Exoplanetary Atmospheres - Chemistry, Formation Conditions, and Habitability

Abstract

Characterizing the atmospheres of extrasolar planets is the new frontier in exoplanetary science. The last two decades of exoplanet discoveries have revealed that exoplanets are very common and extremely diverse in their orbital and bulk properties. We now enter a new era as we begin to investigate the chemical diversity of exoplanets, their atmospheric and interior processes, and their formation conditions. Recent developments in the field have led to unprecedented advancements in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets and the implications for their formation conditions. We review these developments in the present work. We review in detail the theory of atmospheric chemistry in all classes of exoplanets discovered to date, from highly irradiated gas giants, ice giants, and super-Earths, to directly imaged giant planets at large orbital separations. We then review the observational detections of chemical species in exoplanetary atmospheres of these various types using different methods, including transit spectroscopy, doppler spectroscopy, and direct imaging. In addition to chemical detections, we discuss the advances in determining chemical abundances in these atmospheres and how such abundances are being used to constrain exoplanetary formation conditions and migration mechanisms. Finally, we review recent theoretical work on the atmospheres of habitable exoplanets, followed by a discussion of future outlook of the field.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Chapter in International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Book on "The Disk in Relation to the Formation of Planets and their Proto-atmospheres" to be published in Space Science Reviews by Springer

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• A 0.8-2.4 Micron Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter CoRoT-1b
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• On the Detection of Molecules in the Atmosphere of HD189733b using HST NICMOS Transmission Spectroscopy
• New Insights on Jupiter's Deep Water Abundance from Disequilibrium Species
• GTC OSIRIS transiting exoplanet atmospheric survey: detection of potassium in HAT-P-1b from narrowband spectrophotometry
• The size and shape of the oblong dwarf planet Haumea
• Models of Neptune-Mass Exoplanets: Emergent Fluxes and Albedos
• Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Thermal escape from extrasolar giant planets
• Planet Population Synthesis
• Atmospheric Circulation of Terrestrial Exoplanets
• Ionisation in atmospheres of brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets VI: Properties of large-scale discharge events
• Small hydrocarbon molecules in cloud-forming Brown Dwarf and giant gas planet atmospheres
• Exoplanet Detection Techniques
• The Formation and Dynamics of Super-Earth Planets
• The Influence of Galactic Cosmic Rays on Ion-Neutral Hydrocarbon Chemistry in the Upper Atmospheres of Free-Floating Exoplanets
• Water: from clouds to planets
• Defocussed Transmission Spectroscopy: A potential detection of sodium in the atmosphere of WASP-12b
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Electrostatic activation of prebiotic chemistry in substellar atmospheres
• Atmospheric studies of habitability in the Gliese 581 system

