Radiation Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn: X-Rays from Compact Binaries

Abstract

We compute the expected X-ray diffuse background and radiative feedback on the intergalactic medium (IGM) from X-ray binaries prior and during the epoch of reionization. The cosmic evolution of compact binaries is followed using a population synthesis technique that treats separately neutron stars and black hole binaries in different spectral states and is calibrated to reproduce the observed X-ray properties of galaxies at z<4. Together with an updated empirical determination of the cosmic history of star formation, recent modeling of the stellar mass-metallicity relation, and a scheme for absorption by the IGM that accounts for the presence of ionized HII bubbles during the epoch of reionization, our detailed calculations provide refined predictions of the X-ray volume emissivity and filtered radiation background from "normal" galaxies at z>6. Radiative transfer effects modulate the background spectrum, which shows a characteristic peak between 1 and 2 keV. While the filtering of X-ray radiation through the IGM slightly increases the mean excess energy per photoionization, it also weakens the radiation intensity below 1 keV, lowering the mean photoionization and heating rates. Numerical integration of the rate and energy equations shows that the contribution of X-ray binaries to the ionization of the bulk IGM is negligible, with the electron fraction never exceeding 1%. Direct HeI photoionizations are the main source of IGM heating, and the temperature of the largely neutral medium in between HII cavities increases above the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) only at z<10, when the volume filling factor of HII bubbles is already >0.1. Therefore, in this scenario, it is only at relatively late epochs that the bulk of neutral intergalactic hydrogen may be observable in 21-cm emission against the CMB.

14 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

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• The metallicity dependence of long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Fast Luminous Blue Transients in the Reionization Era and Beyond
• Estimating Transient Rates from Cosmological Simulations and BPASS
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Uncertainty in predicting the stochastic gravitational wave background from compact binary coalescences
• Short gamma-ray burst progenitors have short delay times
• Merger rates of intermediate-mass black hole binaries in nuclear star clusters
• Gravitational Wave Informed Inference of 21-cm Global Signal Parameters
• Constraining Binary Neutron Star Populations using Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations
• Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?
• POLAR-II: modeling star formation history of galaxies on the 21-cm signal from Epoch of Reionization
• The 21-cm signature of X-ray heated halos around galaxies during cosmic dawn
• Intermediate-mass black holes and contribution to extragalactic background light from Population III stars in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Modelling the host galaxies of binary compact object mergers with observational scaling relations
• The 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn: metallicity dependence of high mass X-ray binaries
• The black hole population in low-mass galaxies in large-scale cosmological simulations
• Impact of Massive Binary Star and Cosmic Evolution on Gravitational Wave Observations II: Double Compact Object Rates and Properties
• Gravitational background from dynamical binaries and detectability with 2G detectors
• An alternative statistical interpretation for the apparent plateaus in the duration distributions of GRBs