MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. I. Photometric analysis of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B

Abstract

Directly imaged planets and substellar companions are key targets for the characterization of self-luminous atmospheres. Their photometric appearance at 4-5 $\mu$m is sensitive to the chemical composition and cloud content of their atmosphere. We aim at systematically characterizing the atmospheres of directly imaged low-mass companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. We want to homogeneously process the data and compile a photometric library at thermal wavelengths of these mostly young, low-gravity objects. In this way, we want to find trends related to their spectral type and surface gravity by comparing with isolated brown dwarfs and predictions from atmospheric models. We have used the high-resolution, high-contrast capabilities of NACO at the VLT to directly image the companions of HIP 65426, PZ Tel, and HD 206893 in the NB4.05 and/or $M^{\prime }$ filters. For the same targets, and additionally $\beta$ Pic, we have also analyzed six archival VLT/NACO datasets which were taken with the NB3.74, $L^{\prime }$, NB4.05, and $M^{\prime }$ filters. The $L^{\prime }$-NB4.05 and $L^{\prime }$-$M^{\prime }$ colors of the studied sample are all red while the NB4.05-$M^{\prime }$ color is blue for $\beta$ Pic b, gray for PZ Tel B, and red for HIP 65426 b and HD 206893 B (although typically with low significance). The absolute NB4.05 and $M^{\prime }$ fluxes of our sample are all larger than those of field dwarfs with similar spectral types. Finally, the surface gravity of $\beta$ Pic b has been constrained to $\log g=4.17_{-0.13}^{+0.10}$ dex from its photometry and dynamical mass. A red color at 3-4 $\mu$m and a blue color at 4-5 $\mu$m might be (partially) caused by H${}_2$O and CO absorption, respectively. The red characteristics of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, and HD 206893 B at 3-5$\mu$m, as well as their higher fluxes in NB4.05 and $M^{\prime }$ compared to field dwarfs, indicate that cloud densities are enhanced close to the photosphere as a result of their low surface gravity.

