Fast rotating massive stars and the origin of the abundance patterns in galactic globular clusters

Abstract

We propose the Wind of Fast Rotating Massive Stars scenario to explain the origin of the abundance anomalies observed in globular clusters. We compute and present models of fast rotating stars with initial masses between 20 and 120 Msun for an initial metallicity Z=0.0005 ([Fe/H]=-1.5). We discuss the nucleosynthesis in the H-burning core of these objects and present the chemical composition of their ejecta. We consider the impact of uncertainties in the relevant nuclear reaction rates. Fast rotating stars reach the critical velocity at the beginning of their evolution and remain near the critical limit during the rest of the main sequence and part of the He-burning phase. As a consequence they lose large amounts of material through a mechanical wind which probably leads to the formation of a slow outflowing disk. The material in this slow wind is enriched in H-burning products and presents abundance patterns similar to the chemical anomalies observed in globular cluster stars. In particular, the C, N, O, Na and Li variations are well reproduced by our model. However the rate of the 24Mg(p,gamma) has to be increased by a factor 1000 around 50 MK in order to reproduce the whole amplitude of the observed Mg-Al anticorrelation. We discuss how the long-lived low-mass stars currently observed in globular clusters could have formed out of the slow wind material ejected by massive stars.

16 pages, 17 figures, accepted by A&A

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• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XX. Ages of single and multiple stellar populations in seven bulge globular clusters
• Terzan 5: an alternative interpretation for the split horizontal branch
• Explaining the multiple populations in globular clusters by multiple episodes of star formation and enrichment without gas expulsion from massive star feedback
• Survey of multiple populations in globular clusters among very low-mass stars
• The spatial distribution and origin of the FUV excess in early-type galaxies
• Lithium abundances in globular cluster giants: NGC 6218 (M12) and NGC 5904 (M5)
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE -- Extending the CaT-metallicity relation below the horizontal branch and applying it to multiple populations
• The evolution of white dwarfs resulting from helium-enhanced, low-metallicity progenitor stars
• Chromosome maps of Globular Clusters from wide-field ground-based photometry
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the cooling flow vs. accretion scenario using million bodies simulations
• IC4499 revised: spectro-photometric evidence of small light-element variations
• From the CMD of Omega Centauri and (super-)AGB stellar models to a Galactic plane passage gas purging chemical evolution scenario
• The dynamical origin of multiple populations in intermediate-age clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
• Face-on accretion onto a protoplanetary disc
• Chemical Study of the Metal-rich Globular Cluster NGC 5927
• Mass-loss predictions for evolved very metal-poor massive stars
• Light-Element Abundances of Giant Stars in the Globular Cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• A Helium-Carbon Correlation on the Extreme Horizontal Branch in $\omega$ Centauri
• Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: self-enrichment in fractal massive molecular clouds
• Kron 3: a fourth intermediate age cluster in the SMC with evidence of multiple populations
• Stellar mass-loss, rotation and the chemical enrichment of early type galaxies
• The effect of intermediate mass close binaries on the chemical evolution of Globular Clusters
• NGC 6139: a normal massive globular cluster or a first-generation dominated cluster? Clues from the light elements
• Multiple Stellar Populations in Metal-Poor Globular Clusters with JWST: a NIRCam view of M92
• Empirical estimates of the Na-O anti-correlation in 95 Galactic globular clusters
• A broad perspective on multiple abundance populations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• Expanding the time domain of multiple populations: evidences of nitrogen variations in the ~1.5 Gyr old star cluster NGC 1783
• MOCCA: Dynamics and evolution of binary stars of multiple stellar populations in tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters
• Very Massive Star Models: I. Impact of Rotation and Metallicity and Comparisons with Observations
• Aluminum abundances of multiple stellar generations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• Role of supergiants in the formation of globular clusters
• Second Generation Stars in Globular Clusters from Rapid Radiative Cooling of Pre-Supernova Massive Star Winds
• Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
• Lost and found: evidence of Second Generation stars along the Asymptotic Giant Branch of the globular cluster NGC 6752
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• A 3D view of multiple populations kinematics in Galactic globular clusters
