Protostellar Outflow Heating in a Growing Massive Protocluster

Abstract

The dense molecular clump P1 in the infrared dark cloud (IRDC) complex G28.34+0.06 harbors a massive protostellar cluster at its extreme youth. Our previous Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations revealed several jet-like CO outflows emanating from the protostars, indicative of intense accretion and potential interaction with ambient natal materials. Here we present the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) spectral line observations toward P1 in the NH3 (J,K) = (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) lines, as well as H2O and class I CH3OH masers. Multiple NH3 transitions reveal the heated gas widely spread in the 1 pc clump. The temperature distribution is highly structured; the heated gas is offset from the protostars, and morphologically matches the outflows very well. Hot spots of spatially compact, spectrally broad NH3 (3,3) emission are also found coincident with the outflows. A weak NH3 (3,3) maser is discovered at the interface between an outflow jet and the ambient gas. These findings suggest that protostellar heating may not be effective in suppressing fragmentation during the formation of massive cores.

15 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted to ApJ Letters

References in corpus (11)

• Magnetically Regulated Star Formation in 3D: The Case of Taurus Molecular Cloud Complex
• The effect of magnetic fields on star cluster formation
• Hierarchical Fragmentation and Jet-like Outflows in IRDC G28.34+0.06, a Growing Massive Protostar Cluster
• A submillimetre survey of the kinematics of the Perseus molecular cloud - II. Molecular outflows
• Radiation Feedback and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• NH3 Observations of the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.34+0.06
• Very Large Array Observations of Ammonia in Infrared-Dark Clouds I: Column Density and Temperature Structure
• Is protostellar heating sufficient to halt fragmentation? A case study of the massive protocluster G8.68-0.37
• Hot ammonia in NGC6334I & I(N)
• A Jet-like Outflow toward the High-Mass (Proto)stellar Object IRAS 18566+0408
• Evidence for Dynamically Important Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds

Cited by in corpus (48)

• On the fraction of star formation occurring in bound stellar clusters
• Hierarchical fragmentation and differential star formation in the Galactic "Snake": infrared dark cloud G11.11-0.12
• Magnetic Fields and Massive Star Formation
• The ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu$m dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation
• Fragmentation of Molecular Clumps and Formation of Protocluster
• Large-scale filaments associated with Milky Way spiral arms
• A Massive Prestellar Clump Hosting no High-Mass Cores
• The Link between Magnetic Fields and Filamentary Clouds: Bimodal Cloud Orientations in the Gould Belt
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- I. Survey description and a first look at G9.62+0.19
• Early stages of cluster formation: fragmentation of massive dense cores down to ~1000 AU
• VLA observations of ammonia in high-mass star formation regions
• An Ordered Bipolar Outflow from a Massive Early-Stage Core
• A Census of Large-Scale ($\ge$ 10 pc), Velocity-Coherent, Dense Filaments in the Northern Galactic Plane: Automated Identification Using Minimum Spanning Tree
• ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- XV. Steady Accretion from Global Collapse to Core Feeding in Massive Hub-filament System SDC335
• ALMA observations of fragmentation, sub-structure, and protostars in high-mass starless clump candidates
• The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. I. Overview and First Results
• Formation of Massive Protostellar Clusters -- Observations of Massive 70 $\mu$m Dark Molecular Clouds
• Widespread Molecular Outflows in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.37+0.07: Indications of Orthogonal Outflow-Filament Alignment
• Cloud structure of three Galactic infrared dark star-forming regions from combining ground and space based bolometric observations
• SEDIGISM: The kinematics of ATLASGAL filaments
• Outflow detection in a 70 $\mu$m dark high-mass core
• Untangling the Nature of Spatial Variations of Cold Dust Properties in Star Forming Galaxies
• Magnetic fields in the early stages of massive star formation as revealed by ALMA
• Temperature structure and kinematics of the IRDC G035.39-00.33
• Initial Fragmentation in the Infrared Dark Cloud G28.53-0.25
• Zooming in to Massive Star Birth
• ALMA observations reveal no preferred outflow--filament and outflow--magnetic field orientations
• Mother of Dragons: A Massive, quiescent core in the dragon cloud (IRDC G028.37+00.07)
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (I) Deuteration
• Evidence of Core Growth in the Dragon Infrared Dark Cloud: A Path for Massive Star Formation
• Mid-J CO shock tracing observations of infrared dark clouds II Low-J CO constraints on excitation, depletion, and kinematics
• A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey. IX. Radio Source Catalog III: 2<l<28, 36<l<40, 56<l<60 and |b|<1, VLA B-configuration
• Mid-J CO Shock Tracing Observations of Infrared Dark Clouds III: SLED fitting
• Physical Properties of Galactic Planck Cold Cores revealed by the Hi-GAL survey
• SMA observations of C2H in High-Mass Star Forming Regions
• The Interaction Between the Supernova Remnant W41 and the Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud G23.33-0.30
• High-Mass Starless Clumps: Dynamical State and Correlation Between Physical Parameters
• Kinetic temperature of massive star-forming molecular clumps measured with formaldehyde V. The massive filament DR21
• Highly structured turbulence in high-mass star formation: an evolved infrared dark cloud G35.20-0.74 N
• Observations of multiple NH${}_3$ transitions in W33
• Massive Quiescent Cores in Orion: VI. The Internal Structures and a Candidate of Transiting Core in NGC 2024 Filament
• Discovery of ammonia (9,6) masers in two high-mass star-forming regions
• The impact of magnetic fields on the IMF in star-forming clouds near a supermassive black hole
• Discovery of widespread non-metastable ammonia masers in the Milky Way
• Massive Young Stellar Objects and Outflow in the Infrared-Dark Cloud G79.3+0.3
• Dust and Gas environment of the young embedded cluster IRAS 18511+0146
• The Evolutionary Path of Star-Forming Clumps in Hi-GAL