Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk

Abstract

Water and simple organic molecular ices dominate the mass of solid materials available for planetesimal and planet formation beyond the water snow line. Here we analyze ALMA long baseline 2.9, 1.3 and 0.87 mm continuum images of the young star HL Tau, and suggest that the emission dips observed are due to rapid pebble growth around the condensation fronts of abundant volatile species. Specifically, we show that the prominent innermost dip at 13 AU is spatially resolved in the 0.87 mm image, and its center radius is coincident with the expected mid-plane condensation front of water ice. In addition, two other prominent dips, at distances of 32 and 63 AU, cover the mid-plane condensation fronts of pure ammonia or ammonia hydrates and clathrate hydrates (especially with CO and N${}_2$) formed from amorphous water ice. The spectral index map of HL Tau between 1.3 and 0.87 mm shows that the flux ratios inside the dips are statistically larger than those of nearby regions in the disk. This variation can be explained by a model with two dust populations, where most of solid mass resides in a component that has grown into decimeter size scales inside the dips. Such growth is in accord with recent numerical simulations of volatile condensation, dust coagulation and settling.

6 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

References in corpus (10)

• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Planet formation around stars of various masses: The snow line and the frequency of giant planets
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Grain Retention and Formation of Planetesimals near the Snow Line in MRI-driven Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• Planetesimal formation around the snow line in MRI-driven turbulent protoplanetary disks
• Can dust coagulation trigger streaming instability?
• Thermal desorption of circumstellar and cometary ice analogs
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets III: viscosity transitions
• The Effects of Initial Abundances on Nitrogen in Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary dust porosity and FU Orionis Outbursts: Solving the mystery of Earth's missing volatiles

Cited by in corpus (181)