• A possible formation channel for blue hook stars in globular cluster
• Mergers, tidal interactions, and mass exchange in a population of disc globular clusters: II. Long-term evolution
• Light and Heavy Element Abundance Variations in the Outer Halo Globular Cluster NGC 6229
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Detailed Abundances in the Metal-poor Globular Cluster NGC 4372
• Looking for imprints of the first stellar generations in metal-poor bulge field stars
• Reversed radial distribution trend of subpopulations in the globular clusters NGC 362 and NGC 6723
• Star cluster dynamics
• The evolutionary status of the blue hook stars in Omega Centauri
• Models for the lithium abundances of multiple populations in globular clusters and the possible role of the Big Bang lithium
• Observing multiple populations in globular clusters with the ESO archive: NGC 6388 reloaded
• Heart of Darkness: dust obscuration of the central stellar component in globular clusters younger than ~100Myr in multiple stellar population models
• On the origin of the helium-rich population in Omega Centauri
• Kinematic differences between multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Star clusters forming in a low metallicity starburst -- rapid self-enrichment by (very) massive stars
• Spatial mixing of binary stars in multiple-population globular clusters
• Multiple populations along the asymptotic giant branch of the globular cluster M 4
• Massive stars and globular cluster formation
• The s-Process Enrichment of the Globular Clusters M4 and M22
• Pre-supernova mixing in CEMP-no source stars
• First inverse kinematics study of the ${}^{22}$Ne$(p,\gamma {)}^{23}$Na reaction and its role in AGB star and classical nova nucleosynthesis
• The VMC Survey. XI. Radial Stellar Population Gradients in the Galactic Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
• Bayesian Analysis of Two Stellar Populations in Galactic Globular Clusters III: Analysis of 30 Clusters
• Formation of globular clusters with multiple stellar populations from massive gas clumps in high-z gas-rich dwarf galaxies
• Excess of Ca (and Sc) produced in globular cluster multiple populations: a first census in 77 Galactic globular clusters
• The Be-test in the Li-rich star \#1657 of NGC 6397: evidence for Li-flash in RGB stars?
• Are there any first-generation stars in globular clusters today?
• The Rotation of Selected Globular Clusters and the Differential Rotation of M3 in Multiple Populations from the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2 Survey
• On the evolutionary state of massive stars in transition phases in M33
• Binary interactions as a possible scenario for the formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
• The Pattern of CN, O, and Na Inhomogeneities on the Red Giant Branch of Messier 5
• Chemical evolution of the metal poor Globular Cluster NGC 6809
• The radial distributions of the two main-sequence components in the young massive star cluster NGC 1856
• Searching for chemical inhomogeneities in Open Clusters: Analysis of the CN and CH Molecular Band Strengths in NGC 2158, NGC 2420, NGC 2682, NGC 7789 and Berkeley 29
• Chromosome maps of young LMC clusters: An additional case of coeval multiple populations
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars. II. Sodium abundance variations on the asymptotic giant branch as a function of globular cluster age and metallicity
• M13 multiple stellar populations seen with the eyes of Strömgren photometry
• Magnesium isotopes: a tool to understand self-enrichment in Globular Clusters
• The main sequences of NGC2808: constraints on the early disc accretion scenario
• The CN-CH positive correlation in the globular cluster NGC 5286
• G2C2 - IV: A novel approach to study the radial distributions of multiple populations in Galactic globular clusters
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• On the determination of the He abundance distribution in globular clusters from the width of the main sequence
• Barium abundance in red giants of NGC 6752. Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium and three-dimensional effects
• An Extragalactic Chromosome Map: The intermediate age SMC Cluster Lindsay 1
• Lithium and oxygen in globular cluster dwarfs and the early disc accretion scenario
• Constraints on Helium Enhancement in the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121): The Horizontal Branch Test
• Chemical abundance analysis of red giant branch stars in the globular cluster E3
• Inferring the velocity of early massive stars from the abundances of extremely metal-poor stars
• A chromosome map to unveil stellar populations with different magnesium abundances. The case of Omega Centauri
• Light element variations in globular clusters via nucleosynthesis in black hole accretion discs
• Second generation star formation in globular clusters of different masses
• First evidence of multiple populations along the AGB from Strömgren photometry
• AAOmega Observations of 47 Tucanae: Evidence for a Past Merger?
