determination of the 2-10 keV luminosity function at z \approx 0
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S II. a 9-20 keV selection of heavily obscured active galaxies at z>1.7
• The HELLAS2XMM survey. XIII. Multi-component analysis of the spectral energy distribution of obscured AGN
• The Global Implications of the Hard X-ray Excess in Type 1 AGN
• Fundamental X-ray Corona Parameters of Swift/BAT AGN
• Compton-thick active galactic nuclei inside local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• The X-ray luminosity function of AGN at z~3
• A hard look at local, optically-selected, obscured Seyfert galaxies
• X-ray time lags in AGN: inverse-Compton scattering and spherical corona model
• The cosmological consequence of an obscured AGN population on the radiation efficiency
• Evolution of active galactic nuclei
• An X-ray view of absorbed INTEGRAL AGN
• A Compton Thick AGN Powering the Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 00182--7112
• Investigating a sample of strong cool core, highly-luminous clusters with radiatively-inefficient nuclei
• A panchromatic view of infrared quasars: excess star formation and radio emission in the most heavily obscured systems
• Observing Supermassive Black Holes across cosmic time: from phenomenology to physics
• The column density distribution of hard X-ray radio galaxies
• The demographics of obscured AGN from X-ray spectroscopy guided by multiwavelength information
• Most Lensed Quasars at $z>6$ are Missed by Current Surveys
• SRG/eROSITA X-ray shadowing study of giant molecular clouds
• An 80-kpc Lyman-alpha halo around a high redshift type-2 QSO
• Fermi/LAT Observations of Swift/BAT Seyferts: on the Contribution of Radio-quiet AGN to the Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background
• Deep U-B-V imaging of the Lockman Hole with the LBT. Observations and number counts
• The deep look onto the hard X-ray sky: The Swift - INTEGRAL X-ray (SIX) survey
• IC 3639 - A new bona fide Compton thick AGN unveiled by NuSTAR
• The space density of Compton-thick AGN at z~0.8 in the zCOSMOS-Bright Survey
• The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
• NuSTAR Uncovers an Extremely Local Compton-thick AGN in NGC 4968
• Giant cosmic ray halos around M31 and the Milky Way
• Eddington ratio and accretion efficiency in AGN evolution
• X-ray absorption in distant type II QSOs
• Probing the Structure and Evolution of BASS AGN through Eddington Ratios
• JWST/MIRI Simulated Imaging: Insights into Obscured Star-Formation and AGN for Distant Galaxies in Deep Surveys
• $NuSTAR$ Observations of Four Nearby X-ray Faint AGN: Low Luminosity or Heavy Obscuration?
• X-ray observations of highly obscured 9.7 micron sources: an efficient method for selecting Compton-thick AGN ?
• Infrared-Faint Radio Sources: A Cosmological View - AGN Number Counts, the Cosmic X-Ray Background and SMBH Formation
• Comoving Space Density and Obscured Fraction of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei in the Subaru/{\it XMM-Newton} Deep Survey
• The 2-10 keV unabsorbed luminosity function of AGN from the XMM-Newton LSS, CDFS and COSMOS surveys
• Simulating the infrared sky with a Spritz
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era II: A deep NuSTAR and XMM-Newton view of the candidate Compton thick AGN in NGC 1358
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Survey: Average broad-band X-ray spectral properties of the NuSTAR detected AGN
• Spectral Energy Distribution of Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• The emergence of diffused Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows from the disks of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Population III X-ray Binaries and their Impact on the Early Universe
• X-ray redshifts for obscured AGN: a case study in the J1030 deep field
• Where are Compton-thick radio galaxies? A hard X-ray view of three candidates
• Probing the Cosmic X-ray and MeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation through the Anisotropy
• Near Infrared Spectra and Intrinsic Luminosities of Candidate Type II Quasars at 2 < z < 3.4
• On the Contribution of AGN to the Cosmic Background Radiation
• Deep Chandra Monitoring Observations of NGC 4649: I. Catalog of Source Properties
• X-ray spectral properties of seven heavily obscured Seyfert 2 galaxies
• The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys
• X-ray observations of dust obscured galaxies in the Chandra Deep Field South
• A Census of WISE-selected Dual and Offset AGN Across the Sky: New Constraints on Merger-Driven Triggering of Obscured AGN
• The Assembly of Black Hole Mass and Luminosity Functions of High-redshift Quasars via Multiple Accretion Episodes
• Accretion History of AGN II: Constraints on AGN Spectral Parameters using the Cosmic X-ray Background
• The deep Chandra survey in the SDSS J1030+0524 field
• Optical and infrared properties of active galactic nuclei in the Lockman Hole
• AGN X-ray luminosity function and absorption function in the Early Universe ($3\le z\le 6$)
• Heavy absorption and soft X-ray emission lines in the XMM-Newton spectrum of the Type 2 radio-loud quasar 3C 234
• The SPLASH and Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: the Cross Power Between Near-Infrared and X-Ray Background Fluctuations
• Nuclear absorption and emission in the AGN merger NGC 6240: the hard X-ray view
• The neutrino background from non-jetted active galactic nuclei
