Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter

Abstract

An intriguing alternative to cold dark matter (CDM) is that the dark matter is a light ( $m\sim 10^{-22}$ eV) boson having a de Broglie wavelength $\lambda \sim 1$ kpc, often called fuzzy dark matter (FDM). We describe the arguments from particle physics that motivate FDM, review previous work on its astrophysical signatures, and analyze several unexplored aspects of its behavior. In particular, (i) FDM halos smaller than about $10^7(m/10^{-22}\mathrm{eV}{)}^{-3/2}{M}_{\odot }$ do not form. (ii) FDM halos are comprised of a core that is a stationary, minimum-energy configuration called a "soliton", surrounded by an envelope that resembles a CDM halo. (iii) The transition between soliton and envelope is determined by a relaxation process analogous to two-body relaxation in gravitating systems, which proceeds as if the halo were composed of particles with mass $\sim \rho {\lambda }^3$ where $\rho$ is the halo density. (iv) Relaxation may have substantial effects on the stellar disk and bulge in the inner parts of disk galaxies. (v) Relaxation can produce FDM disks but an FDM disk in the solar neighborhood must have a half-thickness of at least $300(m/10^{-22}\mathrm{eV}{)}^{-2/3}$ pc. (vi) Solitonic FDM sub-halos evaporate by tunneling through the tidal radius and this limits the minimum sub-halo mass inside 30 kpc of the Milky Way to roughly $10^8(m/10^{-22}\mathrm{eV}{)}^{-3/2}{M}_{\odot }$. (vii) If the dark matter in the Fornax dwarf galaxy is composed of CDM, most of the globular clusters observed in that galaxy should have long ago spiraled to its center, and this problem is resolved if the dark matter is FDM.

37 pages, 3 figures. Additional references and discussions on clusters and the soliton-to-host-mass relation. Accepted for publication in PRD

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• Bracketing the soliton-halo relation of ultralight dark matter
• Boson star superradiance with spinning effects and in time domain
• On the linear stability of nonrelativistic selfinteracting boson stars
• Probing Supersymmetry Breaking Scale with Atomic Clocks
• Modeling the core-halo mass relation in fuzzy dark matter halos
• Incoherent localized structures and hidden coherent solitons from the gravitational instability of the Schrödinger-Poisson equation
• Hunting Galactic Axion Dark Matter with Gravitationally Lensed Fast Radio Bursts
• Anisotropies in Cosmological 21 cm Background by Oscillons/I-balls of Ultra-light Axion-like Particle
• The MUSE-Faint survey. III. Constraining scalar field dark matter with Antlia B
• Diverse dark matter haloes in Two-field Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Discovery of Two Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies with Unusually Bright Globular Cluster Luminosity Functions via a Mark-Dependently Thinned Point Process (MATHPOP)
• Ultralight boson constraints from gravitational wave observations of spinning binary black holes
• Are nonrelativistic ground state $\ell$-boson stars only stable for $\ell =0$ and $\ell =1$?
• Dark ages, a window on the dark sector. Hunting for ultra-light axions
• Constraints on monopole-dipole potential from the tests of gravity
• Future targets for light gauge bosons from cosmic strings
• Single and merger soliton dynamics in scalar field dark matter with and without self-interactions
• Axi-Higgs cosmology: Cosmic Microwave Background and cosmological tensions
• Tidal Suppression of Fuzzy Dark Matter Heating in Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
• Observing axions through photon ring dimming of black holes
• Magnetostatic boson stars
• Axion Bounds from Quantum Technology
• Methodology for constraining ultralight vector bosons with gravitational wave searches targeting merger remnant black holes
• Construction and evolution of equilibrium configurations of the Schrödinger-Poisson system in the Madelung frame
• Revealing turbulent Dark Matter via merging of self-Gravitating condensates
• Fermion-Boson Stars as Attractors in Fuzzy Dark Matter and Ideal Gas Dynamics
• Angular momentum sensitivities in scalar-tensor theories
• Science from an Ultra-Deep, High-Resolution Millimeter-Wave Survey
• Stellar Signals of a Baryon-Number-Violating Long-Range Force
• The Invisible Dilaton
• Prospects for disentangling dark matter with weak lensing
• Early Growth of Structure in Warm Wave Dark Matter
• Accurate method for ultralight axion CMB and matter power spectra
• Leo I: the classical dwarf spheroidal galaxy with the highest dark-matter density
• Testing screened scalar-tensor theories of gravity with atomic clocks
• Bayesian Search of Massive Scalar Fields from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Binaries
• The redshift evolution of galactic bar pattern speed in TNG50
• BUFFALO Wild Wings: A High Precision Free-Form Lens Model of MACSJ0416 with Constraints on Dark Matter from Substructure and Highly Magnified Arcs
