Inelastic Light Scattering From Correlated Electrons

Abstract

Inelastic light scattering is an intensively used tool in the study of electronic properties of solids. Triggered by the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates and by new developments in instrumentation, light scattering both in the visible (Raman effect) and the X-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum has become a method complementary to optical (infrared) spectroscopy while providing additional and relevant information. The main purpose of the review is to position Raman scattering with regard to single-particle methods like angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and other transport and thermodynamic measurements in correlated materials. Particular focus will be placed on photon polarizations and the role of symmetry to elucidate the dynamics of electrons in different regions of the Brillouin zone. This advantage over conventional transport (usually measuring averaged properties) indeed provides new insights into anisotropic and complex many-body behavior of electrons in various systems. We review recent developments in the theory of electronic Raman scattering in correlated systems and experimental results in paradigmatic materials such as the A15 superconductors, magnetic and paramagnetic insulators, compounds with competing orders, as well as the cuprates with high superconducting transition temperatures. We present an overview of the manifestations of complexity in the Raman response due to the impact of correlations and developing competing orders. In a variety of materials we discuss which observations may be understood and summarize important open questions that pave the way to a detailed understanding of correlated electron systems.

62 pages, 48 figures, to appear in Rev. Mod. Phys. High-resolution pdf file available at http://onceler.uwaterloo.ca/~tpd/RMP.pdf

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• Raman scattering study of anomalous charge-, spin-, and lattice-dynamics in the charge-ordered phase of ${\mathbf{Bi}}_{1-x}{\mathbf{Ca}}_x{\mathbf{MnO}}_3$ ($x>0.5$)
• Doping dependence of the superconducting gap in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O{8 + delta}
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• Theory of Raman scattering on electron-doped high-$T_c$ superconductor
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• Two Distinct Electronic Contributions in the Fully Symmetric Raman Response of High $T_c$ Cuprates
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• Amplitude `Higgs' mode in 2H-NbSe2 Superconductor
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• Non-linear optical effects and third-harmonic generation in superconductors: Cooper-pairs vs Higgs mode contribution
• Universal relation between magnetic resonance and superconducting gap in unconventional superconductors
• Ultrafast generation of skyrmionic defects with vortex beams: printing laser profiles on magnets
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• A Phenomenological Theory of the Anomalous Pseudogap Phase in Underdoped Cuprates
• Observation of Leggett's collective mode in a multi-band MgB2 superconductor
• Pseudogap from ARPES experiment: three gaps in cuprates and topological superconductivity
• Higgs mode in the d-wave superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x driven by an intense terahertz pulse
• ARPES studies of cuprate Fermiology: superconductivity, pseudogap, and quasiparticle dynamics
• Alternative route to charge density wave formation in multiband systems
• Charge Nematicity and Electronic Raman Scattering in Iron-based Superconductors
• Direct spectroscopic evidence for phase competition between the pseudogap and superconductivity in Bi${}_2$Sr${}_2$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{8+\delta }$
• Observation of a 500meV Collective Mode in La${}_{2-x}$Sr${}_x$CuO${}_4$ and Nd${}_2$CuO${}_4$
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• Polarization-resolved terahertz third-harmonic generation in a superconductor NbN: dominance of Higgs mode beyond the BCS approximation
• $N$-phonon bundle emission via the anti-Stokes process
• meV resolution in laser-assisted energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy
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• Directly characterizing the relative strength and momentum dependence of electron-phonon coupling using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
• Pressure induced collapse of the charge density wave and Higgs mode visibility in 2H-TaS${}_2$
• Phonon-Mediated Long-Range Attractive Interaction in One-Dimensional Cuprates
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• Lattice and electronic anomalies of CaFe_2As_2 studied by Raman spectroscopy
• Physics of the Pseudogap in 8-site Cluster Dynamical Mean Field Theory: photoemission, Raman scattering, in-plane and c-axis conductivity
• Light emission from gold nanoparticles under ultrafast near-infrared excitation: thermal emission, inelastic light scattering or multiphoton luminescence?
