Spatial Fluctuations of Helical Dirac Fermions on the Surface of Topological Insulators

Abstract

Surfaces of topological insulators host a new class of states with Dirac dispersion and helical spin texture. Potential quantum computing and spintronic applications using these states require manipulation of their electronic properties at the Dirac energy of their band structure by inducing magnetism or superconductivity through doping and proximity effect. Yet, the response of these states near the Dirac energy in their band structure to various perturbations has remained unexplored. Here we use spectroscopic mapping with the scanning tunneling microscope to study their response to magnetic and non-magnetic bulk dopants in Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. Far from the Dirac energy helicity provides remarkable resilience to backscattering even in the presence of ferromagnetism. However, approaching the Dirac point, where the surface states' wavelength diverges bulk doping results in pronounced nanoscale spatial fluctuations of energy, momentum, and helicity. Our results and their connection with similar studies of Dirac electrons in graphene demonstrate that while backscattering and localization are absent for Dirac topological surface states, reducing charge defects is required for both tuning the chemical potential to Dirac energy and achieving high electrical mobility for these novel states.

References in corpus (11)

• Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulator
• Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene
• Discovery (theoretical prediction and experimental observation) of a large-gap topological-insulator class with spin-polarized single-Dirac-cone on the surface
• Topological Field Theory of Time-Reversal Invariant Insulators
• Charged Impurity Scattering in Graphene
• First direct observation of Spin-textures in Topological Insulators : Spin-resolved ARPES as a probe of topological quantum spin Hall effect and Berry's phase
• A self-consistent theory for graphene transport
• Topological Surface States Protected From Backscattering by Chiral Spin Texture
• The development of ferromagnetism in the doped topological insulator Bi2-xMnxTe3
• Transmission of topological surface states through surface barriers
• Random resistor network model of minimal conductivity in graphene

Cited by in corpus (195)

• Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Colloquium: Topological Band Theory
• Observation of Floquet-Bloch states on the surface of a topological insulator
• Emergent Phenomena Induced by Spin-Orbit Coupling at Surfaces and Interfaces
• Dirac materials
• Quantum anomalous Hall effect and related topological electronic states
• Progress and prospects in magnetic topological materials
• One-dimensional Topological Edge States of Bismuth Bilayers
• Hedgehog Spin-texture and Berry's Phase tuning in a Magnetic Topological Insulator
• Quantized Faraday and Kerr rotation and axion electrodynamics of a 3D topological insulator
• Observation of Dirac node formation and mass acquisition in a topological crystalline insulator
• Measurement of intrinsic Dirac fermion cooling on the surface of a topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Imaging Dirac-Mass Disorder from Magnetic Dopant-Atoms in the Ferromagnetic Topological Insulator Cr${}_x$(Bi${}_{0.1}$Sb${}_{0.9}$)${}_{2-x}$Te${}_3$
• Electronic Transport and quantum oscillation of Topological Semimetals
• Quantum interference and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in topological insulators
• Visualization of superparamagnetic dynamics in magnetic topological insulators
• Interplay between ferromagnetism, surface states, and quantum corrections in a magnetically doped topological insulator
• Coherent Topological Transport on the Surface of Bi2Se3
• Quantum frequency doubling in the topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Probing topological quantum matter with scanning tunnelling microscopy
• Mn-rich MnSb2Te4: A topological insulator with magnetic gap closing at high Curie temperatures of 45-50 K
• Nonmagnetic band gap at the Dirac point of the magnetic topological insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Mn${}_x{)}_2$Se${}_3$
• Non-sinusoidal current-phase relationship in Josephson junctions from the 3D topological insulator HgTe
• Sn-doped Bi1.1Sb0.9Te2S, a bulk topological insulator with ideal properties
• Symmetry Protected Josephson Supercurrents in Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators
• Direct measurement of proximity-induced magnetism at the interface between a topological insulator and a ferromagnet
• Large Anomalous Hall Effect in Topological Insulators with Proximitized Ferromagnetic Insulators
• Proximity-induced giant spin-orbit interaction in epitaxial graphene on topological insulator
• Controllable magnetic doping of the surface state of a topological insulator
• Visualizing "Fermi arcs" in the Weyl semimetal TaAs
• Discovery of segmented Fermi surface induced by Cooper pair momentum
• Probing variations of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the nanometer scale
• Toward the intrinsic limit of topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Quantum transport of two-species Dirac fermions in dual-gated three-dimensional topological insulators
• Intrinsic Electron-Phonon Resistivity in Bi2Se3 in the Topological Regime