arXiv comment25 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (97)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 20945
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres
• Models of Stars, Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Detection and Characterization of Exoplanets and Disks using Projections on Karhunen-Loeve Eigenimages
• The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• A Giant Planet Candidate near a Young Brown Dwarf
• An Infrared Spectroscopic Sequence of M, L and T Dwarfs
• petitRADTRANS: a Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval
• SPHERE: the exoplanet imager for the Very Large Telescope
• A probable giant planet imaged in the Beta Pictoris disk
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. Ultracool Binaries and the L/T Transition
• Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample
• L' and M' Photometry of Ultracool Dwarfs
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• The Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics system: enabling high-contrast imaging on solar-system scales
• Detection of Carbon Monoxide and Water Absorption Lines in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• L and T Dwarf Models and the L to T Transition
• The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity
• Fundamental limitations of high contrast imaging set by small sample statistics
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Clouds and Chemistry in the Atmosphere of Extrasolar Planet HR8799b
• PynPoint: An Image Processing Package for Finding Exoplanets
• Atmospheric Parameters of Field L and T Dwarfs
• Search for Associations Containing Young stars (SACY): I. Sample & Searching Method
• An atmospheric radiation model for Cerro Paranal. I. The optical spectral range
• A Combined Subaru/VLT/MMT 1--5 Micron Study of Planets Orbiting HR 8799: Implications for Atmospheric Properties, Masses, and Formation
• Masses, Radii, and Cloud Properties of the HR 8799 Planets
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. II. Young Ultracool Field Dwarfs
• Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Planetary Mass Candidate Companion to a Young Solar Analog
• Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects
• Methane, Carbon Monoxide, and Ammonia in Brown Dwarfs and Self-Luminous Giant Planets
• On the Cool Side: Modeling the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets
• Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP65426
• Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun
• First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. III. New spectrophotometry and astrometry of the HR8799 exoplanetary system
• Mid-Infrared Photometry of Cold Brown Dwarfs: Diversity in Age, Mass and Metallicity
• Two Wide Planetary-Mass Companions to Solar-Type Stars in Upper Scorpius
• Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
• Consistent simulations of substellar atmospheres and non-equilibrium dust-cloud formation
• The Directly Imaged Planet around the Young Solar Analog 1RXS J160929.1-210524: Confirmation of Common Proper Motion, Temperature and Mass
• HD 203030B: an Unusually Cool Young Sub-Stellar Companion near the L/T Transition
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: Discovery of a Close Substellar Companion to the Young Debris Disk Star PZ Tel
• Directly Imaged L-T Transition Exoplanets in the Mid-Infrared
• Dynamical Constraints on the HR 8799 Planets with GPI
• First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. II. The physical properties and the architecture of the young systems PZ Tel and HD 1160 revisited
• M-band Imaging of the HR 8799 Planetary System Using an Innovative LOCI-based Background Subtraction Technique
• Characterizing 51 Eri b from 1-5 $\mu$m: a partly-cloudy exoplanet
• Direct imaging discovery of 12-14 Jupiter mass object orbiting a young binary system of very low-mass stars
• A Combined VLT and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly-Imaged Planet, beta Pictoris b
• The near-infrared spectral energy distribution of β Pictoris b
• First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE. I. Detection and characterization of the sub-stellar companion GJ 758 B
• All-sky Co-moving Recovery Of Nearby Young Members. (ACRONYM) II: The Beta Pictoris Moving Group
• The mass of the young planet Pictoris b through the astrometric motion of its host star
• 1 to 2.4 micron Near-IR spectrum of the Giant Planet $\beta$ Pictoris b obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Direct detection of exoplanets in the 3 -- 10 micron range with E-ELT/METIS
• First Results From VLT NACO Apodizing Phase Plate: 4-micron Images of the Exoplanet beta Pictoris b
• Discovery of a low-mass companion inside the debris ring surrounding the F5V star HD206893
• Magellan Adaptive Optics first-light observations of the exoplanet beta Pic b. II. 3-5 micron direct imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the empirical bolometric luminosity of a self-luminous giant planet
• The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, V: Predicted Performance of the MIRI Coronagraphs
• Spectroscopic characterization of HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• The GJ 504 system revisited. Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
• VLT/SPHERE robust astrometry of the HR8799 planets at milliarcsecond-level accuracy Orbital architecture analysis with PyAstrOFit
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs I.: CO and CO_2 Bands in the Near-Infrared Spectra
• The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates Under Conservative Assumptions
• Magellan Adaptive Optics first-light observations of the exoplanet $\beta$ Pic b. I. Direct imaging in the far-red optical with MagAO+VisAO and in the near-IR with NICI
• The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Characterization of the Coldest Directly Imaged Exoplanet, GJ 504 b, and Evidence for Super-Stellar Metallicity
• A Model-Independent Mass and Moderate Eccentricity for $\beta$ Pic b
• In-depth study of moderately young but extremely red, very dusty substellar companion HD206893B
• Deep Thermal Infrared Imaging of HR 8799 bcde: New Atmospheric Constraints and Limits on a Fifth Planet
• PynPoint: a modular pipeline architecture for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data
• GPI spectra of HR 8799 c, d, and e from 1.5 to 2.4$\mu$m with KLIP Forward Modeling
• An L Band Spectrum of the Coldest Brown Dwarf
• The First Spectrum of the Coldest Brown Dwarf
• On the Composition of Young, Directly Imaged Giant Planets
• Direct Detection and Orbit Analysis of the Exoplanets HR 8799 bcd from Archival 2005 Keck/NIRC2 Data
• Characterization of the gaseous companion κ Andromedae b: New Keck and LBTI high-contrast observations
• Spectral and orbital characterisation of the directly imaged giant planet HIP 65426 b
• Exploring the formation by core accretion and the luminosity evolution of directly imaged planets: The case of HIP 65426 b
• The nearby population of M dwarfs with WISE: A search for warm circumstellar dust
• Optimized Principal Component Analysis on Coronagraphic Images of the Fomalhaut System
• Supervised detection of exoplanets in high-contrast imaging sequences
• A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study of Very Low-Mass, Wide Separation Brown Dwarf Companions to Upper Scorpius Stars: Constraining Circumstellar Environments
• Atmospheric characterization of directly imaged exoplanets with JWST/MIRI
• Benchmark cool companions: Ages and abundances for the PZ Tel system
• First spectroscopic observations of the sub-stellar companion of the young debris disk star PZ Telescopii
• L-band Spectroscopy with Magellan-AO/Clio2: First Results on Young Low-Mass Companions
• Mid-infrared imaging of brown dwarfs in binary systems
• Toward More Reliable Analytic Thermochemical-equilibrium Abundances
• Orbital fitting of imaged planetary companions with high eccentricities and unbound orbits -- Application to Fomalhaut b and PZ Telescopii B
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b

Cited by in corpus (68)

• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $\beta$ Pic c
• Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: effects of rotation
• Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion
• Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged Inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep
• Atmospheric circulation of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets driven by cloud radiative feedback: global and equatorial dynamics
• A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B
• Four-of-a-kind? Comprehensive atmospheric characterisation of the HR 8799 planets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• Atmospheric retrievals with petitRADTRANS
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• Insights into the planetary dynamics of HD 206893 with ALMA
• Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2
• The JWST Weather Report from the Nearest Brown Dwarfs I: multi-period JWST NIRSpec + MIRI monitoring of the benchmark binary brown dwarf WISE 1049AB
• Accreting protoplanets: Spectral signatures and magnitude of gas and dust extinction at H alpha
• Molecular mapping of the PDS70 system: No molecular absorption signatures from the forming planet PDS70 b
• The ESO SupJup Survey I: Chemical and isotopic characterisation of the late L-dwarf DENIS J0255-4700 with CRIRES${}^{+}$
• Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI: I. Molecular mapping and sensitivity to instrumental effects
• A Catalogue of Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrieval Codes
• WIde Separation Planets In Time (WISPIT): A Gap-clearing Planet in a Multi-ringed Disk around the Young Solar-type Star WISPIT 2
• The Orbital Eccentricities of Directly Imaged Companions Using Observable-Based Priors: Implications for Population-level Distributions
• Characterizing the protolunar disk of the accreting companion GQ Lupi B
• MINDS: JWST/NIRCam imaging of the protoplanetary disk PDS 70
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet
• Water depletion and 15NH3 in the atmosphere of the coldest brown dwarf observed with JWST/MIRI
• Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the Dusty Substellar Companion HD 206893 B
• The ESO SupJup Survey II: The 12C/13C ratios of three young brown dwarfs with CRIRES${}^{+}$
• JWST-TST High Contrast: Living on the Wedge, or, NIRCam Bar Coronagraphy Reveals CO${}_2$ in the HR 8799 and 51 Eri Exoplanets' Atmospheres
• Evidence for SiO cloud nucleation in the rogue planet PSO J318
• JWST-TST High Contrast: JWST/NIRCam observations of the young giant planet $\beta$ Pic b
• Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Brown Dwarf Companion PZ Tel B
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• The JWST Weather Report: retrieving temperature variations, auroral heating, and static cloud coverage on SIMP-0136
• In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086
• Interior-atmosphere modelling to assess the observability of rocky planets with JWST
• Multi-modal atmospheric characterization of $\beta$ Pictoris b: Adding high-resolution continuum spectra from GRAVITY
• Machine Learning for Exoplanet Detection in High-Contrast Spectroscopy: Revealing Exoplanets by Leveraging Hidden Molecular Signatures in Cross-Correlated Spectra with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Impacts of high-contrast image processing on atmospheric retrievals
• GRAVITY for MATISSE -- Improving the MATISSE performance with the GRAVITY fringe tracker
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• Direct Spectroscopy of 51 Eridani b with JWST NIRSpec
• Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. II. Constraints on the mass and radius of the enshrouded planet PDS 70 b
• CROCODILE \\ Incorporating medium-resolution spectroscopy of close-in directly imaged exoplanets into atmospheric retrievals via cross-correlation
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• Planetary line-to-accretion luminosity scaling relations: Extrapolating to higher-order hydrogen lines
• The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions
• Protoplanetary disk insights from the first ERIS/APP survey at 4 μm
• WIde Separation Planets In Time (WISPIT): Two directly imaged exoplanets around the Sun-like stellar binary WISPIT 1
• Dynamical Masses and Ages of Sirius-like Systems
• Radiative Transfer and Inversion codes for characterizing planetary atmospheres: an overview
• Direct Imaging Explorations for Companions around Mid-Late M Stars from the Subaru/IRD Strategic Program
• High-contrast detection of exoplanets with a kernel-nuller at the VLTI
• L 363-38 b: a planet newly discovered with ESPRESSO orbiting a nearby M dwarf star
• The mid-infrared spectrum of $\beta$ Pictoris b. First VLTI/MATISSE interferometric observations of an exoplanet
• HD 143811 AB b: A Directly Imaged Planet Orbiting a Spectroscopic Binary in Sco-Cen
• Spectral analysis of two directly imaged benchmark L dwarf companions at the stellar-substellar boundary
• YSES 2b is a background star: Differential astrometric M-dwarf measurements in time
• Direct Images of CO2 Absorption in the Atmosphere of a Super-Jupiter: Enhanced Metallicity Suggestive of Formation in a Disk
• Thermal emission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33 b
• Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek
• JWST/MIRI coronagraphic performances as measured on-sky
• JWST-TST High Contrast: First Direct Spectroscopy of GJ 504 b reveals Clouds and Possible Metal Enrichment
• Hidden Gems in TESS: sherlock finds two new rocky planets around nearby M dwarfs
• A planetary-mass candidate imaged in the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey
• Disentangling auroral, cloud and magnetic spot driven variability in three early L-dwarfs with HST/WFC3