The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation

Abstract

(Abridged) ASHES has been designed to systematically characterize the earliest stages and to constrain theories of high-mass star formation. A total of 12 massive (>500 $M_{\odot }$), cold (<15 K), 3.6-70 $\mu$m dark prestellar clump candidates, embedded in IRDCs, were carefully selected in the pilot survey to be observed with ALMA. We mosaiced each clump (~1 arcmin^2) in dust and line emission with the 12m/7m/TP arrays at 224 GHz, resulting in ~1.2" resolution (~4800 AU). As the first paper of the series, we concentrate on the dust emission to reveal the clump fragmentation. We detect 294 cores, from which 84 (29%) are categorized as protostellar based on outflow activity or 'warm core' line emission. The remaining 210 (71%) are considered prestellar core candidates. The number of detected cores is independent of the mass sensitivity range of the observations. On average, more massive clumps tend to form more cores. We find a large population of low-mass (<1 M) cores and no high-mass (>30 $M_{\odot }$) prestellar cores. The most massive prestellar core has a mass of 11 $M_{\odot }$. From the prestellar CMF, we derive a power law index of 1.17+-0.1, slightly shallower than Salpeter (1.35). We use the MST technique to characterize the separation between cores and their spatial distribution, and derive mass segregation ratios. While there is a range of core masses and separations detected in the sample, the mean separation and mass of cores are well explained by thermal fragmentation and are inconsistent with turbulent Jeans fragmentation. The core spatial distribution is well described by hierarchical subclustering rather than centrally peaked clustering. There is no conclusive evidence of mass segregation. We test several theoretical conditions, and conclude that overall, competitive accretion and global hierarchical collapse scenarios are favored over the turbulent core accretion scenario.

Accepted for publication in ApJ (September 17, 2019). 37 pages, 19 figures, and 7 tables

References in corpus (142)

• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• GLIMPSE: I. A SIRTF Legacy Project to Map the Inner Galaxy
• The Formation of Massive Stars from Turbulent Cores
• A Universal Stellar Initial Mass Function? A Critical Look at Variations
• Clouds, filaments and protostars: the Herschel Hi-GAL Milky Way
• ATLASGAL - The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy at 870 microns
• Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms
• The mass function of dense molecular cores and the origin of the IMF
• Infrared Dark Clouds: precursors to star clusters
• The hierarchical formation of a stellar cluster
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• Massive star formation: Nurture, not nature
• Star formation through gravitational collapse and competitive accretion
• Efficiencies of Low-Mass Star and Star Cluster Formation
• Outflow Feedback Regulated Massive Star Formation in Parsec-Scale Cluster Forming Clumps
• A spectroscopic survey on the multiplicity of high-mass stars
• The statistical Analysis of Star Clusters
• The initial conditions of stellar protocluster formation. I. A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds
• A Minimum Column Density of 1 g cm^-2 for Massive Star Formation
• ATLASGAL - Compact source catalogue: 330 < l < 21 degrees
• Hierarchical fragmentation and differential star formation in the Galactic "Snake": infrared dark cloud G11.11-0.12
• The stellar and sub-stellar IMF of simple and composite populations
• Gravity or Turbulence? The velocity dispersion-size relation
• How Many Infrared Dark Clouds can form Massive Stars and Clusters?