• Signatures of Dirac fermion-mediated magnetic order
• Distinct Topological Surface States on the Two Terminations of MnBi${}_4$Te${}_7$
• Dual nature of magnetic dopants and competing trends in topological insulators
• Intrinsic instability of electronic interfaces with strong Rashba coupling
• Giant Edelstein effect in Topological-Insulator--Graphene heterostructures
• Coulomb disorder in three-dimensional Dirac systems
• Suppressing twin formation in Bi2Se3 thin films
• Unexpectedly robust protection from backscattering in the topological insulator Bi${}_{1.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$Te${}_{1.7}$Se${}_{1.3}$
• Magnetotransport and induced superconductivity in Bi based three-dimensional topological insulators
• Quasiparticle interference on type-I and type-II Weyl semimetal surfaces: a review
• Universal conductance fluctuations in Dirac materials in the presence of long-range disorder
• Surface vibrational modes of the topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ observed by Raman spectroscopy
• Revealing puddles of electrons and holes in compensated topological insulators
• 2D transport and screening in topological insulator surface states
• Filling of magnetic-impurity-induced gap in topological insulators by potential scattering
• Singular robust room-temperature spin response from topological Dirac fermions
• Enhanced electron dephasing in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Imaging two-component nature of Dirac-Landau levels in the topological surface state of Bi2Se3
• Charge puddles in the bulk and on the surface of the topological insulator BiSbTeSe${}_2$ studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and optical spectroscopy
• Kondo effect on the surface of 3D topological insulators: Signatures in scanning tunneling spectroscopy
• Direct comparison of current-induced spin polarization in topological insulator Bi2Se3 and InAs Rashba states
• Topological states of non-Dirac electrons on triangular lattice
• Kondo effect and non-Fermi liquid behavior in Dirac and Weyl semimetals
• Stationary phase approximation approach to the quasiparticle interference on the surface of a strong topological insulator
• Stepwise quantized surface states and delayed Landau level hybridization in Co cluster-decorated BiSbTeSe2 topological insulator devices
• Quasiparticle Interference Studies of Quantum Materials
• Systematics of molecular self-assembled networks at topological insulators surfaces
• Mapping the Dirac fermions in intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulators (MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$)(Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$)${}_n$ (n=0, 1)
• Rare regions and avoided quantum criticality in disordered Weyl semimetals and superconductors
• Persistent Optical Gating of a Topological Insulator
• Electrically inert h-BN/bilayer graphene interface in all-2D-heterostructure FETs
• Quasiparticle Interference on the Surface of Topological Crystalline Insulator Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Se
• Visualizing Landau levels of Dirac electrons in a one dimensional potential
• Effect of bulk charged impurities on the bulk and surface transport in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Probing the wavefunction of the surface states in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ topological insulator: a realistic tight-binding approach
• Solution to the hole-doping problem and tunable quantum Hall effect in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films
• Realizing gapped surface states in magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_{2-x}$Sb${}_x$Te${}_4$
• Spatially dispersing Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states in the unconventional superconductor ${\mathrm{FeTe}}_{0.55}{\mathrm{Se}}_{0.45}$
• Ripple modulated electronic structure of a 3D topological insulator
• Spin-orbit scattering visualized in quasiparticle interference
• Spin-polarized tunneling current through a thin film of topological insulator in a parallel magnetic field
• Excitonic Gap Formation in Pumped Dirac Materials
• Two-dimensional electronic transport on the surface of 3D topological insulators
• Bulk Intergrowth of a Topological Insulator with a Room Temperature Ferromagnet
• Topological phase transition in the quasiperiodic disordered Su-Schriffer-Heeger chain
• Surface charge conductivity of topological insulator in a magnetic field: effect of hexagonal warping
• Detecting Perfect Transmission in Josephson Junctions on the Surface of Three Dimensional Topological Insulators
• Helicity dependent photovoltaic effect in Bi2Se3 under normal incident light
• Direct Imaging of Nanoscale Conductance Evolution in Ion-Gel-Gated Oxide Transistors
• Theory of the random potential and conductivity at the surface of a topological insulator
• Accessing the spectral function of in operando devices by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Local photocurrent generation in thin films of the topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Multifractal nature of the surface local density of states in three-dimensional topological insulators with magnetic and nonmagnetic disorder
• Magnetic Ordering at Anomalously High Temperatures in Dy at Extreme Pressures: a New Kondo-Lattice State?
