Spatial Fluctuations of Helical Dirac Fermions on the Surface of Topological Insulators

Abstract

Surfaces of topological insulators host a new class of states with Dirac dispersion and helical spin texture. Potential quantum computing and spintronic applications using these states require manipulation of their electronic properties at the Dirac energy of their band structure by inducing magnetism or superconductivity through doping and proximity effect. Yet, the response of these states near the Dirac energy in their band structure to various perturbations has remained unexplored. Here we use spectroscopic mapping with the scanning tunneling microscope to study their response to magnetic and non-magnetic bulk dopants in Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. Far from the Dirac energy helicity provides remarkable resilience to backscattering even in the presence of ferromagnetism. However, approaching the Dirac point, where the surface states' wavelength diverges bulk doping results in pronounced nanoscale spatial fluctuations of energy, momentum, and helicity. Our results and their connection with similar studies of Dirac electrons in graphene demonstrate that while backscattering and localization are absent for Dirac topological surface states, reducing charge defects is required for both tuning the chemical potential to Dirac energy and achieving high electrical mobility for these novel states.

References in corpus (11)

• Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulator
• Chiral tunneling and the Klein paradox in graphene
• Discovery (theoretical prediction and experimental observation) of a large-gap topological-insulator class with spin-polarized single-Dirac-cone on the surface
• Topological Field Theory of Time-Reversal Invariant Insulators
• Charged Impurity Scattering in Graphene
• First direct observation of Spin-textures in Topological Insulators : Spin-resolved ARPES as a probe of topological quantum spin Hall effect and Berry's phase
• A self-consistent theory for graphene transport
• Topological Surface States Protected From Backscattering by Chiral Spin Texture
• The development of ferromagnetism in the doped topological insulator Bi2-xMnxTe3
• Transmission of topological surface states through surface barriers
• Random resistor network model of minimal conductivity in graphene

Cited by in corpus (197)

• Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Colloquium: Topological Band Theory
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• Emergent Phenomena Induced by Spin-Orbit Coupling at Surfaces and Interfaces
• Dirac materials
• Quantum anomalous Hall effect and related topological electronic states
• Progress and prospects in magnetic topological materials
• One-dimensional Topological Edge States of Bismuth Bilayers
• Hedgehog Spin-texture and Berry's Phase tuning in a Magnetic Topological Insulator
• Surface conduction of topological Dirac electrons in bulk insulating Bi2Se3
• Quantized Faraday and Kerr rotation and axion electrodynamics of a 3D topological insulator
• Observation of Dirac node formation and mass acquisition in a topological crystalline insulator
• Measurement of intrinsic Dirac fermion cooling on the surface of a topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Imaging Dirac-Mass Disorder from Magnetic Dopant-Atoms in the Ferromagnetic Topological Insulator Cr${}_x$(Bi${}_{0.1}$Sb${}_{0.9}$)${}_{2-x}$Te${}_3$
• Electronic Transport and quantum oscillation of Topological Semimetals
• Persistence of Topological Order and Formation of Quantum Well States in Topological Insulators Bi2(Se,Te)3 under Ambient Conditions
• Quantum interference and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in topological insulators
• Visualization of superparamagnetic dynamics in magnetic topological insulators
• Interplay between ferromagnetism, surface states, and quantum corrections in a magnetically doped topological insulator
• Coherent Topological Transport on the Surface of Bi2Se3
• Quantum frequency doubling in the topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Probing topological quantum matter with scanning tunnelling microscopy
• Mn-rich MnSb2Te4: A topological insulator with magnetic gap closing at high Curie temperatures of 45-50 K
• Sn-doped Bi1.1Sb0.9Te2S, a bulk topological insulator with ideal properties
• Non-sinusoidal current-phase relationship in Josephson junctions from the 3D topological insulator HgTe
• Nonmagnetic band gap at the Dirac point of the magnetic topological insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Mn${}_x{)}_2$Se${}_3$
• Symmetry Protected Josephson Supercurrents in Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators
• Direct measurement of proximity-induced magnetism at the interface between a topological insulator and a ferromagnet
• Large Anomalous Hall Effect in Topological Insulators with Proximitized Ferromagnetic Insulators
• Proximity-induced giant spin-orbit interaction in epitaxial graphene on topological insulator
• Controllable magnetic doping of the surface state of a topological insulator
• Visualizing "Fermi arcs" in the Weyl semimetal TaAs
• Discovery of segmented Fermi surface induced by Cooper pair momentum
• Probing variations of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the nanometer scale