• ATLASGAL --- towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps
• Using the minimum spanning tree to trace mass segregation
• Equilibrium Star Cluster Formation
• Collapse of massive magnetized dense cores using radiation-magneto-hydrodynamics: early fragmentation inhibition
• Magnetic Fields in High-Mass Infrared Dark Clouds
• Chemistry in Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps: a Molecular Line Survey at 3 mm
• Fragmentation at the Earliest Phase of Massive Star Formation
• A Catalog of MSX Infrared Dark Cloud Candidates
• Cooling, Gravity and Geometry: Flow-driven Massive Core Formation
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Formation of Orion-Like Star Clusters II. The Initial Mass Function from Winds, Turbulence, and Radiation
• Fragmentation and mass segregation in the massive dense cores of Cygnus X
• The Simultaneous Formation of Massive Stars and Stellar Clusters
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-Forming Cores with Radiative Feedback
• Gravity or turbulence? II. Evolving column density PDFs in molecular clouds
• MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey
• The Primordial Binary Population - I: A near-infrared adaptive optics search for close visual companions to A star members of Scorpius OB2
• The Dynamics of Massive Starless Cores with ALMA
• Gravitational fragmentation and the formation of brown dwarfs in stellar clusters
• Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. II. Fragmentation, stability, and chemistry
• Hierarchical Fragmentation and Jet-like Outflows in IRDC G28.34+0.06, a Growing Massive Protostar Cluster
• The Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) Pilot Survey
• The dynamical properties of dense filaments in the infrared dark cloud G035.39-00.33
• High- and Low-Mass Star Forming Regions from Hierarchical Gravitational Fragmentation. High local Star Formation Rates with Low Global Efficiencies
• Mid-Infrared Extinction Mapping of Infrared Dark Clouds: Probing the Initial Conditions for Massive Stars and Star Clusters
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• The unexpectedly large proportion of high-mass star-forming cores in a Galactic mini-starburst
• Hierarchical Cluster Assembly in Globally Collapsing Clouds
• Far-Infrared Dust Temperatures and Column Densities of the MALT90 Molecular Clump Sample
• Star Cluster Formation in Turbulent, Magnetized Dense Clumps with Radiative and Outflow Feedback
• Filamentary Fragmentation and Accretion in High-Mass Star-Forming Molecular Clouds
• Gravity or turbulence? -III. Evidence of pure thermal Jeans fragmentation at ~0.1 pc scale
• Unveiling a network of parallel filaments in the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506
• ATLASGAL - Kinematic distances and the dense gas mass distribution of the inner Galaxy
• Filamentary Accretion Flows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506 Revealed by ALMA
• Fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU: Relation between fragmentation and density structure
• An Infrared through Radio Study of the Properties and Evolution of IRDC Clumps
• High mass star formation in the infrared dark cloud G11.11-0.12
• Properties of hierarchically forming star clusters
• Chemical Evolution in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions: Results from the MALT90 Survey
• Distinct Chemical Regions in the "Prestellar" Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC) G028.23-00.19
• Infall Signatures in a Prestellar Core embedded in the High-Mass 70 $\mu$m Dark IRDC G331.372-00.116
• ALMA survey of massive cluster progenitors from ATLASGAL. Limited fragmentation at the early evolutionary stage of massive clumps
• Clump Lifetimes and the Initial Mass Function
• A holistic perspective on the dynamics of G035.39-00.33: the interplay between gas and magnetic fields
• A Molecular Line Observation toward Massive Clumps Associated with Infrared Dark Clouds
• An Ordered Bipolar Outflow from a Massive Early-Stage Core
• Is protostellar heating sufficient to halt fragmentation? A case study of the massive protocluster G8.68-0.37
• Gravity, Magnetic Field, and Turbulence: Relative Importance and Impact on Fragmentation in the Infrared Dark Cloud G34.43+00.24
• SMA observations of Infrared Dark Clouds: A tale of two cores
• Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early High-Mass Star Forming Regions: I. VLA Observations
• The Impact of Feedback During Massive Star Formation by Core Accretion
• Dense core properties in the Infrared Dark cloud G14.225-0.506 revealed by ALMA
• GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. III. Density and Magnetically Regulated Star Formation
• The central 1000 AU of a pre-stellar core revealed with ALMA. I. 1.3 mm continuum observations
• The TOP-SCOPE survey of Planck Galactic Cold Clumps: Survey overview and results of an exemplar source, PGCC G26.53+0.17
• Investigating the structure and fragmentation of a highly filamentary IRDC
• Protostellar Outflow Heating in a Growing Massive Protocluster
• Molecular outflows within the filamentary infrared dark cloud G34.43+0.24
• Star formation activity and the spatial distribution and mass segregation of dense cores in the early phases of star formation
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. X. A Complete Spectroscopic Catalog of Dense Molecular Gas Observed toward 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Sources with 7.5 <= l <= 194 degrees
• Infall Motions in Massive Star-Forming Regions: Results from Years 1 & 2 of the MALT90 Survey
• Simultaneous low- and high-mass star formation in a massive protocluster: ALMA observations of G11.92-0.61
• The Deuterium Fraction in Massive Starless Cores and Dynamical Implications
• The Core Mass Function Across Galactic Environments. II. Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps
• ALMA reveals sequential high-mass star formation in the G9.62+0.19 complex
• Comparisons between different techniques for measuring mass segregation
• A MALT90 study of the chemical properties of massive clumps and filaments of infrared dark clouds
• A Hunt for Massive Starless Cores
• Characterization of the MALT90 Survey and the Mopra Telescope at 90 GHz
• Fragmentation in filamentary molecular clouds
• The Core Mass Function in the Massive Protocluster G286.21+0.17 revealed by ALMA
• A highly efficient measure of mass segregation in star clusters
• Massive and low-mass protostars in massive "starless" cores
• G11.92-0.61-MM2: A Bonafide Massive Prestellar Core?