• Dark Photon Dark Matter and Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection with Gaia-like Astrometry
• Prospects for probing small-scale dark matter models with pulsars around Sagittarius A*
• Analytic approach to astrometric perturbations of critical curves by substructures
• Frequency-scanning considerations in axionlike dark matter spin-precession experiments
• A rising tide: Intrinsic alignments since the turn of the millennium
• On exotic objects made of dark energy and dark matter: Mass-to-radius profiles and tidal Love numbers
• On the Interaction between Ultralight Bosons and Quantum-Corrected Black Holes
• Analyzing Planar Galactic Halo Distributions with Fuzzy/Cold Dark Matter Models
• Density perturbations in axion-like particles: classical vs quantum field treatment
• Self-similar solutions for Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Solving the Schrodinger Poisson System using the coordinate Adaptive Moving Mesh method
• The Sun: Light Dark Matter and Sterile Neutrinos
• Cosmological models based on a complex scalar field with a power-law potential associated with a polytropic equation of state
• Do neutrinos bend? Consequences of an ultralight gauge field as dark matter
• Cosmic Birefringence from CP-Violating Axion Interactions
• Constraining Hot Dark Matter Sub-Species with Weak Lensing and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• Hydrodynamics of ultralight complex scalar field dark matter and its impact on the growth of structure
• Gravitational Waves, Extreme Astrophysics, and Fundamental Physics with Precision Pulsar Timing
• Probing Particle Physics with Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational atoms beyond the test field limit: The case of Sgr A* and ultralight dark matter
• Static de-Sitter Black Holes Abhor Charged Scalar Hair
• Constraining cosmology with the velocity function of low-mass galaxies
• A Search for Annihilating Dark Matter in 47 Tucanae and Omega Centauri
• Post-inflationary structure formation boosted by parametric self-resonance
• The quantum character of the Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Baryonic and Leptonic GeV Dark Matter
• Kinematic Imprints of vortex-lines of BEC Dark Matter on Baryonic Matter
• Long-wavelength non-linear perturbations of a complex scalar field
• Core and Halo Properties in Multi-Field Wave Dark Matter
• Dark matter as the source of neutrino mass: theory overview and experimental prospects
• Unification of the four forces in the Spin(11,1) geometric algebra
• Dark Matter Subhalos, Strong Lensing and Machine Learning
• Probing Self-Interacting Dark Matter via Gravitational-Wave Background from Eccentric Supermassive Black Hole Mergers
• Detecting Extragalactic Axion-like Dark Matter with Polarization Measurements of Fast Radio Bursts
• Quintom fields from chiral anisotropic cosmology
• Common Envelope Evolution of Ultralight Boson Clouds
• Dynamical Friction due to fuzzy dark matter on satellites described by axisymmetric logarithmic potentials
• Formation of solitons and their transitions in scalar-field dark matter models with a non-polynomial self-interaction potential
• The Impact of Dark Matter on Gravitational Wave Detection by Space-based Interferometers
• Scalar fields around black hole binaries in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
• Gravitational waves from superradiant instabilities of rotating black holes
• Gravitational wave lensing: probing Fuzzy Dark Matter with LISA
• Constraining CPT-odd electromagnetic chiral parameters with pulsar timing
• Signatures of Fuzzy Dark Matter Inside Radial Critical Curves
• Interplay between Black Holes and Ultralight Dark Matter: Analytic Solutions
• Fuzzy dark matter simulations
• Candidate Dark Galaxy-2: Validation and Analysis of an Almost Dark Galaxy in the Perseus Cluster
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Scalar boson emission from a magnetized relativistic plasma
• Dynamical friction in rotating ultralight dark matter galactic cores
• Dark matter cooling during early matter-domination boosts sub-earth halos
• Cosmological perturbations with ultralight vector dark matter fields: numerical implementation in CLASS
• Adiabatic Conversion of ALPs into Dark Photon Dark Matter
• Techniques for Solving Static Klein-Gordon Equation with Self-Interaction $\lambda {\varphi }^4$ and Arbitrary Spherical Source Terms
• Passage of test particles through oscillating spherically-symmetric dark matter configurations
• Detecting gravitational signatures of dark matter with atom gradiometers
• Interpreting the Extremely Diffuse Stellar Distribution of the Nube Galaxy through Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Dynamical friction in ultralight dark matter: Plummer sphere perspective
• Science Potential for Stellar-mass Black Holes as Neighbors of Sgr A*
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Impact of Helical Electromagnetic Fields on the Axion Window
• Is the $\bar{\theta }$ parameter of QCD constant?