• Toward the intrinsic limit of topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Quantum transport of two-species Dirac fermions in dual-gated three-dimensional topological insulators
• Intrinsic Electron-Phonon Resistivity in Bi2Se3 in the Topological Regime
• Signatures of Dirac fermion-mediated magnetic order
• Distinct Topological Surface States on the Two Terminations of MnBi${}_4$Te${}_7$
• Dual nature of magnetic dopants and competing trends in topological insulators
• Intrinsic instability of electronic interfaces with strong Rashba coupling
• Coulomb disorder in three-dimensional Dirac systems
• Giant Edelstein effect in Topological-Insulator--Graphene heterostructures
• Suppressing twin formation in Bi2Se3 thin films
• Unexpectedly robust protection from backscattering in the topological insulator Bi${}_{1.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$Te${}_{1.7}$Se${}_{1.3}$
• Quasiparticle interference on type-I and type-II Weyl semimetal surfaces: a review
• Magnetotransport and induced superconductivity in Bi based three-dimensional topological insulators
• Universal conductance fluctuations in Dirac materials in the presence of long-range disorder
• Surface vibrational modes of the topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ observed by Raman spectroscopy
• Revealing puddles of electrons and holes in compensated topological insulators
• 2D transport and screening in topological insulator surface states
• Filling of magnetic-impurity-induced gap in topological insulators by potential scattering
• Imaging two-component nature of Dirac-Landau levels in the topological surface state of Bi2Se3
• Charge puddles in the bulk and on the surface of the topological insulator BiSbTeSe${}_2$ studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and optical spectroscopy
• Singular robust room-temperature spin response from topological Dirac fermions
• Enhanced electron dephasing in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Kondo effect on the surface of 3D topological insulators: Signatures in scanning tunneling spectroscopy
• Direct comparison of current-induced spin polarization in topological insulator Bi2Se3 and InAs Rashba states
• Topological states of non-Dirac electrons on triangular lattice
• Kondo effect and non-Fermi liquid behavior in Dirac and Weyl semimetals
• Stationary phase approximation approach to the quasiparticle interference on the surface of a strong topological insulator
• Stepwise quantized surface states and delayed Landau level hybridization in Co cluster-decorated BiSbTeSe2 topological insulator devices
• Quasiparticle Interference Studies of Quantum Materials
• Systematics of molecular self-assembled networks at topological insulators surfaces
• Mapping the Dirac fermions in intrinsic antiferromagnetic topological insulators (MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$)(Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$)${}_n$ (n=0, 1)
• Electrically inert h-BN/bilayer graphene interface in all-2D-heterostructure FETs
• Persistent Optical Gating of a Topological Insulator
• Quasiparticle Interference on the Surface of Topological Crystalline Insulator Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Se
• Visualizing Landau levels of Dirac electrons in a one dimensional potential
• Rare regions and avoided quantum criticality in disordered Weyl semimetals and superconductors
• Effect of bulk charged impurities on the bulk and surface transport in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Solution to the hole-doping problem and tunable quantum Hall effect in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films
• Probing the wavefunction of the surface states in Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ topological insulator: a realistic tight-binding approach
• Realizing gapped surface states in magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_{2-x}$Sb${}_x$Te${}_4$
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• Spin-orbit scattering visualized in quasiparticle interference
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• Two-dimensional electronic transport on the surface of 3D topological insulators
• Excitonic Gap Formation in Pumped Dirac Materials
• Topological phase transition in the quasiperiodic disordered Su-Schriffer-Heeger chain
• Bulk Intergrowth of a Topological Insulator with a Room Temperature Ferromagnet
• Surface charge conductivity of topological insulator in a magnetic field: effect of hexagonal warping
• Detecting Perfect Transmission in Josephson Junctions on the Surface of Three Dimensional Topological Insulators
• Helicity dependent photovoltaic effect in Bi2Se3 under normal incident light
• Direct Imaging of Nanoscale Conductance Evolution in Ion-Gel-Gated Oxide Transistors
• Theory of the random potential and conductivity at the surface of a topological insulator
• Accessing the spectral function of in operando devices by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
• Local photocurrent generation in thin films of the topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Multifractal nature of the surface local density of states in three-dimensional topological insulators with magnetic and nonmagnetic disorder
• Magnetic Ordering at Anomalously High Temperatures in Dy at Extreme Pressures: a New Kondo-Lattice State?