• Growth Model Interpretation of Planet Size Distribution
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Three radial gaps in the disk of TW Hydrae imaged with SPHERE
• Contacts of Water Ice in Protoplanetary Disks - Laboratory Experiments
• Four annular structures in a protostellar disk less than 500,000 years old
• Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) V: CO gas distributions
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the Program and First Results
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Direct detection of scattered light gaps in the transitional disk around HD 97048 with VLT/SPHERE
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Density Distribution and Imaging Analysis of Different Ice Lines in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Planetesimal rings as the cause of the Solar System's planetary architecture
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• Excess C/O and C/H in outer protoplanetary disk gas
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres I: Connecting Disk Astrochemistry to the Formation of Planetary Atmospheres
• Dust unveils the formation of a mini-Neptune planet in a protoplanetary ring
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Outflows and Star Formation
• An ALMA survey of DCN/H${}^{13}$CN and DCO${}^{+}$/H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ in protoplanetary disks
• Cometary ices in forming protoplanetary disc midplanes
• ALMA reveals a large structured disk and nested rotating outflows in DG Tau B
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• The circumstellar disk HD169142: gas, dust and planets acting in concert?
• Frankenstein: Protoplanetary disc brightness profile reconstruction at sub-beam resolution with a rapid Gaussian process
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. III. Substructures in Protostellar Disks
• Estimate on dust scale height from ALMA dust continuum image of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk
• Substructures in the Keplerian disc around the O-type (proto)star G17.64+0.16
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
• Nonsticky Ice at the Origin of the Uniformly Polarized Submillimeter Emission from the HL Tau Disk
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• ALMA reveals the anatomy of the mm-sized dust and molecular gas in the HD 97048 disk
• Dawes Review. The tidal downsizing hypothesis of planet formation
• New Constraints From Dust Lines On The Surface Densities Of Protoplanetary Disks
• The TW Hya Rosetta Stone Project III: Resolving the Gaseous Thermal Profile of the Disk
• The eccentricity distribution of giant planets and their relation to super-Earths in the pebble accretion scenario
• The Orbit and Size-Frequency Distribution of Long Period Comets Observed by Pan-STARRS1
• A Surface Density Perturbation in the TW Hydrae Disk at 95 au Traced by Molecular Emission
• Predicting the observational signature of migrating Neptune-sized planets in low-viscosity disks
• The effects of disk self-gravity and radiative cooling on the formation of gaps and spirals by young planets
• Chemically tracing the water snowline in protoplanetary disks with HCO${}^{+}$
• On the planetary interpretation of multiple gaps and rings in protoplanetary disks seen by ALMA
• Effect of dust radial drift on viscous evolution of gaseous disk
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• Linear growth of streaming instability in pressure bumps
• 13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
• Gas temperature structure across transition disk cavities
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) V: Sample, overview, and demography of disk molecular emission
• Candidate Water Vapor Lines to Locate the H${}_2$O Snowline through High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Observations II. The Case of a Herbig Ae Star
• Magnetically Induced Disk Winds and Transport in the HL Tau Disk
• A Multi-Fluid Dust Module in Athena++: Algorithms and Numerical Tests
• ALMA observations of Elias 2-24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• The impact of planet wakes on the location and shape of the water iceline in a protoplanetary disk
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Three-dimensional Global Simulations of Type-II Planet-disk Interaction with a Magnetized Disk Wind: I. Magnetic Flux Concentration and Gap Properties
• Snow-lines can be thermally unstable
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). IV. The Ringed and Warped Structure of the Disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
• Accretion bursts in magnetized gas-dust protoplanetary disks
• Dust continuum emission and the upper limit fluxes of sub-millimeter water lines of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 observed by ALMA
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• Mind the gap: Distinguishing disc substructures and their impact on the inner disc composition
• Constraining Protoplanetary Disk Accretion and Young Planets Using ALMA Kinematic Observations
• The effect of a strong pressure bump in the Sun's natal disk: Terrestrial planet formation via planetesimal accretion rather than pebble accretion
• A novel framework to study the impact of binding energy distributions on the chemistry of dust grains
• Millimeter-sized Dust Grains Appear Surviving the Water-sublimating Temperature in the Inner 10 au of the FU Ori Disk
• Searching for proto-planets with MUSE
• Are the observed gaps in protoplanetary discs caused by growing planets?
• A high resolution mid-infrared survey of water emission from protoplanetary disks
• Evolution of dust in protoplanetary disks of eruptive stars
• The Evolution Of The Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Streaming instability of multiple particle species II -- Numerical convergence with increasing particle number
• Thermal Wave Instability as an Origin of Gap and Ring Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Circumbinary and circumstellar discs around the eccentric binary IRAS 04158+2805 -- a testbed for binary-disc interaction
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• Modeling the accretion disk around the high-mass protostar GGD 27-MM1
• Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and Neat
• A "Rosetta Stone" for protoplanetary disks: The synergy of multi-wavelength observations
• Formation of Dust Rings and Gaps in Non-ideal MHD Disks Through Meridional Gas Flows
• ALMA observations require slower Core Accretion runaway growth
• Survival of ALMA Rings in the Absence of Pressure Maxima
• Ring formation by coagulation of dust aggregates in early phase of disk evolution around a protostar