• X-ray selected Infrared Excess AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: a moderate fraction of Compton-thick sources
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR era IV: A deep NuSTAR and XMM-Newton view of the candidate Compton thick AGN in ESO 116-G018
• The hot circumgalactic medium of the Milky-Way: new insights from XMM-Newton observations
• AGN dust tori: the X-ray-infrared connection
• Probing the X-Ray Binary Populations of the Ring Galaxy NGC 1291
• Detecting Galaxy Groups and AGNs populating the local Universe in the eROSITA era
• NuSTAR and Keck Observations of Heavily Obscured Quasars Selected by WISE
• Probing the cross-power of unresolved cosmic infrared and X-ray backgrounds with upcoming space missions
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• Compton-thick AGNs in the NuSTAR era. V: Joint NuSTAR and XMM-Newton spectral analysis of three "soft-Gamma" candidate CT-AGNs in the Swift-BAT 100-month catalog
• A Joint Model of the X-ray And Infrared Extragalactic Backgrounds: I. Model Construction And First Results
• INTEGRAL view of AGN
• X-ray properties and obscured fraction of AGN in the J1030 Chandra field
• XMMFITCAT: The XMM-Newton spectral-fit database
• The X-Ray Point-Source Population of NGC 1365: The Puzzle of Two Highly-Variable Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• The Spectral Energy Distributions of Red 2MASS AGN
• The SRG/eROSITA diffuse soft X-ray background. I. The local hot bubble in the western Galactic hemisphere
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey-XXIII. A New Mid-Infrared Diagnostic for Absorption in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Nowhere to Hide: Radio-faint AGN in the GOODS-N field. II. Multi-wavelength AGN selection techniques and host galaxy properties
• The XMM-Newton deep survey in the CDF-S VI. Obscured AGN selected as infrared power-law galaxies
• High energy emission component, population, and contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background of gamma-ray emitting radio galaxies
• The Obscured Fraction of Quasars at Cosmic Noon
• The XMM deep survey in the CDFS XI. X-ray properties of 185 bright sources
• Suzaku and SWIFT-BAT observations of a newly discovered Compton-thick AGN
• Searching for highly obscured AGN in the XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalog
• SMBH accretion properties of radio-selected AGN out to z~4
• Compton-Thick AGN in the NuSTAR era VII. A joint NuSTAR, Chandra and XMM-Newton analysis of two nearby, heavily obscured sources
• Mildly obscured active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background
• Searching for new gamma-ray blazar candidates in the 3rd Palermo BAT Hard X-ray Catalog with WISE
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• Beyond Simple AGN Unification with Chandra-observed 3CRR Sources
• The hard X-ray continuum of Cen A observed with INTEGRAL SPI
• Inferring the morphology of AGN torus using X-ray spectra: A reliability study
• Highly absorbed X-ray binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• RADs energetics and constraints on emerging tori collisions around super-massive Kerr Black Holes
• Fast SMBH growth in the SPT2349--56 protocluster at $z=4.3$
• The Nature of Obscuration in AGN: I. Insights from Host Galaxies
• Reflection-dominated nuclear X-ray emission in the early-type galaxy ESO 565--G019
• Discovery of Compton-thick quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The SWIRE/Chandra Survey: The X-ray Sources
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR Era. IX. A Joint NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Analysis of Four Local AGN
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Survey of the James Webb Space Telescope North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field
• The preferentially magnified active nucleus in IRAS F10214+4724 - III. VLBI observations of the radio core
• The spatial distribution of X-ray selected AGN in the Chandra deep fields: a theoretical perspective
• Relating Kerr SMBHs in Active Galactic Nuclei to RAD configurations
• X-ray spectroscopy of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 ESO 138-G1
• High-redshift galaxy groups as seen by Athena/WFI
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR Era X: Analysing seven local CT-AGN candidates
• Influence of toroidal magnetic field in multi-accreting tori
• The cosmic radio background from 150 MHz--8.4 GHz, and its division into AGN and star-forming galaxy flux
• The Effects of X-Ray and UV Background Radiation on the Low-Mass Slope of the Galaxy Mass Function
• Broad-band X-ray analysis of local mid-infrared selected Compton-thick AGN candidates
• Heavily Obscured AGN detection: a Radio vs X-ray challenge
• A strongly starforming group: three massive galaxies associated with a QSO
• The Effect of Partial Obscuration on the Luminosity Dependence of the Obscured Fraction in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Inverse-Compton Emission from Clusters of Galaxies: Predictions for ASTRO-H
• A New Sample of Obscured AGNs Selected from the XMM-Newton and AKARI Surveys
• Identification of AGN in the XMM-Newton X-ray survey of the SMC
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• The effects of Time-Variable Absorption due to Gamma-Ray Bursts In Active Galactic Nuclei Accretion Disks
• Can AGN and galaxy clusters explain the surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background?
• The Effects of the Ionizing Radiation Background on Galaxy Evolution
• The energy budget for X-ray to infrared reprocessing in Compton-thin and Compton-thick active galaxies
• A Model for Type 2 Coronal Line Forest (CLiF) AGN
• Chandra Reveals Heavy Obscuration and Circumnuclear Star Formation in Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4968
• PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field II
• Chandra and NuSTAR follow-up observations of Swift-BAT selected AGN
• Polarization of Rayleigh scattered Lyα in active galactic nuclei
• The contribution of AGN to the sub-mm population
• The Most Obscured AGNs in the XMM-SERVS Fields
• The Clustering of Undetected High-redshift Black Holes and Their Signatures in Cosmic Backgrounds
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• X-ray properties of radio-selected star forming galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS survey
• On probing the properties of QSOs through their proximity effects on the intergalactic medium
• Bulgeless Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift: Sample Selection, Colour Properties, and the Existence of Powerful AGN
• Chandra Stacking Constraints on the Contribution of 24 micron Spitzer Sources to the Unresolved Cosmic X-ray Background
• Inclination-Dependent AGN Flux Profiles From Strong Lensing of the Kerr Space-Time
• Cosmological Evolution of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars based on the {\it Swift}/BAT 105-month Catalog and Their Contribution to the Cosmic MeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• The composite nature of Dust-Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) at z~2-3 in the COSMOS field: II. The AGN fraction
• Can photo-ionization explain the decreasing fraction of X-ray obscured AGN with luminosity?
• Constraints on the X-ray Luminosity Function of AGN at z=5.7-6.4 with the Extragalactic Serendipitous Swift Survey
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Suzaku Follow-up of Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Swift/BAT Survey: NGC 1106, UGC 03752, and NGC 2788A
• Evolution of luminosity function and obscuration of AGN: connecting X-ray and Infrared
• Dark Matter Detection with Hard X-ray Telescopes
• Submillimetre observations of X-ray active galactic nuclei in the William Herschel Deep Field
• Coronal Properties of Low-Accreting AGNs using Swift, XMM-Newton and NuSTAR Observations
• The XMM Deep Survey in the CDF-S VII. UV catalogue of the Optical Monitor observations
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): the hard X-ray selected sample
• Where Do Obscured AGN Fit in A Galaxy's Timeline?
• An extreme EXO: a type 2 QSO at z=1.87
• The XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey (XWAS)
• Three AGN Close To The Effective Eddington Limit
• The relation between accretion rate and jet power in early-type galaxies with thermally unstable hot atmospheres
• A big red dot at cosmic noon
• XMM Follow-Up Observations of Three Swift BAT-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Limiting effects in clusters of misaligned toroids orbiting static SMBHs
• X-ray Clusters of Galaxies as Cosmological Tools
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift ($z⩾3.5$) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field. Constraints on the bright end of the soft logN-logS
• Type 1 Active Galactic Nucleus Fraction in SDSS/FIRST Survey
• Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background in 3-20keV with Straylight from NuSTAR
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their Role in Galaxy Evolution: The Infrared Perspective
• Surveying the onset and evolution of supermassive black holes at high-z with AXIS
• Maximum-likelihood detection of sources among Poissonian noise
• Selection of AGN candidates in the GOODS-South Field through SPITZER/MIPS 24 $\mu$m variability
• Quantifying Observational Projection Effects with a Simulation-based hot CGM model
• Extragalactic Surveys: AGN physics and evolution
• Hard X-ray properties of radio-selected blazars
• Towards a complete census of luminous Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in the local Universe
• EROSITA Spectro-Imaging Analysis of the Abell 3408 Galaxy Cluster
• The Young, the Old, and the Dusty: Stellar Populations of AGN Hosts
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Surveys: unveiling rare, buried AGNs and detecting the contributors to the peak of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• COSMOS2020: Investigating the AGN-obscured accretion phase at $z\sim 1$ via [NeV] selection
• Studying the ICM in clusters of galaxies via surface brightness fluctuations of the cosmic X-ray background
• Chandra Observations of Excess Fe K$\alpha$ Line Emission in Galaxies with High Star Formation Rates: X-ray Reflection on Galaxy Scales?