• Absence of equilibrium edge currents in theoretical models of topological insulators
• Single full gap with mixed type-I and type-II superconductivity on surface of the type-II Dirac semimetal PdTe2 by point-contact spectroscopy
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• Dirac cone shift of a passivated topological Bi2Se3 interface state
• Axion-matter coupling in multiferroics
• Severe Dirac Mass Gap Suppression in Sb_2Te_3-based Quantum Anomalous Hall Materials
• Van der Waals heterostructures with spin-orbit coupling
• Local optical control of ferromagnetism and chemical potential in a topological insulator
• An antiferromagnetic diode effect in even-layered MnBi2Te4
• Unoccupied topological surface state in Bi${}_2$Te${}_2$Se
• Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly-doped BaFe2As2
• Observation of backscattering induced by magnetism in a topological edge state
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• Hot-carrier transport and spin relaxation on the surface of topological insulator
• Hyers-Ulam stability of elliptic Möbius difference equation
• Length scale of puddle formation in compensation-doped semiconductors and topological insulators
• Emergent vortex Majorana zero mode in iron-based superconductors
• Dynamics of domain-wall Dirac fermions on a topological insulator: a chiral fermion beam splitter
• Imaging ambipolar two-dimensional carriers induced by the spontaneous electric polarization of a polar semiconductor BiTeI
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• Topological metal behavior in GeBi2Te4 single crystals
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• Engineered Near-Perfect Back-Scattering on Surface of Topological Insulator with Non-Magnetic Impurities
• Anti-site defect-induced disorder in compensated topological magnet MnBi${}_{2-x}$Sb${}_x$Te${}_4$
• Disorder effects in topological insulator thin films
• Controlling electron propagation on a topological insulator surface via proximity interactions
• Understanding interface properties in 2D heterostructure FETs
• Chemical Potential Fluctuations in Topological Insulator (Bi${}_{0.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Films Visualized by Photocurrent Spectroscopy
• Ab-initio transport across Bismuth Selenide surface barriers
• Dirac fermions at high-index surfaces of bismuth chalcogenide topological insulator nanostructures
• Charge puddles in a completely compensated topological insulator
• Dispersing artifacts in FT-STS: a comparison of set point effects across acquisition modes
• ARPES insights on the metallic states of YbB6(001): E(k) dispersion, temporal changes and spatial variation
• Spin memory of the topological material under strong disorder
• Magnetic warping in topological insulators
• Screening and atomic-scale engineering of the potential at a topological insulator surface
• Size Constraints on Majorana Beamsplitter Interferometer: Majorana Coupling and Surface-Bulk Scattering
• Spatially varying electronic dephasing in three dimensional topological insulators
• Imaging topologically protected transport with quantum degenerate gases
• Spin-Polarized Quantum Well States on Bi${}_{2-x}$Fe${}_x$Se${}_3$
• Disorder effects in topological insulator nanowires
• Anomalous Hall Coulomb drag of massive Dirac fermions
• Ab-initio Theory of Fourier-transformed Quasiparticle Interference Maps and Application to the Topological Insulator Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$
• A Systematic Investigation of the Coupling between One-Dimensional Edge States of a Topological Crystalline Insulator
• Kondo screening by the surface modes of a strong topological insulator
• Mapping the effect of defect-induced strain disorder on the Dirac states of topological insulators
• The Interplay of Topological Surface and Bulk Electronic States in Bi2Se3
• The tunneling density-of-states of interacting massless Dirac fermions
• Quantum corrections to the magnetoconductivity of surface states in three-dimensional topological insulators
• Single electron gating of topological insulators
• Effect of surface defects and few-atomic steps on the local density of states of the atomically-clean surface of topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$
• Imaging the breakdown and restoration of topological protection in magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Resonant Faraday and Kerr effects due to in-gap states on the surface of a topological insulator
• Spectromicroscopic measurement of surface and bulk band structure interplay in a disordered topological insulator