• The search for high-mass protostars with ALMA revealed up to kilo-parsec scales (SPARKS): I. Indication for a centrifugal barrier in the environment of a single high-mass envelope
• Gravity or turbulence? IV. Collapsing cores in out-of-virial disguise
• Hierarchical fragmentation and collapse signatures in a high-mass starless region
• Linking Dense Gas from the Milky Way to External Galaxies
• Characterizing the properties of cluster precursors in the MALT90 survey
• Widespread Molecular Outflows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.37+0.07: Indications of Orthogonal Outflow-Filament Alignment
• DNC/HNC Ratio of Massive Clumps in Early Evolutionary Stages of High-Mass Star Formation
• Detection of a high-mass prestellar core candidate in W43-MM1
• Astrochemical Properties of Planck Cold Clumps
• Outflow detection in a 70 $\mu$m dark high-mass core
• Distributed Low-Mass Star Formation in the IRDC G34.43+00.24
• Organic species in Infrared Dark Clouds
• Are Infrared Dark Clouds Really Quiescent?
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Hot Core and Molecular Outflows
• A SiO J = 5 - 4 Survey Toward Massive Star Formation Regions
• Magnetic fields at the onset of high-mass star formation
• Initial Fragmentation in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.53-0.25
• Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early High-Mass Star Forming Regions: II. The Nature of the Radio Sources
• Asymmetric Line Profiles in Dense Molecular Clumps Observed in MALT90: Evidence for Global Collapse
• Fragmentation and disk formation during high-mass star formation: The IRAM NOEMA (Northern Extended Millimeter Array) large program CORE
• Zooming in to Massive Star Birth
• The fragmentation properties of massive protocluster gas clumps: an ALMA study
• Dust spectrum and polarisation at 850 um in the massive IRDC G035.39-00.33
• Gravitationally unstable condensations revealed by ALMA in the TUKH122 prestellar core in the Orion A cloud
• Properties of massive star-forming clumps with infall motions
• Lack of high-mass prestellar cores in the starless MDCs of NGC6334
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: 278 GHz Class I Methanol Masers
• The Radio Ammonia Mid-Plane Survey (RAMPS) Pilot Survey
• Fragmentation and Kinematics of dense molecular cores in the filamentary infrared-dark cloud G011.11-0.12
• A molecular line study towards massive extended green object clumps in the southern sky: chemical properties
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Complex Organic and Deuterated Molecules
• Interferometric Observations of High-Mass Star-Forming Clumps with Unusual N2H+/HCO+ Line Ratios
• Tightening the belt: Constraining the mass and evolution in SDC335
• ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: DNC/HNC Ratio
• Physical properties, kinetics and mass function of 12 northern infrared dark clouds
• Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early Massive Star Formation Regions: An Ionized Jet Toward G11.11-0.12P1
• Core Emergence in a Massive Infrared Dark Cloud: A Comparison Between Mid-IR Extinction and 1.3 mm Emission
• Effects of infall and outflow on massive star-forming regions
• G337.342-0.119 (the "Pebble"): A Cold, Dense, High-Mass Molecular Cloud with Unusually Large Linewidths and a Candidate High-Mass Star Cluster Progenitor
• Spatial Variation of the Chemical Properties of Massive Star-forming Clumps

Cited by in corpus (109)

• The Origin of Massive Stars: The Inertial-Inflow Model
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- I. Survey description and a first look at G9.62+0.19
• ALMA-IMF I -- Investigating the origin of stellar masses: Introduction to the Large Program and first results
• Multiscale, multiwavelength extraction of sources and filaments using separation of the structural components: getsf
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XV. Steady Accretion from Global Collapse to Core Feeding in Massive Hub-filament System SDC335
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IX. Physical Properties and Spatial Distribution of Cores in IRDCs
• Does the magnetic field suppress fragmentation in massive dense cores?