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M10
• Chemical abundance anticorrelations in globular cluster stars: The effect on cluster integrated spectra
• Analysis of the CN and CH molecular band strengths in stars of the open cluster NGC 6791
• Compact stellar systems in the Fornax cluster: a UV perspective
• Searching for multiple populations in star clusters using the China Space Station Telescope
• The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae. II. Magnesium isotopes and pollution scenarios
• Diluting the material forming the second generation stars in Globular Clusters: the contribution by unevolved stars
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur? Detection of enriched stellar populations in NGC 2121
• Limits on the significant mass-loss scenario based on the globular clusters of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• Accretion of sub-stellar companions as the origin of chemical abundance inhomogeneities in globular clusters
• The Lithium test for multiple populations in Globular Clusters: Lithium in NGC 2808
• Pre-main sequence accretion and the formation of multiple populations in Globular Clusters
• Physics of rotation in stellar models
• Integrated photometry of multiple stellar populations in Globular Clusters
• Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages: detection of chemical variations among main-sequence dwarfs in NGC 1978
• The Kinematics of 30 Milky Way Globular Clusters and the Multiple Stellar Populations within
• An investigation of C, N and Na abundances in red giant stars of the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Stellar populations in star clusters
• Stellar populations in $\omega$ Centauri: a multivariate analysis
• Manganese evolution in Omega Centauri: a clue to the cluster formation mechanisms?
• Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Two-process Parameters and Residual Abundances for 288,789 Stars from Data Release 17
• A superluminous supernova in high surface density molecular gas within the bar of a metal-rich galaxy
• Light-element abundance variations in globular clusters
• The Celestial Buffet: multiple populations and globular cluster formation in dwarf galaxies
• The Chemical Composition of Globular Clusters of Different Nature in our Galaxy
• Chemical analysis of eight giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• Correlated Uncertainties in Monte Carlo Reaction Rate Calculations
• Intrinsic Metallicity Variation in the Intermediate Mass Type II Globular Cluster NGC 1261
• A sequence of nitrogen-rich very red giants in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• On the Origin of Metal-poor Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• SNe and their impact during the early evolution of Type I Globular Clusters
• Stellar collisions in globular clusters: the origin of multiple stellar populations
• Impact of a companion and of chromospheric emission on the shape of chromosome maps for globular clusters
• Multiple populations in globular clusters: Unified efforts from stellar evolution and chemical evolution models
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• MOCCA: Global properties of tidally filling and underfilling globular star clusters with multiple stellar populations
• Chemical analysis of the Bulge Globular Cluster NGC 6553
• Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 Using CN
• Lithium in the lower red giant branch of 5 Galactic globular clusters
• Evidence of globular cluster abundance anomalies in the SMC intermediate-age cluster Kron 3
• The Chemical Evolution of Globular Clusters - II. Metals and Fluorine
• Globular cluster chemistry in fast rotating dwarf stars belonging to intermediate age open clusters
• Monte Carlo simulations of multiple populations in globular clusters: constraints on the initial size of the second generation from binary stars
• When does the onset of multiple stellar populations in star clusters occur-II: No evidence of multiple stellar populations in Lindsay 113
• Leveraging HST with MUSE: II. Na-abundance variations in intermediate age star clusters
• Discrepancies between spectroscopy and HST photometry in tagging multiple stellar populations in 22 globular clusters
• Nucleosynthesis from massive stars 50 years after B2FH
• Infrared photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals
• Abundance variations in the globular cluster M71 (NGC 6838)
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey V. Elemental abundances of the bulge globular cluster HP 1
• Abundance analysis of a sample of evolved stars in the outskirts of Omega Centauri
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae. Binaries among multiple populations
• Evidence for Enrichment by Supernovae in the Globular Cluster NGC 6273
• The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. XXII. Relative ages of multiple populations in five Globular Clusters
• Chemical evolution of star clusters
• Infrared photometry and CaT spectroscopy of globular cluster M 28 (NGC 6626)