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• Using RIXS to uncover elementary charge and spin excitations in correlated materials
• Quantum spin liquid at finite temperature: proximate dynamics and persistent typicality
• Evidence for a quantum dipole liquid state in an organic quasi-two-dimensional material
• What is the true charge transfer gap in parent insulating cuprates?
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• Raman-Scattering Detection of Nearly Degenerate $s$-Wave and $d$-Wave Pairing Channels in Iron-Based Ba${}_{0.6}$K${}_{0.4}$Fe${}_2$As${}_2$ and Rb${}_{0.8}$Fe${}_{1.6}$Se${}_2$ Superconductors
• Helical fluctuations in the Raman response of the topological insulator Bi2Se3
• Manipulating magnetism by ultrafast control of the exchange interaction
• Axial Higgs Mode Detected by Quantum Pathway Interference in RTe3
• Signature of the Leggett mode in the A1g Raman response: from MgB2 to iron-based superconductors
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• Two-center resonant photo ionization
• Pinpointing Gap Minima in Ba(Fe${}_{0.94}$Co${}_{0.06}{)}_2$As${}_2$ \textit{via} Band Structure Calculations and Electronic Raman Scattering
• Nonlinear light-Higgs coupling in superconductors beyond BCS: Effects of the retarded phonon-mediated interaction
• Observation of forbidden phonons and dark excitons by resonance Raman scattering in few-layer WS${}_2$
• Theory of coherent oscillations detection in THz pump-probe spectroscopy: from phonons to electronic collective modes
• Charge-orbital-lattice coupling effects in the dd-excitation profile of one dimensional cuprates
• Evolution of the gaps through the cuprate phase-diagram
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• Observation of Electronic Raman Scattering in Metallic Carbon Nanotubes
• Doping evolution of the charge excitations and electron correlations in electron-doped superconducting La${}_{2-x}$Ce${}_x$CuO${}_4$
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• Kinetic-energy driven superconductivity in cuprate superconductors
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• Stability of exfoliated Bi${}_2$Sr${}_2$Dy${}_x$Ca${}_{1-x}$Cu${}_2$O${}_{8+\delta }$ studied by Raman microscopy
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• Raman evidence for dimerization and Mott collapse in $\alpha$-RuCl${}_3$ under pressures
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• Raman response in the nematic phase of FeSe
• Two-Magnon Bound States in the Kitaev Model in a $[111]$-Field
• Effect of topology on quasi-particle interactions in the Weyl semimetal WP${}_2$
• Raman Study of Cooper Pairing Instabilities in (Li${}_{1-x}$Fe${}_x$)OHFeSe
• Hidden orders in spin-orbit entangled correlated insulators
• Probing charge density wave phases and the Mott transition in $1T$-TaS${}_2$ by inelastic light scattering
• Shedding Light on Microscopic Details: 2D Spectroscopy of 1D Quantum Ising Magnets
• Persistent coherence of quantum superpositions in an optimally doped cuprate revealed by 2D spectroscopy
• Coupling of the A_{1g} As-phonon to magnetism in iron pnictides
• Solvable models of two-level systems coupled to itinerant electrons: Robust non-Fermi liquid and quantum critical pairing
• Raman scattering near a d-wave Pomeranchuk instability
• Comparison of Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Spectra and Dielectric Loss Functions in Copper Oxides
• Quantitative comparison of single- and two-particle properties in the cuprates
• Raman scattering in correlated thin films as a probe of chargeless surface states
• Theory of Time-Resolved Raman Scattering in Correlated Systems: Ultrafast Engineering of Spin Dynamics and Detection of Thermalization
• Signatures of indirect K-edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering on magnetic excitations in triangular lattice antiferromagnet
• Fractional Spin fluctuations and quantum liquid signature in Gd2ZnIrO6
• Raman scattering study of spin-density-wave-induced anisotropic electronic properties in AFe2As2 (A=Ca,Eu)
