Quantized Faraday and Kerr rotation and axion electrodynamics of a 3D topological insulator

Abstract

Topological insulators have been proposed to be best characterized as bulk magnetoelectric materials that show response functions quantized in terms of fundamental physical constants. Here we lower the chemical potential of three-dimensional (3D) Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ films to $\sim$ 30 meV above the Dirac point, and probe their low-energy electrodynamic response in the presence of magnetic fields with high-precision time-domain terahertz polarimetry. For fields higher than 5 T, we observed quantized Faraday and Kerr rotations, whereas the DC transport is still semi-classical. A non-trivial Berry phase offset to these values gives evidence for axion electrodynamics and the topological magnetoelectric effect. The time structure used in these measurements allows a direct measure of the fine structure constant based on a topological invariant of a solid-state system.

A shortened version has been published in Science. Discussion on AC quantum Hall effect without involving edge states is added

References in corpus (9)

• Quantum Spin Hall Insulator State in HgTe Quantum Wells
• Topological Field Theory of Time-Reversal Invariant Insulators
• Observation of topological surface state quantum Hall effect in an intrinsic three-dimensional topological insulator
• Quantum Hall Effect on Top and Bottom Surface States of Topological Insulator (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 Films
• Fractional topological insulators in three dimensions
• Record Surface State Mobility and Quantum Hall Effect in Topological Insulator Thin Films via Interface Engineering
• Spin-polarized tunneling current through a thin film of topological insulator in a parallel magnetic field
• Tuning and Stabilizing Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 in the Intrinsic Regime by Charge Extraction with Organic Overlayers
• Observation of topological Faraday and Kerr rotations in quantum anomalous Hall state by terahertz magneto-optics

Cited by in corpus (182)