• Edelstein and inverse Edelstein effects caused by the pristine surface states of topological insulators
• Photoemission spectra of massless Dirac fermions on the verge of exciton condensation
• Robust Gapless Surface State against Surface Magnetic Impurities on (Bi${}_{0.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Evidenced by In Situ Magnetotransport Measurements
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• Selection rules for quasiparticle interference with internal nonsymmorphic symmetries
• Robustness of persistent currents in two-dimensional Dirac systems with disorders
• Gate tunable quantum Hall effects in defect-suppressed Bi2Se3 films
• Quantum Transport in Air-stable Na3Bi Thin Films
• Coulomb drag in topological insulator films
• Importance of interactions for the band structure of the topological Dirac semimetal Na3Bi
• Spin torque and persistent currents caused by percolation of topological surface states
• Effect of impurities on the Josephson current through helical metals: Exploiting a neutrino paradigm
• Experimental demonstration of a magnetically induced warping transition in a topological insulator mediated by rare-earth surface dopants
• Quasiparticle interference in altermagnets
• Electronic properties of one-dimensional nanostructures of the Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ topological insulator
• Signature of Anomalous Andreev bound states in magnetic Josephson junction of noncentrosymmetric superconductor on a topological insulator
• Single atom anisotropic magnetoresistance on a topological insulator surface
• Finite temperature effects on Majorana bound states in chiral $p$-wave superconductors
• Coulomb drag in topological materials
• Micro-metric electronic patterning of a topological band structure using a photon beam
• Anomalous magneto-thermoelectric behavior in massive Dirac materials
• Spontaneous ferromagnetism and finite surface energy gap in the topological insulator Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ from surface Bi$_\rm{Se}$ antisite defects
• Quasiparticle interference in doped topological insulators with nematic superconductivity
• Quantum interference in a macroscopic van der Waals conductor
• Topological Insulators-Based Magnetic Heterostructure
• Characterizing the chemical potential disorder in the topological insulator (Bi${}_{1-x}$Sb${}_x$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ thin films
• Elastic scattering of surface states on three-dimensional topological insulators
• Pseudo-Spin, Real-Spin and Spin Polarization of Photo-emitted Electrons
• Pb-doped p-type Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ thin films via interfacial engineering
• Realizing a topological diode effect on the surface of a topological Kondo insulator
• Reversible Engineering of Topological Insulator Surface State Conductivity through Optical Excitation
• 2D compressibility of surface states on 3D topological insulators
• Van der Waals Epitaxy on Freestanding Monolayer Graphene Membrane by MBE
• Strong and Weak Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators Probed by Surface Science Methods
• Signature of pseudo-diffusive transport in mesoscopic topological insulators
• Local and global patterns in quasiparticle interference: a reduced response function approach
• Observation of a Smoothly Tunable Dirac Point in $Ge(B{i}_{x}S{b}_{1-x}{)}_{2}T{e}_4$
• Cotunneling into a Kondo lattice with odd hybridization
• Phonon and defect mediated quantum anomalous Hall insulator to metal transition in magnetically doped topological insulators
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• Tracing Dirac points of topological surface states by ferromagnetic resonance
• Prediction of at topological $p+ip$ excitonic insulator with parity anomaly
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• Robust topological state against magnetic impurities observed in superconductor PbTaSe2
• Bulk and surface electron scattering in disordered Bi${}_2$Te${}_3$ probed by quasiparticle interference
• Selective-Area Epitaxy of Bulk-Insulating (Bi${}_x$Sb${}_{1-x}$)${}_2$Te${}_3$ Films and Nanowires by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
• Magnetically induced spin reorientation on the surface of a topological insulator (a surface magnetic topological insulator MBE film)
• Topological layered n-type thermoelectrics based on bismuth telluride solid solutions
• Quasiparticle interference on the surface of Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$ terminated (PbSe)${}_5$(Bi${}_2$Se${}_3$)${}_6$