The Cosmic Infrared Background: Measurements and Implications

Abstract

The cosmic infrared background records much of the radiant energy released by processes of structure formation that have occurred since the decoupling of matter and radiation following the Big Bang. In the past few years, data from the Cosmic Background Explorer mission provided the first measurements of this background, with additional constraints coming from studies of the attenuation of TeV gamma-rays. At the same time there has been rapid progress in resolving a significant fraction of this background with the deep galaxy counts at infrared wavelengths from the Infrared Space Observatory instruments and at submillimeter wavelengths from the Submillimeter Common User Bolometer Array instrument. This article reviews the measurements of the infrared background and sources contributing to it, and discusses the implications for past and present cosmic processes.

61 pages, incl. 9 figures, to be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, Vol. 39

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• Kiloparsec-Scale Jets in FR I Radio Galaxies and the Gamma-Ray Background
• The 1 um discontinuity in the Extragalactic Background Light spectrum: an artefact of foreground subtraction
• Tracing the evolution of dust-obscured activity using sub-millimetre galaxy populations from STUDIES and AS2UDS
• Dust emission in star-forming dwarf galaxies: General properties and the nature of the sub-mm excess
• Spectral distortions to the Cosmic Microwave Background from the recombination of hydrogen and helium
• The Cosmological Evolution of the Average Mass Per Baryon
• High-resolution mapping of interstellar clouds with near-infrared scattered light
• Angular Signatures of Dark Matter in the Diffuse Gamma Ray Background
• Optical depth for VHE gamma-rays from distant sources from a generic EBL density
• First stars and the extragalactic background light: How recent gamma-ray observations constrain the early universe
• Constraining thermal dust emission in distant galaxies with number counts and angular power spectra
• IR Background Anisotropies in Spitzer GOODS images and constraints on first galaxies
• Testing emission models on the extreme blazar 2WHSP J073326.7+515354 detected at very high energies with the MAGIC telescopes
• The Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment
• Cosmic absorption of ultra high energy particles
• Neutrinos from Extra-Large Hadron Collider in the Milky Way
• A Measurement of the Cosmic Optical Background and Diffuse Galactic Light Scaling from the R < 50 AU New Horizons-LORRI Data
• Cosmic Infrared Background Fluctuations in Deep Spitzer IRAC Images: Data Processing and Analysis
• The Spectrum of 1ES0229 + 200 and the Cosmic Infrared Background
• Spectroscopic Survey of 1.4 GHz and 24 Micron Sources in the Spitzer First Look Survey with WIYN/Hydra
• Probing Quantum Gravity with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes
• The Extragalactic Background Light Absorption Feature in the Blazar Component of the Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background
• TeV-peaked candidate BL Lac objects
• Is There an Imprint of Primordial Stars in the Tev Gamma-Ray Spectrum of Blazars?
• Anisotropy test of the axion-like particle Universe opacity effect: a case for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac object PKS 0301-243 with H.E.S.S
• A Correlation Between Hard Gamma-ray Sources and Cosmic Voids Along the Line of Sight
• Multiwavelength Astronomy and CTA: X-rays
• Observations of the Blazar 3C 66A with the MAGIC Telescopes in Stereoscopic Mode
• Analysis of the diffuse near-IR emission from 2MASS deep integration data: foregrounds vs the cosmic infrared background
• Modeling the effects of dust evolution on the SEDs of galaxies of different morphological type
• Probing the very-high-energy gamma-ray spectral curvature in the blazar PG 1553+113 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Strong GeV Emission Accompanying TeV Blazar H1426+428
• The evolution of the UV-to-mm extragalactic background light: evidence for a top-heavy initial mass function?
• Do high energy astrophysical neutrinos trace star formation?