• Light Element Chemistry and the Double Red Giant Branch in the Galactic Globular Cluster NGC 288
• Evolution of long-lived globular cluster stars IV. Initial helium content and white-dwarf properties
• The ages of Galactic globular clusters in the context of self-enrichment
• NGC 6388 reloaded: some like it hot, but not too much
• Multiple Stellar Populations outside the tidal radius of NGC1851 through Gaia DR3 XP Spectra
• CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOGEE Survey VI. Characterizing multiple stellar populations and chemical abundances in the bulge globular cluster NGC 6569
• Investigating a predicted metallicity [Fe/H] variation in the Type II Globular Cluster NGC 362
• Beryllium abundances in turn-off stars of globular clusters with the CUBES spectrograph
• The wide upper main sequence and main sequence turnoff of the ~ 800 Myr old star cluster NGC1831
• On the maximum helium content of multiple populations in the globular cluster NGC6752
• Stellar abundances of beryllium and CUBES
• A Photometric Study of Globular Clusters Observed by the APOGEE Survey
• Multiple stellar populations and their influence on blue stragglers
• New sub-grouping of multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808 based on low-resolution spectroscopy
• Dating N loud AGNs at high redshift: GS3073 as a snapshot of wCen like evolution of a nuclear star cluster
• Kinematics of outer halo globular clusters: M 75 and NGC 6426
• Globular Clusters of the Galaxy: Chemical Composition vs Kinematics
• Evolution of Massive Stars along the Cosmic History
• A JWST project on 47 Tucanae: kinematics, energy equipartition and anisotropy of multiple populations
• Mass transfer of low-mass binaries and chemical anomalies among unevolved stars in globular clusters
• Tidal mass loss in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy through N-body simulations with Gaia DR3-based orbits
• Resolved photometry of Young Massive Clusters in the starburst galaxy NGC 4214
• Omega Centauri: weak MgH-band in red giants directly trace the helium content
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of the Segue 3 Cluster
• Searching for resonance states in ${}^{22}$Ne($p,\gamma$)${}^{23}$Na
• The impact of wind mass loss on nucleosynthesis and yields of very massive stars at low metallicity
• Could kilomasers pinpoint supermassive stars?
• Spectroscopy of Red Giants in the globular cluster Terzan 8: kinematics and evidence for the surrounding Sagittarius stream
• Galactic or extragalactic chemical tagging for NGC3201? Discovery of an anomalous CN-CH relation
• The first stages of the evolution of Globular Clusters
• The fractions of post-binary-interaction stars and evolved blue straggler stars on the red giant branch of globular clusters
• Testing the sources of the peculiar abundances in globular clusters
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. X. Subaru/FOCAS Multi-object Spectroscopy of M87 Globular Clusters
• Dynamical Processes in Globular Clusters
• On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
• Abundances of Mg and K in the atmospheres of turn-off stars in Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Carbon from massive binary-stripped stars over cosmic time: effect of metallicity
• Light Element Abundances and Multiple Populations in M53
• Massive binaries and the enrichment of the interstellar medium in globular clusters
• Nucleosynthesis in Rotating massive stars and Abundances in the Early Galaxy
• Globular clusters and their contribution to the formation of the Galactic halo
• Aluminium-26 production in low- and intermediate-mass binary systems
• A comparison of abundance analyses of first generation stars in multiple populations in 47 Tuc and NGC 3201
• The stellar to sub-stellar masses transition in 47 Tuc
• Synthetic photometry of globular clusters: Uncertainties on synthetic colors
• The Curious Radial Distributions of Horizontal Branch Stars in NGC 6441
• Mock Observations of Multiple Stellar Populations in Tidal Streams of Palomar 5 for the Chinese Space Station Survey Telescope
• Linking the Internal Properties of Infant Globular Clusters to their Formation Environments
• Mass loss of rotating stars at very low metallicity
• From stars to nuclei
• Dynamical mixing of two stellar populations in globular clusters
• Multiple Populations in Low-mass Globular Clusters: Eridanus
• He-enriched STAREVOL models for globular cluster multiple populations. Self-consistent isochrones from ZAMS to the TP-AGB phase
• Massive star archeology in globular clusters
• The quite complex "Simple Stellar Populations" of Globular Clusters
• Constraining the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in globular clusters
• Is the overconcentration of pristine populations in Galactic globular clusters real? An N-body approach to the problem
• S-PLUS: Exploring wide field properties of multiple populations in galactic globular clusters at different metallicities
• Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6