• Multi-wavelength Selected Compton-thick AGNs in Chandra Deep Field-South Survey
• The XMM spectral catalog of SDSS optically selected Seyfert 2 galaxies
• Evidence for cosmic evolution in the spin of the most massive black holes
• Searching for an Intermediate Mass Black Hole in the Blue Compact Dwarf galaxy MRK 996
• Growth of massive black holes at their late stage
• BASS. XLIX. Characterization of highly luminous and obscured AGNs: local X-ray and [NeV]$\lambda$3426 emission in comparison with the high-redshift Universe
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• Modeling the Vertical Structure of Nuclear Starburst Discs: A Possible Source of AGN Obscuration at $z\sim 1$
• On the nature of red galaxies: the Chandra perspective
• Using a complete spectroscopic survey to find red quasars and test the KX method
• Evolution of supermassive black holes
• Are Active Galactic Nuclei the Solution to the Excess Cosmic Radio Background at 1.4 GHz?
• The Extragalactic Serendipitous Swift Survey (ExSeSS) -- I. Survey definition and measurements of the X-ray number counts
• Measurements of the Cosmic X-ray Background of the Universe and the MVN Experiment
• MAMBO -- An empirical galaxy and AGN mock catalogue for the exploitation of future surveys
• X-ray spectral properties of dust-obscured galaxies in the XMM-SERVS coverage of the XMM-LSS field
• Obscured AGNs in Bulgeless Hosts discovered by WISE: The Case Study of SDSS J1224+5555
• Euclid preparation. Observational expectations for redshift z<7 active galactic nuclei in the Euclid Wide and Deep surveys
• Mid-IR cosmological spectrophotometric surveys from space: Measuring AGN and star formation at the Cosmic Noon with a SPICA-like mission
• eROSITA narrowband maps at the energies of soft X-ray emission lines
• A population of Optically Quiescent Quasars from WISE and SDSS
• Exploring the Active Galactic Nuclei population with extreme X-ray to optical flux ratios (Fx/Fo >50)
• Are Compton-thin AGNs Globally Compton Thin?
• The near-infrared SED of blue quasars: what drives the evolution of the dusty torus?
• Redshift identification of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei in the J1030 field: searching for large-scale structures and high-redshift sources
• Beyond Traditional Diagnostics: Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in DESI Data
• The Shape of the Cosmic X-ray Background: Nuclear Starburst Discs and the Redshift Evolution of AGN Obscuration
• About the measurements of the hard X-ray background
• UV-FIR SED modeling of AGN in IR-luminous galaxies up to z~2.5: Understanding the effects of torus models
• Constraints on black hole spins with a general relativistic accretion disk corona model
• Radio stacking reveals evidence for star formation in the host galaxies of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei at z<1
• AMUSE-VIRGO. III: mid-infrared photometry of early-type galaxies and limits on obscured nuclear emission
• A New Mid-Infrared and X-ray Machine Learning Algorithm to Discover Compton-thick AGN
• Cluster contribution to the X-ray background as a cosmological probe
• The hunt for red AGN: a new infrared diagnostic
• Large-scale clustering of buried X-ray AGN: Trends in AGN obscuration and redshift evolution
• The Complex X-ray Obscuration Environment in the Radio Loud Type 2 Quasar 3C 223
• Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background accurately
• In-orbit background simulation of a type-B CATCH satellite
• The Gamma-Ray Background Constrains the Origins of the Radio and X-Ray Backgrounds
• Properties of IR selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Inferring Compton-thick AGN candidates at z>2 with Chandra using the >8 keV restframe spectral curvature
• Detecting quasars at very high redshift with next generation X-ray telescopes
• "Zombie" or active? An alternative explanation to the properties of star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• X-ray view of four high-luminosity Swift/BAT AGN: Unveiling obscuration and reflection with Suzaku
• The impact of AGN X-ray selection on the AGN halo occupation distribution
• The Compton-thick AGN luminosity function in the local Universe: A robust estimate combining BAT detections and NuSTAR spectra
• Primordial black holes as dark matter candidates: Multi-frequency constraints from cosmic radiation backgrounds
• A new understanding of the Gemini-Monoceros X-ray enhancement from discoveries with eROSITA
• Large-scale geometry and topology of gas fields: Effects of AGN and stellar feedback
• X-Ray Redshifts of Obscured Chandra Source Catalog AGN
• Angular fluctuations in the CXB: Is Fe 6.4 keV line tomography of the large-scale structure feasible?
