Measuring axion gradients with photon interferometry (MAGPI)

Abstract

We propose a novel search technique for axions with a $CP$-violating monopole coupling ${\tilde{g}}_Q$ to bulk Standard Model charges $Q\in \{B,L,B-L\}$. Gradients in the static axion field configurations sourced by matter induce achromatic circular photon birefringence via the axion-photon coupling $g_{\varphi \gamma }$. Circularly polarized light fed into an optical or (open) radio-frequency (RF) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity develops a phase shift that accumulates up to the cavity finesse: the fixed axion spatial gradient prevents a cancellation known to occur for an axion dark-matter search. The relative phase shift between two FP cavities fed with opposite circular polarizations can be detected interferometrically. This time-independent signal can be modulated up to non-zero frequency by altering the cavity orientations with respect to the field gradient. Multi-wavelength co-metrology techniques can be used to address chromatic measurement systematics and noise sources. With Earth as the axion source, we project reach beyond current constraints on the product of couplings ${\tilde{g}}_Q{g}_{\varphi \gamma }$ for axion masses $m_{\varphi }\lesssim 10^{-5}\mathrm{eV}$. If shot-noise-limited sensitivity can be achieved, an experiment using high-finesse RF FP cavities could reach a factor of $\sim 10^5$ into new parameter space for ${\tilde{g}}_Q{g}_{\varphi \gamma }$ for masses $m_{\varphi }\lesssim 4\times 10^{-11}\mathrm{eV}$.

arXiv comment9 pages, 2 figures. Published version

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