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• High-resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of MASCARA-2 b with EXPRES
• The effect of metallicity on the atmospheres of exoplanets with fully coupled 3D hydrodynamics, equilibrium chemistry, and radiative transfer
• Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of HAT-P-18b with NIRISS: Disentangling Planetary and Stellar Features in the Era of JWST
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XIX. Atmospheric Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and improved parameters of KELT-9b
• On the Composition of Young, Directly Imaged Giant Planets
• Deciphering the atmosphere of HAT-P-12b: solving discrepant results
• A new chemical scheme for giant planet thermochemistry. Update of the methanol chemistry and new reduced chemical scheme
• An optical transmission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b. First indication of AlO in an exoplanet
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres II: Coupled Dust and Chemical Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• Laboratory spectra of hot molecules: data needs for hot super-Earth exoplanets
• Grid of Pseudo-2D Chemistry Models for Tidally-Locked Exoplanets. I. The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Mixing
• The Metal-Rich Atmosphere of the Neptune HAT-P-26b
• The Limits of the Primitive Equations of Dynamics for Warm, Slowly Rotating Small Neptunes and Super Earths
• Photochemistry in hot H2-dominated exoplanet atmospheres
• Signatures of Nitrogen Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Astrochemistry: overview and challenges
• A Spectral Survey of WASP-19b with ESPRESSO
• TOI-2109b: An Ultrahot Gas Giant on a 16 hr Orbit
• Chemical variation with altitude and longitude on exo-Neptunes: Predictions for Ariel phase-curve observations
• Robustness Measures for Molecular Detections using High-Resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of Exoplanets
• Machine learning inference of the interior structure of low-mass exoplanets
• The composition of hot Jupiter atmospheres assembled within chemically evolved protoplanetary discs
• The Influence of H2O Pressure Broadening in High Metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
• HD 89345: a bright oscillating star hosting a transiting warm Saturn-sized planet observed by K2
• Retrieval Study of Brown Dwarfs Across the L-T Sequence
• Consistently Simulating a Wide Range of Atmospheric Scenarios for K2-18b with a Flexible Radiative Transfer Module
• A feature-rich transmission spectrum for WASP-127b
• HST PanCET Program: A Complete Near-UV to Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Hot Jupiter WASP-79b
• A chemical kinetics code for modelling exoplanetary atmospheres
• Considerations for Atmospheric Retrieval of High-Precision Brown Dwarf Spectra
• Normalized angular momentum deficit: A tool for comparing the violence of the dynamical histories of planetary systems
• The contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation
• Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI: I. Molecular mapping and sensitivity to instrumental effects
• A Near-Infrared Chemical Inventory of the Atmosphere of 55 Cancri e
• Wavelength Does Not Equal Pressure: Vertical Contribution Functions and their Implications for Mapping Hot Jupiters
• Disentangling Hot Jupiters formation location from their chemical composition
• Atmospheric compositions and observability of nitrogen dominated ultra-short period super-Earths
• High-precision multi-wavelength eclipse photometry of the ultra-hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-103 b
• Exploring the link between star and planet formation with Ariel
• High-resolution Spectroscopic Study of Dwarf Stars in the Northern Sky: Lithium, Carbon, and Oxygen Abundances
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• Convolutional neural networks as an alternative to Bayesian retrievals
• Detection of Na in WASP-21b's lower and upper atmosphere
• Stellar contributions to the line profiles of high-resolution transmission spectra of exoplanets
• Retrieval of the dayside atmosphere of WASP-43b with CRIRES+
• Turbulent Vertical Mixing in Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres
• High-Resolution Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet GJ 486b
• Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets, some Central Aspects
• A better characterization of the chemical composition of exoplanets atmospheres with ARIEL
• Exploring H${}_2$O Prominence in Reflection Spectra of Cool Giant Planets
• Matrix-propagator approach to compute fluid Love numbers and applicability to extrasolar planets
• Oxygen depletion in giant planets with different formation histories
• ExoMol photodissociation cross sections I: HCl and HF
• Stellar impact on disequilibrium chemistry and on observed spectra of hot Jupiter atmospheres
• Circumstellar ammonia in oxygen-rich evolved stars
• The homogeneous characterisation of Ariel host stars
• The impact of pre-main sequence stellar evolution on midplane snowline locations and C/O in planet forming discs
• Importance of Sample Selection in Exoplanet Atmosphere Population Studies
• Cloud Parameterizations and their Effect on Retrievals of Exoplanet Reflection Spectroscopy
• Using warm dust to constrain unseen planets
• Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-52 b with JWST NIRISS: Water and helium atmospheric absorption, alongside prominent star-spot crossings
• Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Flows at High Resolution
• Molecular tracers of planet formation in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters
• A warm super-Neptune around the G-dwarf star TOI-1710 revealed with TESS, SOPHIE and HARPS-N
• The chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood for planet-hosting stars
• Atmospheric Characterization of Hot Jupiter CoRoT-1 b Using the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope
• KPS-1b: the first transiting exoplanet discovered using an amateur astronomer's wide-field CCD data
• Ariel stellar characterisation II. Chemical abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen for 181 planet-host FGK dwarf stars
• Thermal Emission from the hot Jupiter WASP-103b in J and Ks Bands
• Observational constraints on the formation and evolution of Neptune-class exoplanets
• The Effect of Metallicity on the Non-Equilibrium Abundance of Hydrogen Dominated Exoplanet Atmosphere
• High-fidelity reaction kinetic modeling of hot-Jupiter atmospheres incorporating thermal and UV photochemistry enhanced by metastable CO(a3Pi)
• Dark skies of the slightly eccentric WASP-18 b from its optical-to-infrared dayside emission
• Determination of stellar parameters for Ariel targets: a comparison analysis between different spectroscopic methods
• A fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach for Exo-Planetary Habitability
• ACCESS: Tentative detection of H${}_2$O in the ground-based optical transmission spectrum of the low-density hot Saturn HATS-5b
• Simultaneous multicolour transit photometry of hot Jupiters HAT-P-19b, HAT-P-51b, HAT-P-55b, and HAT-P-65b
• A re-analysis of equilibrium chemistry in five hot Jupiters
• Kinetic and photochemical disequilibrium in the potentially carbon-rich atmosphere of the warm-Jupiter WASP-69b
• Experimental Investigation of the Photochemical Production of Hydrocarbons in Warm Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Surface pressure impact on nitrogen-dominated USP super-Earth atmospheres
• The Oxyometer: A Novel Instrument Concept for Characterizing Exoplanet Atmospheres
• DARWEN: Data-driven Algorithm for Reduction of Wide Exoplanetary Networks
• The Compositional Dimension of Planet Formation
• The impact of stellar winds and tidal locking effects on the habitability of Earth-like exoplanets around M dwarf stars
• Reliability of 1D radiative-convective photochemical-equilibrium retrievals on transit spectra of WASP-107b
• A First Look at CRIRES+: Performance Assessment and Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• On the importance of laboratory experiments for interpreting exoplanet observations
• Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres
• NuAncestor: an artificial satellite-borne star for accurate frequency calibration of ground-based EPRV spectrographs
• Re-accretion of Giant Impact Ejecta Can Drive Significant Atmospheric Erosion on Terrestrial Planets
• $\text{Exoformer}$: Accelerating Bayesian atmospheric retrievals with transformer neural networks