• Absence of equilibrium edge currents in theoretical models of topological insulators
• Single full gap with mixed type-I and type-II superconductivity on surface of the type-II Dirac semimetal PdTe2 by point-contact spectroscopy
• Axion-matter coupling in multiferroics
• Spatial Charge Inhomogeneity and Defect States in Topological Dirac Semimetal Thin Films
• Severe Dirac Mass Gap Suppression in Sb_2Te_3-based Quantum Anomalous Hall Materials
• Dirac cone shift of a passivated topological Bi2Se3 interface state
• Van der Waals heterostructures with spin-orbit coupling
• Local optical control of ferromagnetism and chemical potential in a topological insulator
• An antiferromagnetic diode effect in even-layered MnBi2Te4
• Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly-doped BaFe2As2
• Observation of backscattering induced by magnetism in a topological edge state
• Unoccupied topological surface state in Bi${}_2$Te${}_2$Se
• Hot-carrier transport and spin relaxation on the surface of topological insulator
• Model Hamiltonian for topological Kondo insulator SmB6
• Emergent vortex Majorana zero mode in iron-based superconductors
• Hyers-Ulam stability of elliptic Möbius difference equation
• Length scale of puddle formation in compensation-doped semiconductors and topological insulators
• Dynamics of domain-wall Dirac fermions on a topological insulator: a chiral fermion beam splitter
• Imaging ambipolar two-dimensional carriers induced by the spontaneous electric polarization of a polar semiconductor BiTeI
• Topological metal behavior in GeBi2Te4 single crystals
• Defect Role in the Carrier Tunable Topological Insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_x$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Thin Films
• Kondo holes in topological Kondo insulators: Spectral properties and surface quasiparticle interference
• Screening, Friedel oscillations and low-temperature conductivity in topological insulator thin films
• Disorder effects in topological insulator thin films
• Anti-site defect-induced disorder in compensated topological magnet MnBi${}_{2-x}$Sb${}_x$Te${}_4$
• Controlling electron propagation on a topological insulator surface via proximity interactions
• Engineered Near-Perfect Back-Scattering on Surface of Topological Insulator with Non-Magnetic Impurities
• Ab-initio transport across Bismuth Selenide surface barriers
• Chemical Potential Fluctuations in Topological Insulator (Bi${}_{0.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Films Visualized by Photocurrent Spectroscopy
• Understanding interface properties in 2D heterostructure FETs
• Dispersing artifacts in FT-STS: a comparison of set point effects across acquisition modes
• Dirac fermions at high-index surfaces of bismuth chalcogenide topological insulator nanostructures
• ARPES insights on the metallic states of YbB6(001): E(k) dispersion, temporal changes and spatial variation
• Charge puddles in a completely compensated topological insulator
• Magnetic warping in topological insulators
• Screening and atomic-scale engineering of the potential at a topological insulator surface
• Spin memory of the topological material under strong disorder
• Size Constraints on Majorana Beamsplitter Interferometer: Majorana Coupling and Surface-Bulk Scattering
• Disorder effects in topological insulator nanowires
• Spatially varying electronic dephasing in three dimensional topological insulators
• Spin-Polarized Quantum Well States on Bi${}_{2-x}$Fe${}_x$Se${}_3$
• Imaging topologically protected transport with quantum degenerate gases
• Anomalous Hall Coulomb drag of massive Dirac fermions
• Kondo screening by the surface modes of a strong topological insulator
• Ab-initio Theory of Fourier-transformed Quasiparticle Interference Maps and Application to the Topological Insulator Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$
• The Interplay of Topological Surface and Bulk Electronic States in Bi2Se3
• A Systematic Investigation of the Coupling between One-Dimensional Edge States of a Topological Crystalline Insulator
• Mapping the effect of defect-induced strain disorder on the Dirac states of topological insulators
• Single electron gating of topological insulators
• Quantum corrections to the magnetoconductivity of surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Effect of surface defects and few-atomic steps on the local density of states of the atomically-clean surface of topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• The tunneling density-of-states of interacting massless Dirac fermions
• Spectromicroscopic measurement of surface and bulk band structure interplay in a disordered topological insulator
• Imaging the breakdown and restoration of topological protection in magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Resonant Faraday and Kerr effects due to in-gap states on the surface of a topological insulator