• Collective Excitations of Self-Gravitating Bose-Einstein Condensates: Breathing Mode and Appearance of Anisotropy under Self-Gravity
• How do scalar-field dark matter haloes react to orbiting bodies?
• Patterns of Gravitational Cooling in Schrodinger Newton System
• Bifurcations in Bosonic Stars: chains and rings from spherical solutions
• Differential torsion sensor for direct detection of ultralight vector dark matter
• Inferring the density and membership of stellar streams with flexible models: The GD-1 stream in Gaia Data Release 3
• Linking solar bosonic dark matter halos and active neutrinos
• Stacking the Deck: Gambling on a Light QCD Axion
• Constraining light fermionic dark matter with binary pulsars
• Enhanced Small-Scale Structure in the Cosmic Dark Ages
• Neutrino Lorentz invariance violation from the CPT-even SME coefficients through a tensor interaction with cosmological scalar fields
• Globular cluster orbital decay in dwarf galaxies with MOND and CDM: Impact of supernova feedback
• Constraining eV-scale axion-like particle dark matter: insights from the M87 Galaxy
• Probing Boson Clouds with Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Possible formation mechanism of multistate gravitational atoms
• 3D Vortices and rotating solitons in ultralight dark matter
• Interference in Fuzzy Dark Matter Filaments: Idealised Models and Statistics
• Scaling of highly excited Schrödinger-Poisson eigenstates and universality of their rotation curves
• Poisson Cluster Process Models for Detecting Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies
• Vortices and rotating solitons in ultralight dark matter
• Accretion, Evaporation and Superradiance Phase Diagram of (Primordial) Black Holes and $10^{-21}-10^{21}$ eV Scalar, Vector, Tensor Fields
• Vortex Lines in Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter around Rotating Supermassive Black Holes
• A Stronger Case for Superunification Post Higgs Boson Discovery
• The Modified Schrodinger Poisson Equation -- Quantum Polytropes
• Dark matter halos modeled by polytropic spheres influenced by the relict cosmological constant and trapping polytropes forming supermassive black holes
• Axion Dark Matter Induced Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-modes
• Ultralight dark matter or dark radiation cosmologically produced from infrared dressing
• Bosonic dark matter in a coherent state driven by thermal fermions
• Gravitational Waves from Superradiant Cloud Level Transition
• Ultralight dark matter detection with trapped-ion interferometry
• Probing Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter: A Pulsar Timing Arrays-Pulsar Polarization Arrays Synergy
• Constraining axion-gluon coupling in monohadron processes
• Comparison of two different integration methods for the (1+1)-Dimensional Schrödinger-Poisson Equation
• The Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures of a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe
• Shedding Light on Dark Sectors with Gravitational Waves
• Chern Simons condensate from misaligned axions
• Tightly bound solitons and vortices in three-dimensional bosonic condensates with the electromagnetically-induced gravity
• Self-gravitating clusters of Bose-Einstein gas with planar, cylindrical, or spherical symmetry: gaseous density profiles and onset of condensation
• Distinguishing thermal histories of dark matter from structure formation
• Lensed fast radio bursts as a probe of time-varying gravitational potential induced by wave dark matter
• Small Correlated Against Large Estimator (SCALE) for Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing
• Invisible neutron decay and light BSM particles
• Head-on collisions of fuzzy/cold dark matter subhalos
• Sensitivity forecasts for gravitational-wave detectors to dark matter decaying into gravitons
• Light propagation around a Kerr-like black hole immersed in an inhomogeneous anisotropic plasma in Rastall gravity: Analytical solutions to the equations of motion
• Co-interacting dark matter and conformally coupled light scalars
• Scalar Field Dark Matter: Impact of Supernovae-driven blowouts on the soliton structure of low mass dark matter halos