• On the Possible Sources of D/H Dispersion at High Redshift
• Understanding the TeV emission from a distant blazar PKS 1424+240 in a lepto-hadronic jet model
• Optical spectroscopy of Blazars for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Constraints to Energy Spectra of Blazars based on Recent EBL Limits from Galaxy Counts
• The Evolution of type 1 AGN in the IR (15mu). The view from ELAIS-S1
• Modeling the hard TeV spectra of blazars 1ES 0229+200 and 3C 66A with an internal absorption scenario
• Systematic search for VHE gamma-ray emission from X-ray bright high-frequency BL Lac objects
• A Corona Australis cloud filament seen in NIR scattered light I. Comparison with extinction of background stars
• Probing galaxy bias and intergalactic gas pressure with KiDS Galaxies-tSZ-CMB lensing cross-correlations
• A novel method for measuring the extragalactic background light: Fermi application to the lobes of Fornax A
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: I. Survey Overview and Methods
• Determination of the Cosmic Infrared Background from COBE/FIRAS and Planck HFI Observations
• Is the Universe More Transparent to Gamma Rays Than Previously Thought?
• Systematic Physical Characterization of the Gamma-Ray Spectra of 2FHL Blazars
• On the Redshift of the Very High Energy Blazar 3C 66A
• Potential of EBL and cosmology studies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Anisotropy Studies of the Unresolved Far-infrared Background
• Small-scale structure of the galactic cirrus emission
• BeyondPlanck I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data
• Extragalactic Background Light: Inventory of light throughout the cosmic history
• A Fluctuation Analysis of the Bolocam 1.1mm Lockman Hole Survey
• Delving deep: a population of extremely dusty dwarfs observed by JWST
• An Empirical Decomposition of Near-IR Emission into Galactic and Extragalactic Components
• ISOCAM observations in the Lockman Hole - II The 14.3 micron deep survey: data reduction, catalogue and source counts
• The Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope (SPIRIT): High-resolution imaging and spectroscopy in the far-infrared
• Clustering of the IR Background Light with Spitzer: Contribution from Resolved Sources
• Limits on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves in Planetary Magnetospheres
• Counting individual galaxies from deep 24 micron Spitzer surveys: beyond the confusion limit
• Reconstructing emission from pre-reionization sources with cosmic infrared background fluctuation measurements by the JWST
• Lorentz Invariance Violation Effects on Gamma-Gamma Absorption and Compton Scattering
• Simulating the infrared sky with a Spritz
• First broadband characterization and redshift determination of the VHE blazar MAGIC J2001+439
• Observation of gamma-rays greater than 10 TeV from Markarian 421
• Extragalactic Source Counts in the Spitzer 24-micron Band: What Do We Expect From ISOCAM 15-micron Data and Models?
• The Clustering Evolution of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• Dark matter powered stars: Constraints from the extragalactic background light
• HerMES: Current Cosmic Infrared Background Estimates Can be Explained by Known Galaxies and their Faint Companions at z < 4
• On the Contribution of AGN to the Cosmic Background Radiation
• Contribution to Unresolved Infrared Fluctuations from Dwarf Galaxies at Redshifts of 2-3
• Is Primordial He Truly from Big Bang ?
• Determination of the Far-Infrared Cosmic Background Using COBE/DIRBE and WHAM Data
• BASS XXXIII: Swift-BAT blazars and their jets through cosmic time
• Estimating the redshift of PKS 0447-439 through its GeV-TeV emission
• Constraining the near-IR background light from Population-III stars using high redshift gamma-ray sources
• Prospects for Very High Energy Blazar Survey by the Next Generation Cherenkov Telescopes
• Clustering of star-forming galaxies detected in mid-infrared with the Spitzer wide-area survey
• Dust formation in AGN winds
• Non-Gaussianity of secondary anisotropies from ACTPol and Planck
• Correlation of $\gamma$-ray and high-energy cosmic ray fluxes from the giant lobes of Centaurus A
• Axion-like particles and the propagation of gamma rays over astronomical distances
• The SED of the TeV BLLac 1ES 1426+428 after correction for the TeV--IR absorption
• The SPLASH and Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: the Cross Power Between Near-Infrared and X-Ray Background Fluctuations
• Probing the EBL evolution at high redshift using GRBs detected with the Fermi-LAT
• Determination of the cosmic far-infrared background level with the ISOPHOT instrument
• Far Infrared Luminosity Function of Local Star-forming Galaxies in the AKARI Deep Field South