• Spin-roton excitations in the cuprate superconductors
• High-energy electronic excitations in Sr${}_2$IrO${}_4$ observed by Raman scattering
• Autocorrelation of quasiparticle spectral intensities and its connection with quasiparticle scattering interference in cuprate superconductors
• Theory of ultrafast quasiparticle dynamics in high-temperature superconductors: Pump fluence dependence
• Dynamics of the superconducting order parameter through ultrafast normal-to-superconducting phase transition in Bi${}_2$Sr${}_2$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{8+\delta }$ from multi-pulse polarization-resolved transient optical reflectivity
• Momentum-Space Cluster Dual Fermion Method
• Phase Competition and Anomalous Thermal Evolution in High-Temperature Superconductors
• Instability of Dirac semimetal phase under strong magnetic field
• Three energy scales in the superconducting state of hole-doped cuprates detected by electronic Raman scattering
• Probing Majorana wavefunctions in Kitaev honeycomb spin liquids with second-order two-dimensional spectroscopy
• Self-energy effects in electronic Raman spectra of doped cuprates due to magnetic fluctuations
• Superconducting pairing and the pseudogap in nematic striped La2-xSrxCuO4
• Raman study of magnetic excitations and magneto-elastic coupling in alpha-SrCr2O4
• Stroboscopic Tests for Thermalization of Electrons in Pump/Probe Experiments
• Spectrum splitting of bimagnon excitations in a spatially frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnet revealed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
• $\eta$ collective mode as A${}_{1g}$ Raman resonance in cuprate superconductors
• Raman resonance in iron-based superconductors: The magnetic scenario
• Dynamical susceptibility of a near-critical non-conserved order parameter and B2g Raman response in Fe-based superconductors
• Raman Scattering by a Two-Dimensional Fermi Liquid with Spin-Orbit Coupling
• Dynamical susceptibility of a Fermi liquid
• Spectral properties of four-time fermionic Green's functions
• Interference of stimulated electronic Raman scattering and linear absorption in coherent control
• Fluctuations and pairing in Fe-based superconductors: Light scattering experiments
• Transport properties in non-Fermi liquid phases of nodal-point semimetals
• Universal relationship between the energy scales of the pseudogap phase, the superconducting state and the charge density wave order in copper oxide superconductors
• Spectra of a Gapped Quantum Spin Liquid with a Strong Chiral Excitation on the Triangular Lattice
• Signatures of nematic quantum critical fluctuations in the Raman spectra of lightly doped cuprates
• Raman scattering study of lattice and magnetic excitations in CrAs
• Translational-invariant bipolarons and superconductivity
• Extracting correlation effects from Momentum-Resolved Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (M-EELS): Synergistic origin of the dispersion kink in Bi${}_{2.1}$Sr${}_{1.9}$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{8+x}$
• Sum-rules for Raman scattering off strongly correlated electron systems
• Magnon-phonon coupling effects on the indirect K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrum of a 2D Heisenberg antiferromagnet
• Calculation of an enhanced A1g symmetry mode induced by Higgs oscillations in the Raman spectrum of high-temperature cuprate superconductors
• Temperature-induced Change in the Fermi Surface Topology in the Spin Density Wave Phase of Sr(Fe${}_{1-x}$Co${}_x$)${}_2$As${}_2$
• Dynamic structure function of some singular Fermi-liquids
• Real space inhomogeneities in high temperature superconductors: the perspective of two-component model
• Fluctuations and Higgs mechanism in Under-Doped Cuprates: a Review
• Monopole Josephson Effects in a Dirac Spin Liquid
• Antiferromagnetic fluctuations in the quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductor detected by Raman spectroscopy
• Anomalous electron spectrum and its relation to peak structure of electron scattering rate in cuprate superconductors