• Edelstein and inverse Edelstein effects caused by the pristine surface states of topological insulators
• Orbital-dependent quasiparticle scattering interference in 3R-NbS2
• Robust Gapless Surface State against Surface Magnetic Impurities on (Bi${}_{0.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Evidenced by In Situ Magnetotransport Measurements
• Selection rules for quasiparticle interference with internal nonsymmorphic symmetries
• Photoemission spectra of massless Dirac fermions on the verge of exciton condensation
• Quantum Transport in Air-stable Na3Bi Thin Films
• Importance of interactions for the band structure of the topological Dirac semimetal Na3Bi
• Coulomb drag in topological insulator films
• Robustness of persistent currents in two-dimensional Dirac systems with disorders
• Gate tunable quantum Hall effects in defect-suppressed Bi2Se3 films
• Spin torque and persistent currents caused by percolation of topological surface states
• Quasiparticle interference in altermagnets
• Electronic properties of one-dimensional nanostructures of the Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ topological insulator
• Signature of Anomalous Andreev bound states in magnetic Josephson junction of noncentrosymmetric superconductor on a topological insulator
• Experimental demonstration of a magnetically induced warping transition in a topological insulator mediated by rare-earth surface dopants
• Single atom anisotropic magnetoresistance on a topological insulator surface
• Finite temperature effects on Majorana bound states in chiral $p$-wave superconductors
• Effect of impurities on the Josephson current through helical metals: Exploiting a neutrino paradigm
• Coulomb drag in topological materials
• Anomalous magneto-thermoelectric behavior in massive Dirac materials
• Micro-metric electronic patterning of a topological band structure using a photon beam
• Quasiparticle interference in doped topological insulators with nematic superconductivity
• Quantum interference in a macroscopic van der Waals conductor
• Spontaneous ferromagnetism and finite surface energy gap in the topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ from surface Bi$_\rm{Se}$ antisite defects
• Elastic scattering of surface states on three-dimensional topological insulators
• Characterizing the chemical potential disorder in the topological insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_x$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ thin films
• Topological Insulators-Based Magnetic Heterostructure
• Pseudo-Spin, Real-Spin and Spin Polarization of Photo-emitted Electrons
• Reversible Engineering of Topological Insulator Surface State Conductivity through Optical Excitation
• Realizing a topological diode effect on the surface of a topological Kondo insulator
• Van der Waals Epitaxy on Freestanding Monolayer Graphene Membrane by MBE
• Signature of pseudo-diffusive transport in mesoscopic topological insulators
• Local and global patterns in quasiparticle interference: a reduced response function approach
• Pb-doped p-type Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films via interfacial engineering
• Strong and Weak Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators Probed by Surface Science Methods
• 2D compressibility of surface states on 3D topological insulators
• Cotunneling into a Kondo lattice with odd hybridization
• Observation of a Smoothly Tunable Dirac Point in $Ge(B{i}_{x}S{b}_{1-x}{)}_{2}T{e}_4$
• Phonon and defect mediated quantum anomalous Hall insulator to metal transition in magnetically doped topological insulators
• Electron scattering by magnetic impurity in Weyl semimetals
• Distinct quasiparticle interference patterns for surface impurity scattering on various Weyl semimetals
• Tracing Dirac points of topological surface states by ferromagnetic resonance
• Transport theory for electrical detection of the spin texture and spin-momentum locking of topological surface states
• Robust topological state against magnetic impurities observed in superconductor PbTaSe2
• Optimizing proximitized magnetic topological insulator nanoribbons for Majorana bound states
• Prediction of at topological $p+ip$ excitonic insulator with parity anomaly
• Selective-Area Epitaxy of Bulk-Insulating (Bi${}_x$Sb${}_{1-x}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Films and Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
• Magnetically induced spin reorientation on the surface of a topological insulator (a surface magnetic topological insulator MBE film)
• Bulk and surface electron scattering in disordered Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$ probed by quasiparticle interference
• Quasiparticle interference on the surface of Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ terminated (PbSe)${}_5$(Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$)${}_6$
• Topological layered n-type thermoelectrics based on bismuth telluride solid solutions