• Exploring the viability of pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson as ultralight dark matter in a mass range relevant for strong gravity applications
• A Renormalizable Model of Quantized Gravitational and Matter Fields
• Construction of fuzzy dark matter halos with arbitrary initial velocities
• From Dark Radiation to Dark Energy: Unified Cosmological Evolution in K-essence Models
• Axion-Like Particle Detection in Alkali-Noble-Gas Haloscopes
• Wave Dark Matter Non-minimally Coupled to Gravity
• Axion cosmology in the presence of non-trivial Nambu-Goldstone modes
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Dynamics of axion-neutral pseudoscalar mixing
• Confronting global 21-cm signal with ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ symmetric dark matter models
• Electromagnetic Radiation from Binary Stars Mediated by Ultralight Scalar
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Constraints on Ultra-light Axion Dark Matter through Galaxy Cluster Number Counts
• Scaling relations, dynamical heating and tidal disruption in spin $s$ ultralight dark matter models
• Anomalies and parities for quintessential and ultra-light axions
• Constraining Fundamental Constant Variations from Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Slowly Rotating Boson Stars
• Scalar-Magnetometer Search for Ultralight Dark Photon Dark Matter with a Single-Site, Two-Sensor Array: A 6-Channel DTFT Likelihood Analysis with Scalar Optically Pumped Magnetometers
• Super-resolution simulation of the Fuzzy Dark Matter cosmological model
• Threshold and infrared singularities: time evolution, asymptotic state and entanglement entropy
• Equilibrium Core and Vortex Solutions of Bose Einstein Condensate Dark Matter around a Black Hole
• A No-Go Theorem for the Mass-Radius Relation of Solitons
• Vortex State of Ultralight Dark Matter and the Fornax Timing Problem
• The impact of relativistic corrections on the detectability of dark-matter spikes with gravitational waves
• Massive scalar clouds and black hole spacetimes in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Self-gravitating quantum stars with a globally relevant Bohm potential
• Prospects for High-Frequency Gravitational-Wave Detection with GEO600
• Collective Excitations of Self-Gravitating Ultralight Dark Matter Cores
• Parity violation in photon quasinormal modes of black holes
• Challenging theories of gravitation: dark matter, compact objects and gravitational waves
• Cosmological effect of coherent oscillation of ultralight scalar fields in a multicomponent universe
• Noble gravitational atoms: Self-gravitating black hole scalar wigs with angular momentum number
• Non-minimal coupling of scalar fields in the dark sector and generalization of the top-hat collapse
• A Natural Explanation of the VPOS from Multistate Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Apparent $w<-1$ and a Lower $S_8$ from Dark Axion and Dark Baryons Interactions
• Scalar field dark matter with two components: combined approach from particle physics and cosmology
• The Diversity of Core Halo Structure in the Fuzzy Dark Matter Model
• A new probe of dark matter-baryon interactions in compact stellar systems
• Cross Section Calculations in Theories of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Constraints on axion-like particles from ultra-high-energy observations of M87 with the HAWC observatory
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Massive neutrinos and interacting dark matter look alike through the lens of lensing
• The Dark Matter Enigma
• Thermodynamics of an universe with Decaying Cold Dark Matter
• Fundamental oscillations as a tool to distinguish boson stars from neutron stars and black holes
• Higgs-Induced Screening Mechanisms in Scalar-Tensor Theories
• Boson Cloud Atlas: Direct mass measurements of superradiance clouds near black holes
• Dark photon constraints using the UHE gamma-ray emission from galactic sources. A Phenomenological Study
• Nearest neighbour analysis as a new probe for fuzzy dark matter
• An effective semilocal model for wave turbulence in 2D nonlinear optics
• Measuring the boson mass of fuzzy dark matter with stellar proper motions
• How light can ALP dark matter be?
