Relativistic Hydrodynamic Attractors with Broken Symmetries: Non-Conformal and Non-Homogeneous

Abstract

Standard textbooks will state that hydrodynamics requires near-equilibrium to be applicable. Recently, however, out-of-equilibrium attractor solutions for hydrodynamics have been found in kinetic theory and holography in systems with a high degree of symmetry, suggesting the possibility of a genuine out-of-equilibrium formulation of hydrodynamics. This work demonstrates that attractor solutions also occur in non-conformal kinetic theory and spatially non-homogeneous systems, potentially having important implications for the interpretation of experimental data in heavy-ion and proton-proton collisions and relativistic fluid dynamics as a whole.

13 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor changes (typos, etc.); v3: matches published version

References in corpus (6)

• Viscosity Information from Relativistic Nuclear Collisions: How Perfect is the Fluid Observed at RHIC?
• Relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
• Elliptic and triangular flow in event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamics
• Multiplicity scaling in ideal and viscous hydrodynamics
• Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark-gluon plasma?
• Gradient expansion for anisotropic hydrodynamics

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• Hydrodynamic Attractors in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions
• Critical lensing and kurtosis near a critical point in the QCD phase diagram in and out-of-equilibrium
• From moments of the distribution function to hydrodynamics: The non-conformal case
• Bjorken flow attractors with transverse dynamics
• Exponential Approach to the Hydrodynamic Attractor in Yang-Mills Kinetic Theory
• Shear flows in far-from-equilibrium strongly coupled fluids
• Relativistic Hydrodynamics: A Singulant Perspective
• Hydrodynamic Attractor in a Hubble Expansion
• Far-from-equilibrium attractors for massive kinetic theory in the relaxation time approximation
• Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
• Far-off-equilibrium expansion trajectories in the QCD phase diagram
• Hydrodynamic attractor in the non-conformal Bjorken flow
• Hydrodynamic Attractor in Ultracold Atoms
• Infinite Order Hydrodynamics: An Analytical Example
• Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
• Hydrodynamization in hybrid Bjorken flow attractors
• Using the non-hydrodynamic mode to study the onset of hydrodynamic behavior in ultraperipheral symmetric nuclear collisions
• The late to early time behaviour of an expanding plasma: hydrodynamisation from exponential asymptotics
• Superfluids in expanding backgrounds and attractor times
• Hydrodynamic attractor in periodically driven ultracold quantum gases
• Pseudothermalization of the quark-gluon plasma