• Role of AGNs in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy phase since z ~ 3
• A Complete 16 micron-Selected Galaxy Sample at $z\sim 1$: Mid-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• Hard X-Ray broadband spectroscopy of Mrk 876: characterizing its spectrum
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs III
• The Search for High-Mass X-ray Binaries in the Phoenix Dwarf Galaxy
• The hard X-ray view of bright infrared galaxies
• From Nearby Low Luminosity AGN to High Redshift Radio Galaxies: Science Interests with SKA
• NuSTAR view of heavily absorbed AGN: The $R-N_{\text{H}}$ correlation
• X-ray and infrared diagnostics of nearby active galactic nuclei with MAXI and AKARI
• Point source contribution to the Diffuse X-ray Background below 1 keV and its effect on our understanding of the circum-galactic medium
• LBT-MODS spectroscopy of high-redshift candidates in the Chandra J1030 field. A newly discovered z$\sim$2.8 large scale structure
• Recent developments in the search for Compton-thick AGN
• X-ray selection of Compton Thick AGN at high redshift
• A multifrequency characterization of the extragalactic hard X-ray sky
• Opening the low-background and high-spectral-resolution domain with the ATHENA large X-ray observatory: Development of the Cryogenic AntiCoincidence Detector for the X-ray Integral Field Unit
• NuSTAR reveals that the heavily obscured nucleus of NGC 2785 was the contaminant of IRAS 09104+4109 in the BeppoSAX/PDS hard X-rays
• Spatial Power Spectral Analysis of the Suzaku X-ray Background
• BASS XLV: Quantifying AGN Selection Effects in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy Survey with BASS
• Lower-Luminosity Obscured AGN Host Galaxies are Not Predominantly in Major-Merging Systems at Cosmic Noon
• Systematic search for lensed X-ray sources in the CLASH fields
• Self-consistent population synthesis of AGN from observational constraints in the X-rays
• A catalog of X-ray point sources in the Abell 133 region
• Supermassive Black Holes in Deep Multiwavelength Surveys
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• Laue gamma-ray lenses for space astrophysics:status and prospects
• Source identification for the Swift-BAT 150-month hard X-ray catalog using soft X-ray observations
• Investigating the mysterious nature of 1LHAASO J1740+0948u through deep XMM-Newton observations
• Compton thick absorber in type 1 quasar 3C 345 revealed by Suzaku and Swift/BAT
• Supermassive black holes and their surroundings: MeV signatures
• Extragalactic Background Light: Measurements and Applications
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs II
• The X-ray coronae in NuSTAR bright active galactic nuclei
• Uncovering Local Absorbed Active Galactic Nuclei with Swift and Suzaku
• The X-ray statistical properties of dust-obscured galaxies detected by eROSITA
• The XMM Deep Survey in the CDFS
• BASS XXX: Distribution Functions of DR2 Eddington-ratios, Black Hole Masses, and X-ray Luminosities
• X-ray sources in the 1.75 Ms Ultra Narrow Deep Field observed by XMM-Newton
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• A broadband X-ray study of a sample of AGNs with [OIII] measured inclinations
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources in the first eROSITA survey I. Candidate catalogs
• Identification of high-redshift X-ray active galactic nuclei in the 4XMM-DR11 serendipitous catalogue using DES data: Comparative analysis with optically-selected QSOs
• The Swift Serendipitous Survey in deep XRT GRB fields (SwiftFT) I. The X-ray catalog and number counts
• The $N_H$ Distribution of Hard X-ray Selected AGN in the NEP Field