• Constraining Axion Dark Matter with Galactic-Centre Resonant Dynamics
• Trails of clouds in binary black holes
• CASCO: Cosmological and AStrophysical parameters from Cosmological simulations and Observations IV. Testing warm dark matter cosmologies with galaxy scaling relations: A joint simulation-observation study using DREAMS simulations
• Spacetime of rotating black holes surrounded by massive scalar charges
• Effects of Self-Interaction and of an Ideal Gas in Binary Mergers of Bosonic Dark Matter Cores
• Vortex Retention Mediated Turbulent Transitions in Self-Gravitating Bosonic and Axionic Condensates
• Relativistic frequency shifts in gravitational waves from axion clouds
• On the importance of heavy fields in pseudo-scalar inflation
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor
• Warm, not Fuzzy: Generalized Ultralight Dark Matter Limits from Milky Way Satellites
• Modeling Solitonic Cores, Stabilization of Bar, and Suppression of Bar Dissolution in DDO 168 via GPP Formalism: A Detailed Analysis of Bose--Einstein Condensate/Fuzzy Dark Matter Halo Structure and Bar Dynamics in the Dwarf Galaxy DDO 168
• Halo structure and lensing signatures of a polytropic dark matter fluid
• Uncertainty-Aware Neural Networks for Fuzzy Dark Matter Model Selection from \texorpdfstring{$x_{\mathrm{HI}}$}{x_HI} Measurements
• Time-dependent adaptive mesh refinement solver for the Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson equations
• Temporal Correlations Between Fuzzy Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter in Virialized Core-Halo Structures
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• General-relativistic structure of two-component quantum dark fermion stars
• Searching for dark photon dark matter from terrestrial magnetic fields
• Tidal adaptive softening and artificial fragmentation in cosmological simulations
• Oscillating scalar field as dark matter through the cosmological epochs
• Resonant phenomena in finite motions of test particles in oscillating dark matter configurations
• Nonlinear instability and solitons in a self-gravitating fluid
• Constraints on axion-like ultralight dark matter from observations of the HL Tauri protoplanetary disk
• Towards a de Sitter quintom-like cosmology from a reduction of a 7-dimensional $BF$ theory
• Cosmological mass of the photon related to Stueckelberg and Higgs mechanisms
• Probing Bosonic Overdensities with Optomechanical Sensing
• On the Impact of Dark Matter Scattering on the Trajectory of High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• Ring formation from black hole superradiance through repeated particle production on bound orbits
• Exploration of simple scenarios involving Fuzzy Dark Matter cores and gas at local scales
• Compact Groups in GDM Cosmological Simulations
• A self-consistent wave description of axion miniclusters and their survival in the galaxy
• Piercing of a boson star by a black hole
• After the Dark Ages
• Photon Ring Dimming as a Signature of Photon-Axion Conversion in Janis-Newman-Winicour Naked Singularity
• Exploring delaying and heating effects on the 21-cm signature of fuzzy dark matter
• Tidal disruption of solitons in self-interacting ultralight axion dark matter
• Condensate decay in a radiation dominated cosmology
• Running the small-correlated-against-large estimator at scale: Applications of small-scale CMB lensing estimators on realistic simulations
• Nonrelativistic superfluids in cosmology from a relativistic approach: Revisiting two formulations of superfluidity
• Fermionic Dark Matter spikes: origin and growth of Black Hole seeds
• LC Circuits for the Direct Detection of Ultralight Dark Matter Candidates
• Ultralight axion or axion-like particle dark matter and 21-cm absorption signals in new physics
• Cosmological bounds on dark matter annihilation using dark ages 21-cm signal
• New effective theories of gravitation and their phenomenological consequences
• Probing non-thermal light DM with structure formation and $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$
• Scalar Field Wave (Fuzzy) Dark Matter and the Formation of Galaxies
• Soliton boson stars, Q-balls and the causal Buchdahl bound
• Example Exact Solutions of the Time-independent Gross-Pitaevskii and Schrödinger Equations
• Axion Fragmentation on the Lattice
• Enhanced extragalactic photon flux by PBH in a stimulated axion/ALP decay scenario
• Probing Dark Matter Substructure with Image Number Anomaly in Strong Lensing Systems
• Galactic magnetic fields seeded by ultralight dark photons
• Fuzzy dark matter dynamical friction: stalling of globular clusters induced by dynamical heatings
• Fuzzy dark matter soliton core hosting a supermassive black hole as a dense low-mass perturber in strong gravitational lensing