• Zooming in on Individual Star Formation: Low- and High-mass Stars
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II: Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation
• ATOMS:ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- III :Catalogues of candidate hot molecular cores and Hyper/Ultra compact HII regions
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• Evidence of high-mass star formation through multi-scale mass accretion in hub-filament-system clouds
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Jeans Fragmentation and Cluster Formation
• From the CMF to the IMF: Beyond the Core-Collapse Model
• ALMA-IMF. V. Prestellar and protostellar core populations in the W43 cloud complex
• An ALMA study of hub-filament systems I. On the clump mass concentration within the most massive cores
• ALMA-IMF VI -- Investigating the origin of stellar masses: Core mass function evolution in the W43-MM2&MM3 mini-starburst
• JOYS: JWST Observations of Young protoStars: Outflows and accretion in the high-mass star-forming region IRAS23385+605
• Direct observational evidence of the multi-scale, dynamical mass accretion toward a high-mass star forming hub-filament system
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VIII. Dynamics of Embedded Dense Cores
• Magnetic Fields in Massive Star-Forming Regions (MagMaR) I. Linear Polarized Imaging of the UCHII Region G5.89-0.39
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star formation signatures in G023.477
• Magnetic fields in the early stages of massive star formation as revealed by ALMA
• Mass segregation and sequential star formation in NGC 2264 revealed by Herschel
• ALMA-IMF II -- investigating the origin of stellar masses: Continuum Images and Data Processing
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). I. Dissecting the High-mass Star-Forming Core G335.579-0.292 MM1
• The core population and kinematics of a massive clump at early stages: an ALMA view
• HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates II. Fragmentation and induced star formation at ~0.025 pc scale: An ALMA continuum study
• ALMA Observations of Massive Clouds in the Central Molecular Zone: Ubiquitous Protostellar Outflows
• The SQUALO project (Star formation in QUiescent And Luminous Objects) I: clump-fed accretion mechanism in high-mass star-forming objects
• Identification of prestellar cores in high-mass star forming clumps via ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ observations with ALMA
• ALMA-IMF XV: The core mass function in the high-mass star-formation regime
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). III: The Chemical Link between NH${}_2$CHO, HNCO, and H${}_2$CO
• ALMA observations of NGC 6334S. II. Subsonic and Transonic Narrow Filaments in a High-mass Star Formation Cloud
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XII: Fragmentation and multi-scale gas kinematics in protoclusters G12.42+0.50 and G19.88-0.53
• The role of the magnetic field in the fragmentation process: the case of G14.225-0.506
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• The accretion history of high-mass stars: An ArTéMiS pilot study of Infrared Dark Clouds
• The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VI. The core-scale CO-depletion
• Multi-scale view of star formation in IRAS 21078+5211: From clump fragmentation to disk wind
• Strong dependence of the physical properties of cores on spatial resolution in observations and simulations
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). VII: Chemistry of Embedded Dense Cores
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). V. Deuterated Molecules in the 70 $\mu$m dark IRDC G14.492-00.139
• Molecular Cloud Cores with High Deuterium Fraction: Nobeyama Single-Pointing Survey
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). II. Exploring the Inner Binary (Multiple) System Embedded in G335 MM1 ALMA1
• The evolution of temperature and density structures of OB cluster-forming molecular clumps
• The Core Mass Function in the Orion Nebula Cluster Region: What Determines the Final Stellar Masses?
• The ALMA Survey of 70$\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES) III. A Young Molecular Outflow Driven by a Decelerating Jet
• Fragmentation and kinematics in high-mass star formation: CORE-extension targeting two very young high-mass star-forming regions
• ALMA-IMF. VII. First release of the full spectral line cubes: Core kinematics traced by DCN J=(3-2)
• Effect of feedback of massive stars in the fragmentation, distribution, and kinematics of the gas in two star forming regions in the Carina Nebula
• GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. VII. The Effect of Magnetic Field Strength on Star Formation
• A Low-mass Cold and Quiescent Core Population in a Massive Star Protocluster
• Constraints on the (re-)orientation of star-disk systems through infall
• Unveiling the formation of the massive DR21 ridge
• ALMA-IMF X -- The core population in the evolved W33-Main (G012.80) protocluster
• ALMA Fragmented Source Catalogue in Orion (FraSCO) I. Outflow interaction within an embedded cluster in OMC-2/FIR3, FIR4, and FIR5
• Large-scale molecular gas distribution in the M17 cloud complex: dense gas conditions of massive star formation?