• Weyl and Dirac Semimetals in Three Dimensional Solids
• Prediction and observation of the first antiferromagnetic topological insulator
• Intrinsic magnetic topological insulators in van der Waals layered MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$-family materials
• Topological axion states in magnetic insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$ with the quantized magnetoelectric effect
• Electronic structure of quantum materials studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Colloquium: Quantum anomalous Hall effect
• Realization of the Axion Insulator State in Quantum Anomalous Hall Sandwich Heterostructures
• Double-Weyl phonons in transition-metal monosilicides
• Higher-Order Topology, Monopole Nodal Lines, and the Origin of Large Fermi Arcs in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides XTe${}_2$ (X=Mo,W)
• Highly-ordered wide bandgap materials for quantized anomalous Hall and magnetoelectric effects
• Axion Electrodynamics in Topological Materials
• Tutorial on Electromagnetic Nonreciprocity and Its Origins
• Topological Materials Discovery from Crystal Symmetry
• Tailoring tricolor structure of magnetic topological insulator for robust axion insulator
• Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid cavity quantum electrodynamics
• Observation of the universal magnetoelectric effect in a 3D topological insulator
• Above 400 K Robust Perpendicular Ferromagnetic Phase in a Topological Insulator
• Surfaces of Axion Insulators
• Measuring quantized circular dichroism in ultracold topological matter
• Computation and data driven discovery of topological phononic materials
• Symmetry Enforced Chiral Hinge States and Surface Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Magnetic Axion Insulator ${\text{Bi}}_{2-x}{\text{Sm}}_x{\text{Se}}_3$
• Transport in two-dimensional topological materials: recent developments in experiment and theory
• A Proposal to Detect Dark Matter Using Axionic Topological Antiferromagnets
• Experimental signature of parity anomaly in semi-magnetic topological insulator
• Probing topology by "heating": Quantized circular dichroism in ultracold atoms
• All-optical probe of three-dimensional topological insulators based on high-harmonic generation by circularly-polarized laser fields
• Sign-reversible valley-dependent Berry phase effects in 2D valley-half-semiconductors
• Topological magneto-optical effects and their quantization in noncoplanar antiferromagnets
• Ultrafast Terahertz Conductivity Probes of Topologically Enhanced Surface Transport Driven by Mid-Infrared Laser Pulses in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• Intrinsic axion insulating behavior in antiferromagnetic MnBi${}_6$Te${}_{10}$
• Scaling of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect as an Indicator of Axion Electrodynamics
• Axion Quasiparticles for Axion Dark Matter Detection
• KITE: high-performance accurate modelling of electronic structure and response functions of large molecules, disordered crystals and heterostructures
• Ultrafast Microscopy of a Plasmonic Spin Skyrmion
• Giant optical activity and Kerr effect in type-I and type-II Weyl semimetals
• Measurements of the quantum geometric tensor in solids
• Large dynamical axion field in topological antiferromagnetic insulator Mn${}_2$Bi${}_2$Te${}_5$
• Optical properties of massive anisotropic tilted Dirac systems
• On the matter of topological insulators as magnetoelectrics
• Axion optical induction of antiferromagnetic order
• Spin-Resolved Topology and Partial Axion Angles in Three-Dimensional Insulators
• Observation of Volkov-Pankratov states in topological HgTe heterojunctions using high-frequency compressibility
• Quantization in chiral higher order topological insulators: circular dichroism and local Chern marker
• Chiral Spin Mode on the Surface of a Topological Insulator
• Routes to realize the axion-insulator phase in MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$(Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$)${}_n$ family: a perspective
• Magnetic, thermal, and electronic-transport properties of EuMg2Bi2 single crystals
• Dynamical axion state with hidden pseudospin Chern numbers in MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$-based heterostructures
• Theory of optical axion electrodynamics and application to the Kerr effect in topological antiferromagnets
• Spectroscopic realization of large surface gap in a doped magnetic topological insulator
• Observation of Chiral Surface Excitons in a Topological Insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• Non-Abelian Bloch oscillations in higher-order topological insulators
• Fully spin-polarized nodal loop semimetals in alkaline-metal monochalcogenide monolayers
• Topological Zero-Dimensional Defect and Flux States in Three-Dimensional Insulators
• Observation of the Axion quasiparticle in 2D MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Solution to the hole-doping problem and tunable quantum Hall effect in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films
• Symmetry-Enforced Nodal Chain Phonons
• Axionic Band Topology in Inversion-Symmetric Weyl-Charge-Density Waves
• Anisotropic topological magnetoelectric effect in axion insulators
• Axion Insulator State in a Ferromagnet/Topological Insulator/Antiferromagnet Heterostructure
• Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy in High Magnetic Fields
• Tunable dynamical magnetoelectric effect in antiferromagnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$ films
