Friends of Hot Jupiters I: A Radial Velocity Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to Close-In Gas Giant Planets

Abstract

In this paper we search for distant massive companions to known transiting gas giant planets that may have influenced the dynamical evolution of these systems. We present new radial velocity observations for a sample of 51 planets obtained using the Keck HIRES instrument, and find statistically significant accelerations in fifteen systems. Six of these systems have no previously reported accelerations in the published literature: HAT-P-10, HAT-P-22, HAT-P-29, HAT-P-32, WASP-10, and XO-2. We combine our radial velocity fits with Keck NIRC2 adaptive optics (AO) imaging data to place constraints on the allowed masses and orbital periods of the companions responsible for the detected accelerations. The estimated masses of the companions range between 1-500 M_Jup, with orbital semi-major axes typically between 1-75 AU. A significant majority of the companions detected by our survey are constrained to have minimum masses comparable to or larger than those of the transiting planets in these systems, making them candidates for influencing the orbital evolution of the inner gas giant. We estimate a total occurrence rate of 51 +/- 10% for companions with masses between 1-13 M_Jup and orbital semi-major axes between 1-20 AU in our sample. We find no statistically significant difference between the frequency of companions to transiting planets with misaligned or eccentric orbits and those with well-aligned, circular orbits. We combine our expanded sample of radial velocity measurements with constraints from transit and secondary eclipse observations to provide improved measurements of the physical and orbital characteristics of all of the planets included in our survey.

Accepted for publication in ApJ. Final paper will include an electronic table with the full set of radial velocity measurements used in this study

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• Dynamics of Colombo's Top: Tidal Dissipation and Resonance Capture, With Applications to Oblique Super-Earths, Ultra-Short-Period Planets and Inspiraling Hot Jupiters
• Three Temperate Neptunes Orbiting Nearby Stars
• Mass Constraints of the WASP-47 Planetary System from Radial Velocities
• A Spin-Orbit Alignment for the Hot Jupiter HATS-3b
• Characterizing the Cool KOIs. VII. Refined Physical Properties of the Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• A multiplicity study of transiting exoplanet host stars. II. Revised properties of transiting planetary systems with companions
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. VIII. WASP-22, WASP-41, WASP-42 and WASP-55
• On the structure and evolution of planets and their host stars $-$ effects of various heating mechanisms on the size of giant gas planets
• Know The Star, Know the Planet. IV. A Stellar Companion to the Host star of the Eccentric Exoplanet HD 8673b
• A new dynamical modeling of the WASP-47 system with CHEOPS observations
• Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au
• Planets on the Edge
• Spitzer IRAC Sparsely Sampled Phase Curve of the Exoplanet WASP-14b
• Connection between planetary He I $\lambda$10830 Å absorption and extreme-ultraviolet emission of planet-host stars
• Spin-orbit alignments for Three Transiting Hot Jupiters: WASP-103b, WASP-87b, & WASP-66b
• The K2-ESPRINT Project IV: A Hot Jupiter in a Prograde Orbit with a Possible Stellar Companion
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG IX. The multi-planet system KELT-6: detection of the planet KELT-6 c and measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for KELT-6 b
• How do External Companions Affect Spin-Orbit Misalignment of Hot Jupiters?
• Exoplanet Interior Retrievals: core masses and metallicities from atmospheric abundances
• Investigating Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Cool Gas Giant Planets Using Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). II. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Analysis of HAT-P-33b
• Secular transport during disk dispersal: the case of Kepler-419
• Very wide companion fraction from Gaia DR2: a weak or no enhancement for hot jupiter hosts, and a strong enhancement for contact binaries
• Repeatability of Spitzer/IRAC exoplanetary eclipses with Independent Component Analysis
• Ground-based transit observations of the HAT-P-18, HAT-P-19, HAT-P-27/WASP-40 and WASP-21 systems
• Exoplanet Transits Registered at the Universidad de Monterrey Observatory. Part I: HAT-P-12b, HAT-P-13b, HAT-P-16b, HAT-P-23b and WASP-10b
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• WASP-4 transit timing variation from a comprehensive set of 129 transits
• Probing Transit Timing Variation and its Possible Origin with Twelve New Transits of TrES-3b
• The Atmosphere and Interior Structure of HAT-P-13b from Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). IV. Refined System Parameters, Transit Timing Variations and Orbital Stability of the Transiting Planetary System HAT-P-25
• Demonstrating High-precision, Multiband Transit Photometry with MuSCAT: A Case for HAT-P-14b
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). I. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Variations of HAT-P-29b
• Effective two-body approach to the hierarchical three-body problem
• Revisiting WASP-47 with ESPRESSO and TESS
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG VI: The Curious Case of TrES-4b
• Detection of Exoplanet as a Binary Source of Microlensing Events in WFIRST Survey
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• The GAPS Programme at TNG: XXXVI. Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and revising the physical and orbital parameters of the HAT-P-15, HAT-P-17, HAT-P-21, HAT-P-26, HAT-P-29 eccentric planetary systems
• TOI 564 b and TOI 905 b: Grazing and Fully Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered by TESS
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Forming Different Planetary Architectures . I . Formation Efficiency of Hot Jupites from High-eccentricity Mechanisms
• Transit Timing Variation of XO-3b: Evidence for Tidal Evolution of Hot Jupiter with High Eccentricity
• Homogeneous Transit Timing Analyses of Ten Exoplanet Systems
• Signatures of Obliquity in Thermal Phase Curves of Hot Jupiters
• Hot Jupiter formation in dense clusters: secular chaos in multi-planetary systems
• Hints for hidden planetary companions to hot Jupiters in stellar binaries
• Survivability of Moon Systems Around Ejected Gas Giants
• Relativistic Dynamical Stability Criterion of Multi-Planet Systems with a Distant Companion
• A 4.6-year period brown-dwarf companion interacting with the hot-Jupiter CoRoT-20 b
• Evidence of apsidal motion and a possible co-moving companion star detected in the WASP-19 system
• An apparently eccentric orbit of the exoplanet WASP-12 b as a radial velocity signature of planetary-induced tides in the host star
• A third star in the HAT-P-7 system, and a new dynamical pathway to misaligned hot Jupiters
• Revisiting Orbital Evolution in HAT-P-2 b and Confirmation of HAT-P-2 c
• Revisiting the Transit Timing Variations in the TrES-3 and Qatar-1 systems with TESS data
• Allesfitter: Flexible Star and Exoplanet Inference From Photometry and Radial Velocity
• An Early Catalog of Planet Hosting Multiple Star Systems of Order Three and Higher
• Non-Sinusoidal Transit Timing Variations for the Exoplanet HAT-P-12b
• XO-7 b: A transiting hot Jupiter with a massive companion on a wide orbit
• Looking For Timing Variations in the Transits of 16 Exoplanets
• HD 83443c: A highly eccentric giant planet on a 22-year orbit
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• Hiding Planets Near and Far: The Parameter Space of Hidden Companions for Known Planetary Systems
• Precise Transit Photometry Using TESS: Updated Physical Properties for 28 Exoplanets Around Bright Stars
• Ariel stellar characterisation III. Fast rotators and new FGK stars in the Ariel Mission Candidate Sample
• Rapidly rotating stars and their transiting planets: KELT-17b, KELT-19Ab, and KELT-21b in the CHEOPS and TESS era
• High-Contrast Imaging of Intermediate-Mass Giants with Long-Term Radial Velocity Trends
• HATS-59b,c: A Transiting Hot Jupiter and a Cold Massive Giant Planet Around a Sun-Like Star
• Revisiting the Full Sets of Orbital Parameters for the XO-3 System: No evidence for Temporal Variation of the Spin-Orbit Angle
• Populations of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit and Radial Velocity Surveys
• Possible Outcomes of Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration: Hot Jupiters, Close-in Super-Earths, and Counter-orbiting Planets
• Infrared-Radio-follow-up Observations for Detection of the Magnetic Radio Emission of Extra-Solar Planets: A New Window to Detect Exoplanets
• Periodic transit timing variations and refined system parameters of the exoplanet XO-6b
• Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample
• MagAO Imaging of Long-period Objects (MILO). II. A Puzzling White Dwarf around the Sun-like Star HD 11112
• Investigating the eccentricity distribution of transiting, long-period giant planets
• Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Companion Mass Limits for 17 Binary Systems Obtained with Binary Differential Imaging and MagAO/Clio
• The Exoplanet Edge: Planets Don't Induce Observable TTVs with a Dominant TTV Period Faster than Half their Orbital Period
• Constraining Planetary Formation Models Using Conditional Occurrences of Various Planet Types
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• Detection of CO${}_2$, CO, and H${}_2$O in the atmosphere of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Search for giant planets in M67 V: a warm Jupiter orbiting the turn-off star S1429
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• No further evidence for a transiting inner companion to the hot Jupiter HATS-50b
• The California Legacy Survey I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades
• Hot Jupiter formation in dense stellar clusters: A Monte Carlo model applied to 47 Tucanae
• Using Stellar Spectral Energy Distributions to Measure Exoplanet Parameters
• A Uniform Search for Nearby Planetary Companions to Hot Jupiters in TESS Data Reveals Hot Jupiters are Still Lonely
• TOI-1438: A rare system with two short-period sub-Neptunes and a tentative long-period Jupiter-like planet orbiting a K0V star
• Tidal star-planet interaction and its observed impact on stellar activity in planet-hosting wide binary systems
• Characterizing the WASP-4 system with TESS and radial velocity data: Constraints on the cause of the hot Jupiter's changing orbit and evidence of an outer planet
• K2-99 revisited: a non-inflated warm Jupiter, and a temperate giant planet on a 522-d orbit around a subgiant