• Large-scale Velocity-coherent Filaments in the SEDIGISM Survey: Association with Spiral Arms and Fraction of Dense Gas
• The Core Mass Function Across Galactic Environments. III. Massive Protoclusters
• CARMA-NRO Orion Survey: unbiased survey of dense cores and core mass functions in Orion A
• ALMA-IMF XIII: N${}_2$H${}^{+}$ kinematic analysis on the intermediate protocluster G353.41
• ALMA ACA and Nobeyama observations of two Orion cores in deuterated molecular lines
• SiO Outflows as Tracers of Massive Star Formation in Infrared Dark Clouds
• HII regions and high-mass starless clump candidates I: Catalogs and properties
• Fragmentation of the High-mass "Starless'' Core G10.21-0.31: a Coherent Evolutionary Picture for Star Formation
• Emergence of high-mass stars in complex fiber networks (EMERGE). I. Early ALMA Survey: observations and massive data reduction
• ALMA-IMF XVII -- Census and lifetime of high-mass prestellar cores in 14 massive protoclusters
• W51North: A protocluster emerging out of a thermally inhibited fragmenting cloud
• Will ALMA Reveal the True Core Mass Function of Protoclusters?
• The disk-outflow system around the rare young O-type protostar W42-MME
• New evidences in IRDC G333.73+0.37: colliding filamentary clouds, hub-filament system, and embedded cores
• Benchmarking the IRDC G351.77-0.53: Gaia DR3 distance, mass distribution, and star formation content
• Characterization of dense Planck clumps observed with Herschel and SCUBA-2
• A Herschel study of G214.5-1.8: a young, cold and quiescent giant molecular filament on the shell of a HI superbubble
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in the Formation of the Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G11.11-0.12
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• The C${}^{18}$O core mass function toward Orion A: Single-dish observations
• Galatic HII region IRAS 17149$-$3916 -- A multiwavelength study
• ALMA observations of two massive and dense MALT90 clumps
• Linking High- and Low-Mass Star Formation: Observation-Based Continuum Modelling and Physical Conditions
• Probing the Global Dust Properties and Cluster Formation Potential of the Giant Molecular Cloud G148.24+00.41
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). V. Deuterium Fractionation of Methanol
• ALMAGAL VI. The spatial distribution of dense cores during the evolution of cluster-forming massive clump
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). XII. Unanchored Forked Stream in the Propagating Path of a Protostellar Outflow
• A new phase of massive star formation? A luminous outflow cavity centred on an infrared quiet core
• ALMAGAL V. Relations between the core populations and the parent clump physical properties
• Molecular deuterations in massive Starless Clump Candidates
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• Prestellar Cores in Turbulent Clouds: Properties of Critical Cores
• CH${}_3$OH as a User-Friendly Density Probe: Calibration and Beyond
• Looking for evidence of high-mass star formation at core scale in a massive molecular clump
• ALMA Datacubes and Continuum Maps of the Irradiated Western Wall in Carina
• JOYS: Linking the molecular ice and gas-phase composition towards the high-mass hot core IRAS 18089-1732
• The Disk Population in a Distant Massive Protocluster
• The role of magnetic fields in the fragmentation of the Taurus B213 filament into Sun-type star-forming cores
• Accretion vs. Core-Filament Collision: Implications for Streamer Formation in Per-emb-2
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• Dense Molecular Ring-like structure in gaseous CO depletion region G34.74-0.12
• Unveiling the substructure of the massive clump AGAL G035.1330$-$00.7450
• The fragmentation properties of massive star-forming regions in 30Dor-10 at 2000 au resolution
• The interdependence between density PDF, CMF and IMF and their relation with Mach number in simulations
• A Core Mass Function Indistinguishable from the Salpeter Stellar Initial Mass Function Using 1000 au Resolution ALMA Observations
• Core mass function of a single giant molecular cloud complex with ~10^4 cores
• The Dynamical State of Massive Clumps
• Discs and outflows in the early phases of massive star formation: influence of magnetic fields and ambipolar diffusion
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- V. Hierarchical fragmentation and gas dynamics in IRDC G034.43+00.24
• Evolutions of CH${}_3$CN abundance in molecular clumps
• Mass Segregation in the CMZoom Survey