• Fluctuation-induced torque on a topological insulator out of thermal equilibrium
• The Casimir effect in topological matter
• What's knot to like? Observation of a linked loop quantum state
• Emergent axion response in multilayered metamaterials
• On-chip time-domain terahertz spectroscopy of superconducting films below the diffraction limit
• Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Materials
• Engineering the breaking of time-reversal symmetry in gate-tunable hybrid ferromagnet/topological insulator heterostructures
• Optical Tellegen metamaterial with spontaneous magnetization
• Faraday rotation due to surface states in the topological insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_x$)${}_2$Te${}_3$
• Magnetic-Resonance-Induced Pseudo-electric Field and Giant Current Response in Axion Insulators
• Probing charge pumping and relaxation of the chiral anomaly in a Dirac semimetal
• Quantum Atmospherics for Materials Diagnosis
• Half-Quantized Helical Hinge Currents in Axion Insulators
• Dirac Nodal Lines and Nodal Loops in a Topological Kagome Superconductor CsV${}_3$Sb${}_5$
• Local optical control of ferromagnetism and chemical potential in a topological insulator
• Fractional angular momentum at topological insulator interfaces
• Quantum-Hall to Insulator Transition in Ultra-low-carrier-density Topological Insulator Films and a Hidden Phase of the Zeroth Landau Level
• Reversed electromagnetic Vavilov-Čerenkov radiation in naturally existing magnetoelectric media
• Tilted Dirac cone effects and chiral symmetry breaking in a planar four-fermion model
• Optical $N$-invariant of graphene's viscous Hall fluid
• Terahertz Faraday and Kerr rotation spectroscopy of Bi${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_x$ films in high magnetic fields up to 30 Tesla
• On the topological surface states of the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator Mn-Bi-Te family
• Electromagnetic fields induced by an electric charge near a Weyl semimetal
• Viscous Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory for topological electromagnetic phases of matter
• Dynamical Piezomagnetic Effect in Time-Reversal Invariant Weyl Semimetals with Axionic Charge-Density Waves
• Identifying Axion Insulator by Quantized Magnetoelectric Effect in Antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{MnBi}}_2{\mathrm{Te}}_4$ Tunnel Junction
• Non-local sidewall response and deviation from exact quantization of the topological magnetoelectric effect in axion-insulator thin films
• Theoretical investigations on Kerr and Faraday rotations in topological multi-Weyl Semimetals
• Electric field modulated topological magnetoelectric effect in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• Topological surface states in thick partially relaxed HgTe film
• Magneto-optical Kerr effect in Weyl semimetals with broken inversion and time-reversal symmetries
• Time-reversal-symmetric topological magnetoelectric effect in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Layer Control of Magneto-Optical Effects and Their Quantization in Spin-Valley Splitting Antiferromagnets
• Modification of transition radiation by three-dimensional topological insulators
• Observation of terahertz second harmonic generation from Dirac surface states in the topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• High-frequency breakdown of the integer QHE in GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions
• Dynamical Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Strong Optical Fields
• Structurally and Chemically Compatible BiInSe3 Substrate for Topological Insulator Thin Films
• Symmetric and antisymmetric constitutive tensors for bi-isotropic and bi-anisotropic media
• Axionic surface wave in dynamical axion insulators
• Kerr, Faraday, and Magnetoelectric Effects in MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$ Thin Films
• Electron-Hole Asymmetry of Surface States in Topological Insulator Sb2Te3 Thin Films Revealed by Magneto-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Charge Conservation Beyond Uniformity: Spatially Inhomogeneous Electromagnetic Response in Periodic Solids
• Topological Magnetoelectric Response in Ferromagnetic Axion Insulators
• Anomaly-induced sound absorption in Weyl semimetals
• Ferromagnetism and glassiness on the surface of topological insulators
• A compact broadband terahertz range quarter-wave plate
• Axion instability and non-linear electromagnetic effect
• Suppressing carrier density in (BixSb1-x)2Te3 films using Cr2O3 interfacial layers
• Signature of parity anomaly in the measurement of optical Hall conductivity in quantum anomalous Hall systems
• Electromagnetic Radiation in chiral matter: the Cherenkov case
• Topological Magnetoelectric Effect: Nonlinear Time-Reversal-Symmetric Response, Witten Effect, and Half-Integer Quantum Hall Effect
• Emergent topological fields and relativistic phonons within the thermoelectricity in topological insulators
• Gate tunable quantum Hall effects in defect-suppressed Bi2Se3 films
• Electromagnetism, Axions, and Topology: a first-order operator approach to constitutive responses provides greater freedom
• Absence of induced magnetic monopoles in Maxwellian magnetoelectrics
• New polarization rotation and exact TEM wave solutions in topological insulators
• Versatile Large-Area Custom-Feature van der Waals Epitaxy of Topological Insulators
• Plasmonic Vortices Host Magnetoelectric Interactions
• Broadband Circular Polarization Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy
• Cyclotron resonance induced photogalvanic effect in surface states of 200 nm thick strained HgTe films
• Dynamical Axions in $U(1)$ Quantum Spin Liquids
• Quantitative Measurements of Giant and Quantized Microwave Faraday Rotation
• Magneto-optical Spectroscopy with RAMBO: A Table-Top 30 T Magnet
• Optical intersubband properties of a core-shell semiconductor-topological insulator quantum dot described by $\theta$-Electrodynamics
• Ambipolar magneto-optical response of ultra-low carrier density topological insulators
• Chiral edge mode for single-cone Dirac fermions
• Electrical control of intrinsic nonlinear Hall effect in antiferromagnetic topological insulator sandwiches
• Transmission/reflection coefficients and Faraday/Kerr rotations as a function of applied magnetic fields in spin-orbit coupled Dirac metals
• Orbital Gravito-Magnetoelectric response and Orbital magnetic quadrupole moment correction
• Axion mass in antiferromagnetic insulators
• Magnetization current and anomalous Hall effect for massive Dirac electrons
• Dynamical magnetoelectric coupling in axion insulator thin films
• Gapless Criterion for Crystals from Effective Axion Field
• Symmetry-driven anisotropic coupling effect in antiferromagnetic topological insulator: Mechanism for high-Chern-number quantum anomalous Hall state
• Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation for parallel motion in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Conserved laws and dynamical structure of axions coupled to photons
• Axion Mie Theory of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in Topological Insulators
• Symmetry, topology, and geometry: The many faces of the topological magnetoelectric effect
• Multiple types of unconventional quasiparticles in the chiral crystal CsBe${}_2$F${}_5$
• From classical to quantum regime of topological surface states via defect engineering
• Multiphoton Spectroscopy of a Dynamical Axion Insulator
• Planar magnetic texture on the surface of a topological insulator
• Bulk-Boundary Correspondence for Topological Insulators with Quantized Magneto-Electric Effect
• Axion insulator, Weyl points, quantum anomalous Hall effect and magnetic topological phase transition in Eu3In2As4
• Universal transparency and fine band structure near the Dirac point in HgTe quantum wells
• Nonvolatile Solid-State Charged-Polymer Gating of Topological Insulators into the Topological Insulating Regime
• Topological phases of amorphous matter
• Microwave-to-Optical Quantum Transduction Utilizing the Topological Faraday Effect of Topological Insulator Heterostructures
• Exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for an hydrogen atom at the interface between the vacuum and a topologically insulating surface
• Topology-insensitive axion mass in magnetic topological insulators
• Temporary Singularities and Axions: an analytic solution that challenges charge conservation
• Finite-Size Effects in the Dynamic Conductivity and Faraday Effect of Quantum Anomalous Hall Insulators
• Unoccupied Topological Surface State in MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Optical conductivity and orbital magnetization of Floquet vortex states
• Dyadic Greens function for a topological insulator stratified sphere
• Weak antilocalization in partially relaxed 200-nm HgTe films
• Anomalous Linear and Quadratic Nodeless Surface Dirac Cones in Three-Dimensional Dirac Semimetals
• Magneto-optical effects of an artificially-layered ferromagnetic topological insulator with T${}_C$ of 160 K
• Observation of the superconducting proximity effect from surface states in SmB${}_6$/YB${}_6$ thin film heterostructures via terahertz spectroscopy
• Circular Dichroism on the Edge of Quantum Hall Systems: From Many-Body Chern Number to Anisotropy Measurements
• Detecting axion dynamics on the surface of magnetic topological insulators
• Synthetic and cosmological axion hybridization: entangled photons, (HBT) and quantum beats
• Analytical model of a Tellegen meta-atom
• Axion electrodynamics of Weyl superconductors with broken time-reversal symmetry
• Probing dynamical axion quasiparticles with two-photon correlations
• Giant and Broadband Circular Dichroism from Particle-Hole Symmetry Breaking in Weyl Semimetals
• Synthetic magnetoelectric response of lattice bosonic insulators
• Topological magnetoelectric response in passive magnetic devices
• First-principles discovery of novel quantum physics and materials: From theory to experiment
• A new type of cyclotron resonance from charge-impurity scattering in the bulk-insulating Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films
• Quantum emulation of topological magneto-optical effects using ultracold atoms
• Spectroscopic footprints of quantum friction in nonreciprocal and chiral media
• Nonlocal transport phenomena in Weyl metals beyond the mesoscopic scale
• Feynman paradox in a spherical axion insulator
• Hedgehog-like spin texture in Sb-doped MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Topological Magnetoelectric Switching on the Atomic Scale
• Fermion-Vortex Interactions in Axion Electrodynamics
• Three-dimensional quantum Hall states as a chiral electromagnetic filter
• Generalized method of image dyons for quasi-two dimensional slabs with ordinary-topological insulator interfaces
• To See a World in a Grain of Sand -- The Scientific Life of Shoucheng Zhang