• Intertwined states at finite temperatures in the Hubbard model
• Screening of the Raman response in multiband superconductors -- application to iron-pnictides
• Fluctuating Fractionalized Spins in Quasi Two-dimensional Magnetic V0.85PS3
• Electron-phonon coupling in undoped cuprate $YB{a}_{2}C{u}_3{O}_6$ estimated from Raman and optical conductivity spectra
• Theory of Raman Scattering in One-Dimensional Quantum Spin-1/2 Antiferromagnets
• Signatures of a momentum independent pseudogap in the electronic density of states and Raman spectroscopy of the underdoped cuprates
• Fluctuation Spectrum of Critical Fermi Surfaces
• Chiral Gravitomagnetic Effect in Topological Superconductors and Superfluids
• Doping and temperature dependence of electronic Raman response in cuprate superconductors
• Raman scattering as a probe of charge nematic fluctuations in iron based superconductors
• Raman scattering in iron-based superconductors
• Superconductivity and fluctuation in Ba${}_{1-p}$K${}_p$Fe${}_2$As${}_2$ and Ba(Fe${}_{1-n}$Co${}_n$)${}_2$As${}_2$
• Exploration of the Hg-based cuprate superconductors by Raman spectroscopy under hydrostatic pressure
• Unravelling the Nature of Spin Excitations Disentangled from Charge Contributions in a Doped Cuprate Superconductor
• Energy Scales in the Raman spectrum of electrons and hole doped cuprates within competing scenarios
• Ising instability of a Holstein phonon mode in graphene
• Preparation of electron-doped La(2-x)CexCuO4 thin films with various Ce doping by dc magnetron sputtering
• Many-body physics-induced selection rules: application to Raman spectroscopy
• Strong electron-phonon coupling and enhanced phonon Grüneisen parameters in valence-fluctuating metal EuPd${}_2$Si${}_2$
• Signatures of Hund Metal and finite-frequency nesting in Sr${}_2$RuO${}_4$ Revealed by Electronic Raman Scattering
• Double pair breaking peak in Raman scattering spectra of triple layer cuprate Bi2223
• Cavity-Enhanced Optical Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Magnon-Pairs
• A model for the neutron resonance in HgBa${}_2$CuO${}_{4+\delta }$
• Quench-drive spectroscopy of cuprates
• Tendencies of enhanced electronic nematicity in the Hubbard model and a comparison with Raman scattering on high-temperature superconductors
• Raman Scattering Polarization and Single Spinon Identification in Two-Dimensional Kitaev Quantum Spin Liquids
• Orbital Resonance Mode in Superconducting Iron Pnictides
• The effect of disorder on electronic Raman scattering in the superconducting state of iron pnictides
• Electronic Raman response in electron-doped cuprate superconductors
• Anisotropic Time-Domain Electronic Response in Cuprates
• Torque equilibrium spin wave theory study of anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction effects on the indirect K$-$ edge RIXS spectrum of a triangular lattice antiferromagnet
• Spin-orbit interaction enabled electronic Raman scattering from charge collective modes
• Screening in (d+s)-wave superconductors: Application to Raman scattering
• Response functions in multicomponent Luttinger liquids
• Pseudogap-induced anisotropic suppression of electronic Raman response in cuprate superconductors
• Multilayer Effects in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+z Superconductors
• Doping-dependent phonon anomaly and charge-order phenomena in the HgBa${}_2$CuO${}_{4+\delta }$ and HgBa${}_2$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{6+\delta }$
• Electrodynamics of correlated electron systems
• Frequency splitting of intervalley phonons in graphene
• Comment on: Calculation of an Enhanced $A_{1g}$ Symmetry Mode Induced by Higgs Oscillations in the Raman Spectrum of High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors
• Orbital dichotomy of Fermi liquid properties in Sr${}_2$RuO${}_4$ revealed by Raman spectroscopy
• Low-temperature T${}^2$ resistivity in the underdoped pseudogap phase versus T-linear resistivity in the overdoped strange-metal phase of cuprate superconductors
• Anisotropic Kondo pseudo-gap in URu2Si2
• $B_{1g}$ phonon anomaly driven by Fermi surface instability at intermediate temperature in YBa${}_2$Cu${}_3$O${}_{7-\delta }$
• Multipoint Green's functions in 1+1 dimensional integrable quantum field theories
• Polar charge density wave in a superconductor with crystallographic chirality
• Weyl-Luttinger phase transition in pyrochlore iridates revealed by Raman scattering
• Raman light scattering study and microstructural analysis of epitaxial films of the electron-doped superconductor La_{2-x}Ce_{x}CuO_{4}
• Proximity-induced collective modes in an unconventional superconductor heterostructure
• Giant pressure-enhancement of multiferroicity in CuBr2
• Inelastic light scattering in the spin cluster Mott insulator Cu${}_2$OSeO${}_3$
• Web-Based Methods for X-ray and Photoelectron Spectroscopies
• Projective-symmetry-group analysis of inelastic light scattering in Kitaev spin balls
• Probing emergent QED in quantum spin ice via Raman scattering of phonons: shallow inelastic scattering and pair production
• Electronic Raman response of a superconductor across a time reversal symmetry breaking phase transition
• Optical phonons for Peierls chains with long-range Coulomb interactions
• Theory of symmetry-resolved quench-drive spectroscopy: Nonlinear response of phase-fluctuating superconductors
• Pseudogap and charge dynamics in doped cuprates
• Floquet theory and applications in open quantum and classical systems
• Renormalization of electrons in bilayer cuprate superconductors
• Inter-site pair superconductivity: origins and recent validation experiments
• Observation of Magnon-Polarons in the Fermi-Hubbard Model
• Dynamics of non-thermal states in optimally-doped $B{i}_{2}S{r}_{2}C{a}_{0.92}{Y}_{0.08}C{u}_2{O}_{8+\delta }$ revealed by mid-infrared three-pulse spectroscopy
• Pseudogap in cuprate and organic superconductors
• Superconductivity and phonon self-energy effects in Fe${}_{1+y}$Te${}_{0.6}$Se${}_{0.4}$
• Detection of chiral spin fluctuations driven by frustration in Mott insulators
• Superconducting Gaps via Raman Scattering in Iron Superconductors
• Raman Active High Energy Excitations in URu${}_2$Si${}_2$
• Response, relaxation and transport in unconventional superconductors
• Orbital-Selective Quasiparticle Depletion across the Density Wave Transition in Trilayer Nickelate La${}_4$Ni${}_3$O${}_{10}$
• Chiral Electronic Excitations in a Quasi-2D Rashba System BiTeI
• Fingerprints for anisotropic Kondo lattice behavior in the quasiparticle dynamics of the kagome metal Ni${}_3$In
• Creation of a novel inverted charge density wave state
• Orbital wave in the Raman scattering cross section of LaMnO3
• Diagnosing electronic phases of matter using photonic correlation functions
• Nonresonant Raman Scattering in Extremely Correlated Fermi Liquids
• Effect of the pseudogap on the infrared response in cuprate superconductors
• Detection of a two-phonon mode in a cuprate superconductor via polarimetric RIXS
• On the Question of Coincidence Between Energy Gaps and Kohn Anomalies
• Spin-orbit excitons in a correlated metal: Raman scattering study of Sr2RhO4
• Resonant Raman scattering effects in a nesting driven charge-density-wave insulator: exact analysis of the spinless Falicov-Kimball model with dynamical mean-field theory
• Potential of Raman scattering in probing magnetic excitations and their coupling to lattice dynamics
• Detecting Topological Phase Transition in Superconductor-Semiconductor Hybrids by Electronic Raman Spectroscopy
• Giant Shear Displacement by Light-Induced Raman Force in Bilayer Graphene
• Off-axis parabolic mirror optics for polarized Raman spectroscopy at low temperature
• Optical and Raman selection rules for odd-parity clean superconductors
• Quantitative Comparison between Electronic Raman Scattering and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectra in Bi${}_2$Sr${}_2$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{8+\delta }$ Superconductors: Doping Dependence of Nodal and Antinodal Superconducting Gaps
• Spatially resolved collective modes in d-wave superconductors
• Higgs physics in superconductors
• Nonequilibrium DMFT approach to time-resolved Raman spectroscopy
• Pseudogap in cuprates driven by d-wave flux-phase order proximity effects: A theoretical analysis from Raman and ARPES experiments
• Polarized Raman Response of Two-Dimensional Quasiperiodic Antiferromagnets: Configuration-Interaction versus Green's Function Approaches
• Collective modes in Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov superconductors: The role of long-range Coulomb interaction and signatures in density response
• Low energy inelastic response in the superconducting phases of $PrO{s}_{4}S{b}_{12}$
• Gor'kov-Hedin-Baym Equations for Quantum Many-Body Systems with Spin-Dependent Interactions
• Suppressed antinodal coherence with a single d-wave superconducting gap leads to two energy scales in underdoped cuprates
• Multiorbital character of the density wave in trilayer nickelate superconductors
• Critical pairing fluctuations in the normal state of a superconductor: pseudogap and quasi-particle damping
• Spin singlet and quasiparticles excitations in cuprate superconductors
• Infrared and electronic Raman response of coexisting d-wave density wave and d-wave superconductivity
• Remarks on the Order Parameter of the Cuprate High Temperature Superconductors
• Raman Response of the Charge Density Wave in Cuprate Superconductors
• Schwinger-Keldysh canonical formalism for electronic Raman scattering
• Empirical case for two pseudogaps in cuprate superconductors
• Systematic Raman study of optical phonons in $R$Ba${}_2$Cu${}_3$O${}_{6+\delta }$ ($R$ = Y, Dy, Gd, Sm, Nd): Antiferromagnetic coupling strength versus lattice parameters
• Chiral electronic excitations and strong electron-phonon coupling to Weyl fermions in the Kagome semimetal Co${}_3$Sn${}_2$S${}_2$
• Unravelling the glue and the competing order in superconducting cuprates
• Phase separation in iron chalcogenide superconductor Rb0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 as seen by Raman light scattering and band structure calculations
• Direct Evidence for Fermi Statistics from Proximity to the Kitaev Spin Liquid in RuCl3
• Analysis of Magnetic Field-Angle Dependent Electronic Raman Scattering to Probe the Superconducting Gap
• Dynamical Response of the Kitaev Spin Liquid under Third-Nearest-Neighbor Heisenberg Interaction
• Electronic Raman scattering from 2D metals with broken inversion symmetry
• Strongly correlated model of acousticlike plasmons persisting across the phase diagram of cuprate superconductors
• Multimagnon and multispinon $L_3$-edge RIXS spectra of an effective ${\tilde{J}}_1-{\tilde{J}}_2-{\tilde{J}}_3$ square lattice Heisenberg model
• Dispersing bimagnons and doping induced bimagnon-charge modes in superconducting cuprates
• Accelerating Resonant Spectroscopy Simulations Using Multi-Shifted Bi-Conjugate Gradient
• Non-Loudon-Fleury Raman scattering in spin-orbit coupled Mott insulators
• Raman response in superconducting multiorbital systems with application to nickelates
• Light-induced shear phonon splitting and instability in bilayer graphene
• Spinon excitations and spin correlations in the one-dimensional quantum magnet $\beta$-VOSO${}_4$ probed by Raman spectroscopy
• Ultrafast Raman probe of the photoinduced superconducting to normal state transition in the cuprate Bi${}_2$Sr${}_2$CaCu${}_2$O${}_{8+\delta }$
• Coincidence detection techniques for direct measurement of many-body correlations in strongly correlated electron systems
• Raman response of collective modes in multicomponent superconductors
• Examination of the claim by Loram and Tallon that the energy-resolved STM results, in their apparent inhomogeneity, misrepresent the true bulk behaviour of the HTSC cuprates
• On properly integrating the electronic Raman and optical infra-red spectra of HTSC cuprate materials
• Coulomb excitations of monolayer germanene
• Universal nonanalytic features in response functions of anisotropic superconductors