• A Joint Model of the X-ray And Infrared Extragalactic Backgrounds: I. Model Construction And First Results
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: the evolution of the cosmic spectral energy distribution from z = 1 to z = 0
• Redshifts of distant blazar limited by Fermi and VHE $\gamma$-ray observations
• New high-z BL Lacs using the photometric method with Swift and SARA
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Star Formation Rate Indicators
• Hunting extreme BL Lacertae blazars with Fermi-LAT
• Measurements of the Zodiacal Light Absolute Intensity through Fraunhofer Absorption Line Spectroscopy with CIBER
• The obscured gamma-ray and UHECR universe
• Testing CIBER cosmic infrared background measurements and axionlike particles with observations of TeV blazars
• Deciphering the ~18 TeV photons from GRB 221009A
• Very high-energy constraints on the Infrared Extragalactic Background Light
• CENN: A fully convolutional neural network for CMB recovery in realistic microwave sky simulations
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: II. First Limits on Diffuse Light at 1.25, 1.4, and 1.6 microns
• The Cosmic Radio and Infrared Backgrounds Connection
• First Constraints on Source Counts at 350 Microns
• The isotropic interplanetary dust cloud and near-infrared extragalactic background light observed with COBE/DIRBE
• Gamma-ray signatures of annihilation to charged leptons in dark matter substructure
• A SCUBA/Spitzer Investigation of the Far Infra-Red Extragalactic Background
• The Infrared Glow of First Stars
• Probing the peak of the star formation rate density with the extragalactic background light
• The impact of extragalactic foregrounds on internal delensing of CMB B-mode polarization
• Cross-correlation studies as a probe of reionization physics
• Universe opacity and CMB
• Intrinsic VHE Gamma-ray spectra of Blazars as a probe for Extragalactic Background Light
• Prospects for future very high-energy gamma-ray sky survey: impact of secondary gamma rays
• Science opportunities with solar sailing smallsats
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Determination of confusion noise for far-infrared measurements
• An infrared study of local galaxy mergers
• A minimal empirical model for the cosmic far-infrared background anisotropies
• Strategies for the Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Transients with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Extragalactic diffuse gamma-rays from dark matter annihilation: revised prediction and full modelling uncertainties
• Intergalactic absorption and blazar gamma-ray spectra
• Dust emission model of Lyman-break galaxies
• Estimation of the Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL~Lacs
• A radiative transfer model for the spiral galaxy M33
• Nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process in the collision of a photon with two plane waves
• Constraining the Cosmic Background Light with four BL Lac TeV spectra
• Observations of the High Redshift Universe
• Measurements of the Cross Spectra of the Cosmic Infrared and Microwave Backgrounds from 95 to 1200 GHz
• Optical spectroscopic classification of a selection of Southern Hemisphere Fermi-LAT unclassified blazars
• An Assessment of Contamination in the thermal-SZ Map Using Cross Correlations
• A low density of the Extragalactic Background Light revealed by the H.E.S.S. spectra of the BLLac objects 1ES 1101-232 and H 2356-309
• Extreme HBL-like behavior of Markarian 421 and its two-zone photohadronic interpretation
• High zenith angle observations of PKS 2155-304 with the MAGIC-I telescope
• The Search for Celestial Positronium via the Recombination Spectrum
• Optical Spectroscopy of Blazars for the Cherenkov Telescope Array -- II
• Hunting distant BL Lacs with the photometric technique using Swift and SARA
• Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays
• Modelling the spectral energy distribution of galaxies: introducing the artificial neural network
• FIRBACK IV: Towards the nature of the 170microns source population
• Searching for TeV Candidates in 4LAC High-synchrotron-peaked Frequency BL Lac Objects
• BLAST Observations of the South Ecliptic Pole field: Number Counts and Source Catalogs
• GOODS-$Herschel$: identification of the individual galaxies responsible for the 80-290$\mu$m cosmic infrared background
• The cosmic transparency measured with Type Ia supernovae: implications for intergalactic dust
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• EBL Inhomogeneity and Hard-Spectrum Gamma-Ray Sources
• The SCUBA-2 Large eXtragalactic Survey: 850um map, catalogue and the bright-end number counts of the XMM-LSS field
• Normalization of the extragalactic background light from high-energy gamma-ray observations
• Astrophysics with New Horizons: Making the Most of a Generational Opportunity
• Interpreting the cosmic far-infrared background anisotropies using a gas regulator model
• Quasar UV Luminosity Function at $3.5<z<5.0$ from SDSS Deep Imaging Data
• Cosmological origin of anomalous radio background
• Optimizing future experiments of cosmic far-infrared background: a principal component approach
• Probing early structure and model-independent neutrino mass with high-redshift CMB lensing mass maps
• Measurement of the Relativistic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Corrections in RX J1347.5-1145
• Questioning Planck-selected star-forming high-redshift galaxy protoclusters and their fate
• Probing $\mu$eV ALPs with future LHAASO observation of AGN $\gamma$-ray spectra
• A panchromatic study of BLAST counterparts: total star-formation rate, morphology, AGN fraction and stellar mass
• Recent developments in astrophysical and cosmological exploitation of microwave surveys
• Fundamental Limits of Detection in the Far Infrared
• Constraining Extragalactic Background Light From TeV Blazars
• Impact of Dust on Spectral Distortion Measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Extragalactic background light models and GeV-TeV observation of blazars
• An original constraint on the Hubble constant: h>0.74
• The glow of primordial remnants
• Combined constraints on intergalactic dust from quasar colours and the soft X-ray background
• Universe opacity and EBL
• Have we seen all the galaxies that comprise the cosmic infrared background at 250\,$\mu$m $\le \lambda \le$ 500\,$\mu$m?
• Cosmic transparency and acceleration
• Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Galaxies in the AKARI All Sky Survey: Correlations with Galaxy Properties, and Their Physical Origin
• Model-independent Redshift Estimation of BL Lac Objects through VHE Observations
• AKARI Far-Infrared Source Counts in the Lockman Hole
• The faint end of the 250 micron luminosity function at z < 0.5
• VERITAS Observations of Six Bright, Hard-Spectrum Fermi-LAT Blazars
• Probabilistic and progressive deblended far-infrared and sub-millimetre point source catalogues I. Methodology and first application in the COSMOS field
• The Effectiveness of Mid IR / Far IR Blind, Wide Area, Spectral Surveys in Breaking the Confusion Limit
• Confusion of extragalactic sources in the far infrared: a baseline assessment of the performance of PRIMAger in intensity and polarization
• Probing the evolution of the EBL photon density out to $z\sim 1$ via $\gamma$-ray propagation measurements with Fermi
• Spectroscopic follow-up of 70μm sources in Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• Constraints on galaxy formation from the cosmic-far-infrared-background\,$-$\,optical-imaging cross-correlation using \textit{Herschel} and UNIONS
• Fermi-LAT high $z$ AGN and the Extragalactic Background Light
• EBL effect on the observation of multi-TeV flaring of 2009 from Markarian 501
• Effects of Spatial Fluctuations in the Extra Galactic Background Light on Hard Gamma Ray Spectra
• The extragalactic background light from the measurements of the attenuation of high-energy gamma-ray spectrum
• The origin of multi-TeV flares from the nearest blazar Markarian 421
• Constraining the Emission Properties of TeV Blazar H1426+428 by the Synchrotron-Self-Compton Model
• Contribution of the first galaxies to the cosmic far-infrared/sub-millimeter background - I. Mean background level
• On the Origin of Dust in Galaxy Clusters at Low to Intermediate Redshift
• Understanding galaxy formation with ISO deep surveys
• Photohadronic scenario in interpreting the February-March 2014 flare of 1ES 1011+496
• The local-filament pattern in the anomalous transparency of the Universe for energetic gamma rays
• NuSTAR Observations and multi-wavelength modeling of the high-redshift BL Lac Object 4FGL J2146.5-1344
• Gamma-ray constraints on the infrared background excess
• Meausurement of Sky Suface Brightness Fluctuations at lambda = 4 micron
• Cosmological constraints on the radiation released during structure formation
• Mechanism of very high energy radiation in BL Lacertae object 3C 66A
• Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars
• The nature of the intrinsic spectra from the VHE emission of H 2356-309 and 1ES 1101-232
• Extending PLE models into the mid-IR, far-IR & sub-mm
• Absorption features in sub-TeV gamma-ray spectra of BL Lac objects
• A deep-learning approach to the 3D reconstruction of dust density and temperature in star-forming regions
• Point Source Detection with Fully-Convolutional Networks: Performance in Realistic Simulations
• The LABOCA/ACT Survey of Clusters at All Redshifts: multi-wavelength analysis of background submillimeter galaxies
• First Light and Reionization: A Conference Summary
• Transverse velocities and matter gradient correlations: a new signal and a new challenge to moving-lens analyses
• Artificial Neural Networks for cosmic gamma-ray propagation in the Universe
• Dust emission in the far-IR as a star formation tracer at z=0: systematic trends with luminosity
• Propagation of very-high-energy $\gamma$-rays from distant blazars
• The near-infrared radiation background, gravitational wave background and star formation rate of Pop III and Pop II during cosmic reionization
• Astronomical imaging Fourier spectroscopy at far-infrared wavelengths
• Probing Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Design of The Kinetic Inductance Detector Based Focal Plane Assembly for The Terahertz Intensity Mapper
• XMM-NuSTAR Observation and Multiwavelength SED Modeling of Blazar 4FGL J1520.8-0348
• Infrared emission from dust and the spectral features of extragalactic gamma-ray sources
• Monitoring the Extragalactic High Energy Sky
• GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray energy spectral break of BL Lac objects
• On the detection of TeV gamma-rays from GRB with km-cube neutrino telescopes --- I. Muon event rate from single GRBs
• Forecasts for Broadband Intensity Mapping of the Ultraviolet-Optical Background with CASTOR and SPHEREx
• The Shocking Truth: The small contribution to hydrogen reionization from gravitational infall
• A halo model of extragalactic contamination to CMB lensing, delensing, and cross-correlations
• Constraints on the Optical-IR extragalactic background from gamma-ray absorption studies
• Voyager 3: A Concept Mission to Interstellar Medium
• The discrepancy in the mid-infrared continuum and the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for Spitzer and Herschel SWIRE-field galaxies
• Considering light-matter interactions in the Friedmann equations
• Global Spectral Energy Distributions of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Interstellar Dust
• Constraints on Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL Lacertae objects
• Search for Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from the z = 0.896 Quasar 4C +55.17 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Earth-Like Exoplanets
• Modelling the evolution of dusty starburst galaxies in multi-band deep surveys
• The Role of Dust in Producing the Cosmic Infrared Background
• Constraining the redshift of BL Lac VER J0521+211
• Gamma rays: propagation and detection
• A far-infrared survey at the North Galactic Pole I: Nearby star-forming galaxies and the effect of confused sources on source counts
• Prospects of additional contribution at Optical-NIR band of EBL in the light of VHE spectra
• The extragalactic background light: lower vs upper limits
• Impact of galactic and intergalactic dust on the stellar EBL
• Redshift constrain of BL Lac PKS 1424+240
• Extracting cosmological signals from foregrounds in deep mm maps of the sky
• SKYSURF-11: A New Zodiacal Light Model Optimized for Optical Wavelengths
• Cosmic ray susceptibility of the Terahertz Intensity Mapper detector arrays
• The First VHE Activity of OJ 287 and the Extragalactic Background Light
• SKYSURF. X. A Novel Method for Measuring Integrated Galaxy Light
• Low-Resolution Near-infrared Stellar Spectra Observed by the Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment (CIBER)
• The influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources using EAS arrays
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A
• Simultaneously unveiling the EBL and intrinsic spectral parameters of gamma-ray sources with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
• The cosmic background: evolution of infrared galaxies and dust properties. A lecture dedicated to the memory of Mayo Greenberg
• Multi-frequency point source detection with fully convolutional networks: Performance in realistic microwave sky simulations
• The H.E.S.S. Extragalactic Sky
• Viability of quantum communication across interstellar distances
• An empirical approach to the extragalactic background light from AEGIS galaxy SED-type fractions
• The impact of kilonova seed photons on GRB VHE emission
• A Semi-Empirical Model of the Infrared Emission from Galaxies
• EBL Constraints Using a Sample of TeV Gamma-Ray Emitters Measured with the MAGIC Telescopes
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• The impact of plasma instability cooling on intergalactic magnetic field constraints in GeV cascades for optimized instability cooling parameters
• Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release