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• The Anatomy of an Unusual Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk. II. Gas temperature and a warm outer region
• Determining mass limits around HD163296 through SPHERE direct imaging data
• Star-disk interactions in multi-band photometric monitoring of the classical T Tauri star GI Tau
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• Into the thick of it: ALMA 0.45 mm observations of HL Tau at 2 au resolution
• Signs of late infall and possible planet formation around DR Tau using VLT/SPHERE and LBTI/LMIRCam
• ALMA Super-resolution Imaging of T Tau: r = 12 au Gap in the Compact Dust Disk around T Tau N
• Is the gap in the DS Tau disc hiding a planet?
• Formation of dust clumps with sub-Jupiter mass and cold shadowed region in gravitationally unstable disk around Class 0/I protostar in L1527 IRS
• A global two-layer radiative transfer model for axisymmetric, shadowed protoplanetary disks
• Physics of Planet Trapping with Applications to HL Tau
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) V: Possible Annular Substructure in a Circumstellar Disk in the Ced110 IRS4 System
• On the Dust Signatures Induced by Eccentric Super-Earths in Protoplanetary Disks
• On the Origin of Dust Structures in Protoplanetary Disks: Constraints from the Rossby Wave Instability
• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array -- I. Characterising pebble substructure caused by forming planets
• Rapid Formation of Exoplanetesimals Revealed by White Dwarfs
• On the non-axisymmetric fragmentation of rings generated by the Secular Gravitational Instability
• The role of gap edge instabilities in setting the depth of planet gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Unveiling the outer dust disc of TW Hya with deep ALMA observations
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) IX: High-resolution ALMA Observations of the Class 0 Protostar R CrA IRS5N and its surrounding
• Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey
• A kinematic excess in the annular gap and gas depleted cavity in the disc around HD 169142
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• H${}_2$O distribution in the disc of HD 100546 and HD 163296: the role of dust dynamics and planet--disc interaction
• No Significant Correlation between Line-emission and Continuum Substructures in the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales Program
• Modeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Self-consistent ring model in protoplanetary disks: temperature dips and substructure formation
• DBNets: A publicly available deep learning tool to measure the masses of young planets in dusty protoplanetary discs
• Feasibility of detecting and characterizing embedded low-mass giant planets in gaps in the VIS/NIR wavelength range
• Hints of a Population of Solar System Analog Planets from ALMA
• Gap Opening and Inner Disk Structure in the Strongly Accreting Transition Disk of DM Tau
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) XVI: An asymmetric dust disk driving a multi-component molecular outflow in the young Class 0 protostar GSS30 IRS3
• Clumpy accretion in pre-main-sequence stars as a source of perturbations in circumstellar disks
• ALMA constraints on assembly of Core Accretion planets
• A Machine Learning model to infer planet masses from gaps observed in protoplanetary disks
• No evidence of the significant grain growth but tentative discovery of disk substructure in a disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• A young gas giant and hidden substructures in a protoplanetary disk
• The steady-state hydrodynamics of a long-lived disc: planetary system architecture and prospects of observing a circumplanetary disc shadow in V4046Sgr
• On the Origin of Banded Structure in Dusty Protoplanetary Discs: HL Tau and TW Hya
• Effect of Different Angular Momentum Transport mechanisms on the Distribution of Water in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust rings as a footprint of planet formation in a protoplanetary disk
• Giant planet migration during the disc dispersal phase
• ALMA and VLA Observations of EX Lupi in its Quiescent State
• The Curie line in protoplanetary disks and the formation of Mercury-like planets
• ALMA observation of the protoplanetary disk around WW Cha: faint double-peaked ring and asymmetric structure
• Do all gaps in protoplanetary discs host planets?
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• Illuminating a tadpole's metamorphosis II: observing the on-going transformation with ALMA
• The role of density perturbation on planet formation by pebble accretion
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
• Constraining giant planet formation with synthetic ALMA images of the Solar System's natal protoplanetary disk
• The Synthetic ALMA Multiband Analysis of the Dust Properties of the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk
• We Drink Good 4.5-Billion-Year-Old Water
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• The origin of the occurrence rate profile of gas giants inside 100 days
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Tying the geometrical traits of massive young stellar objects and their discs to a potential evolutionary sequence using infrared observations
• Long-Term Dynamics of Planetesimals in Planetary Chaotic Zones
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• Primordial dust rings, hidden dust mass, and the first generation of planetesimals in gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks
• Dust Rings and Cavities in the Protoplanetary Disks around HD 163296 and DoAr 44
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• Emerging population of gap-opening planets around type-A stars -- Long-term evolution of the forming planets around HD 163296
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• Modeling the arc and ring structures in the HD 143006 disk
• Eccentric dust ring formation in Kozai-Lidov gas disks
• From traffic jams to roadblocks: The outer regions of TW Hya with ALMA Band 8
• Stability of Dusty Rings in Protoplanetary Discs
• Catastrophic events in protoplanetary disks and their observational manifestations
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• The radiative torque spin-up efficiency of ballistic dust grain aggregates
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• Wind-MRI interactions in local models of protoplanetary discs: I. Ohmic resistivity
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Dust traps and gas kinematic signatures in a crescent structure of a planet-forming disk
• Reading between the rings: observed dust ring properties as probes of planet masses
• Direct Imaging of Irregular Satellite Disks in Scattered Light
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS