QCD thermalization: Ab initio approaches and interdisciplinary connections

Abstract

Heavy-ion collisions at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN's Large Hadron Collider provide strong evidence for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma, with temperatures extracted from relativistic viscous hydrodynamic simulations shown to be well above the transition temperature from hadron matter. How the strongly correlated quark-gluon matter forms in a heavy-ion collision, its properties off-equilibrium, and the thermalization process in the plasma, are outstanding problems in QCD. We review here the theoretical progress in this field in weak coupling QCD effective field theories and in strong coupling holographic approaches based on gauge-gravity duality. We outline the interdisciplinary connections of different stages of the thermalization process to non-equilibrium dynamics in other systems across energy scales ranging from inflationary cosmology, to strong field QED, to ultracold atomic gases, with emphasis on the universal dynamics of non-thermal and of hydrodynamic attractors. We survey measurements in heavy-ion collisions that are sensitive to the early non-equilibrium stages of the collision and discuss the potential for future measurements. We summarize the current state-of-the art in thermalization studies and identify promising avenues for further progress.

arXiv comment73 pages, 32 figures, prepared for Reviews of Modern Physics; version 2: small improvements and additions, submitted version; version 3: accepted version; title changed, differs in style and format from published version in Reviews of Modern Physics

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• A classical Odderon in QCD at high energies
• High energy scattering in Quantum Chromodynamics
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• Hadrons and Nuclei
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• Colliding shock waves and hydrodynamics in small systems
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• Thermal excitation spectrum from entanglement in an expanding quantum string
• Jet broadening in unstable non-Abelian plasmas
• Thermodynamics of the N=2^* strongly coupled plasma
• Random walks of partons in SU(N_c) and classical representations of color charges in QCD at small x
• Transport coefficients from in medium quarkonium dynamics
• Schwinger-Keldysh on the lattice: a faster algorithm and its application to field theory
• NLO JIMWLK evolution unabridged
• Kinetic theory of non-thermal fixed points in a Bose gas
• QCD Splitting/Joining Functions at Finite Temperature in the Deep LPM Regime
• Multi-gluon correlations and evidence of saturation from dijet measurements at an Electron Ion Collider
• Dynamics of a Z2 symmetric EdGB gravity in spherical symmetry
• Matter Wave Turbulence: Beyond Kinetic Scaling
• Symmetric path integrals for stochastic equations with multiplicative noise
• Prescaling and far-from-equilibrium hydrodynamics in the quark-gluon plasma
• Nonlinear amplification of instabilities with longitudinal expansion
• Particle production in field theories coupled to strong external sources. II: Generating functions
• Short-lived modes from hydrodynamic dispersion relations
• Holographic Collisions across a Phase Transition
• Longitudinal Coherence in a Holographic Model of p-Pb Collisions
• Coupling constant corrections in a holographic model of heavy ion collisions
• Multiplicity distributions in p+p, p+A and A+A collisions from Yang-Mills dynamics
• Parametric estimate of the relative photon yields from the Glasma and the Quark-Gluon Plasma in heavy-ion collisions
• Importance of initial and final state effects for azimuthal correlations in p+Pb collisions
• Limiting fragmentation in hadron-hadron collisions at high energies
• Chiral magnetic effect and anomalous transport from real-time lattice simulations
• Exact solutions and attractors of higher-order viscous fluid dynamics for Bjorken flow
• Introduction to the nonequilibrium functional renormalization group
• Parton model description of multiparticle azimuthal correlations in $pA$ collisions
• Nearly isentropic flow at sizeable $\eta /s$
• Fluctuations of the initial color fields in high energy heavy ion collisions
• Spectral function for overoccupied gluodynamics from real-time lattice simulations
• How big are the smallest drops of quark-gluon plasma?
• Transits of the QCD Critical Point
• HERA data and collinearly-improved BK dynamics
• Paths to equilibrium in non-conformal collisions
• Hydrodynamic attractor and the fate of perturbative expansions in Gubser flow
• NLO impact factor for inclusive photon$+$dijet production in $e+A$ DIS at small $x$
• Resurgence and Hydrodynamic Attractors in Gauss-Bonnet Holography
• Emergence of hydrodynamical behavior in expanding quark-gluon plasmas
• An overview of experimental results from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC: bulk properties and dynamical evolution
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• Instability induced pressure isotropization in a longitudinally expanding system
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• Numerical study of chiral plasma instability within the classical statistical field theory approach
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• Heavy Quarks in Turbulent QCD Plasmas
• Holographic Collisions in Non-conformal Theories
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• Wong's equations and the small x effective action in QCD
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• Glimpses of black hole formation/evaporation in highly inelastic, ultra-planckian string collisions
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• Non-renormalizability of the classical statistical approximation
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• Heavy quark energy loss far from equilibrium in a strongly coupled collision
• Photons from the Early Stages of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
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• Hydrodynamic attractors in phase space
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• Real-time Fermions for Baryogenesis Simulations
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• Second-order Hydrodynamics in Next-to-Leading-Order QCD
• Prescaling in a far-from-equilibrium Bose gas
• Lightcone Effective Hamiltonians and RG Flows
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• Breaking the Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation by Universal Transport Processes
• Effective kinetic description of the expanding overoccupied Glasma
• Universal hydrodynamic flow in holographic planar shock collisions
• Exact solution for the non-equilibrium attractor in number-conserving relaxation time approximation
• Anisotropic hydrodynamics with a scalar collisional kernel
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• Photon emission from quark-gluon plasma out of equilibrium
• An overview of experimental results from ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC: hard probes
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• Leading Order QCD Shear Viscosity from the 3PI Effective Action
• A semi-holographic model for heavy-ion collisions
• Exploring nonlocal observables in shock wave collisions
• Anomaly-induced dynamical refringence in strong-field QED
• Transient anomalous charge production in strong-field QCD
• Measuring Color Memory in a Color Glass Condensate at Electron-Ion Colliders
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• Condensates in Relativistic Scalar Theories
• Color Glass Condensate in Schwinger-Keldysh QCD
• Momentum broadening in unstable quark-gluon plasma
• Statistics of thermalization in Bjorken Flow
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• Holographic thermalization in a top-down confining model
• Towards thermalization in heavy-ion collisions: CGC meets the 2PI formalism
• Graviton emission in Einstein-Hilbert gravity
• Sub-femtometer scale color charge correlations in the proton
• Consistent Anti-de Sitter-Space/Conformal-Field-Theory Dual for a Time-Dependent Finite Temperature System
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• Quantum anomaly and geometric phase; their basic differences
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• Coupling Constant Corrections in a Holographic Model of Heavy Ion Collisions with Nonzero Baryon Number Density
• Regimes of the Pomeron and its Intrinsic Entropy
• Real-time Dynamics of Plasma Balls from Holography
• Thermalization of Wightman functions in AdS/CFT and quasinormal modes
• Asymmetric shockwave collisions in ${\text{AdS}}_5$
• Hybrid Fluid Models from Mutual Effective Metric Couplings
• Phenomenological implications of asymmetric $Ad{S}_5$ shockwave collision studies for heavy ion physics
• Cooling arbitrary near-critical systems using hyperbolic quenches
• Time evolution of a toy semiholographic glasma
• Diffractive electron-nucleus scattering and ancestry in branching random walks
• From spin chains to real-time thermal field theory using tensor networks
• Rapidity gap distribution in diffractive deep-inelastic scattering and parton genealogy
• What QCD Tells Us About Nature -- and Why We Should Listen
• Spectral, statistical and vertex functions in scalar quantum field theory far from equilibrium
• Plasmon mass scale in classical nonequilibrium gauge theory
• Conformal symmetry and the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation
• Particle production and AGK relations in the Color Glass Condensate picture
• Quasiquarks in two stream system
• General formulae for dipole Wilson line correlators with the Color Glass Condensate
• Multiparticle Production at Mid-Rapidity in the Color-Glass Condensate
• Polyakov-Loops and Fermionic Zero Modes in QCD2 on the Torus
• Plasmon mass scale in two dimensional classical nonequilibrium gauge theory
• Complex deformations of Bjorken flow
• Quantum corrections to the Classical Statistical Approximation for the expanding quantum field
• Topology of Generalized Spinors and Chiral Anomaly
• Nonequilibrium axial charge production in expanding glasma flux tubes
• Anomalous Transport Processes in Turbulent non-Abelian Plasmas
• Time-Dependent Observables in Heavy Ion Collisions I: Setting up the Formalism
• The subtle interplay of elastic and inelastic collisions in the thermalization of the quark-gluon plasma
• Complexified boost invariance and holographic heavy ion collisions
• Limiting fragmentation as an initial state probe in heavy ion collisions
• Saturation scale fluctuations and multi-particle rapidity correlations
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• Scalable cold-atom quantum simulator for two-dimensional QED
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• Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: Preparation on a quantum computer
• SU(2) Gauge Theory in $2+1$ Dimensions on a Plaquette Chain Obeys the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis
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• Visualizing Dynamics of Charges and Strings in (2+1)D Lattice Gauge Theories
• Thermalization of non-abelian gauge theories at next-to-leading order
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• Transient dynamics of quasinormal mode sums
• A Cold-Atom Particle Collider
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• Stabilizing complex Langevin for real-time gauge theories with an anisotropic kernel
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• Investigating the QCD dynamical entropy in high-energy hadronic collisions
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• Violation of energy conditions and entropy production in holographic Bjorken flow
• In-medium polarization tensor in strong magnetic fields (I): Magneto-birefringence at finite temperature and density
• Isolating perturbative QCD splittings in heavy-ion collisions
• Far-from-equilibrium kinetic dynamics of $\lambda {\varphi }^4$ theory in an expanding universe
• Thermalization and prethermalization in the soft-wall AdS/QCD model
• Dilepton polarization as a signature of plasma anisotropy
• Mass Renormalization in Lattice Simulations of False Vacuum Decay
• Stable and unstable perturbations in universal scaling phenomena far from equilibrium
• Entanglement and confinement in lattice gauge theory tensor networks
• Minijet quenching in non-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma
• Randomized measurement protocols for lattice gauge theories
• Quantum thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes in lattice gauge theories
• Pre-Equilibrium Evolution of Conserved Charges with ICCING Initial Conditions
• Asymptotic freedom in a strongly interacting scalar quantum field theory in four Euclidean dimensions
• Large-Scale $2+1$D $\mathrm{U}(1)$ Gauge Theory with Dynamical Matter in a Cold-Atom Quantum Simulator
• New insights into the analytic structure of correlation functions via kinetic theory
• Dimensional crossover for universal scaling far from equilibrium
• Understanding thermalization in a non-Abelian gauge theory in terms of its soft modes
• Thermalization of gluons in spatially homogeneous systems
• Hydrodynamic Attractor in Ultracold Atoms
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• Probing universal dynamics with topological data analysis in a gluonic plasma
• Direct Photons in Hydrodynamic Modeling of Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Meson content of entanglement spectra after integrable and nonintegrable quantum quenches
• Giving wake to energy-energy correlators: Hydrodynamic response on the celestial sphere
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• Effective Debye Screening Mass in an Anisotropic Quark Gluon Plasma
• Stability analysis of non-Abelian electric fields
• Stabilizer Scars
• A universal speed limit for spreading of coherence
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• Bayesian Constraints on Pre-Equilibrium Jet Quenching and Predictions for Oxygen Collisions
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• A dynamical inflaton coupled to strongly interacting matter
• Entanglement Properties of SU(2) Gauge Theory
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• Thermal modifications of mesons and energy-energy correlators from real-time simulations of a $U(1)$ lattice gauge theory
• Probing Nuclear Geometry through Multi-Particle Azimuthal Correlations and Rapidity-Even Dipolar Flow in ${}^{16}$O+${}^{16}$O Collisions
• Hydrodynamic attractor in periodically driven ultracold quantum gases
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• Condensation and prescaling in spatial Polyakov loop correlations far from equilibrium
• Understanding the approach to thermalization from the eigenspectrum of non-Abelian gauge theories
• Extracting the symmetries of nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems
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• Testing the collectivity in large and small colliding systems with test particles
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• Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: highlights and opportunities
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• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
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