Black Holes, Galaxy Formation, and the M_BH-sigma Relation

Abstract

Recent X-ray observations of intense high-speed outflows in quasars suggest that supercritical accretion on to the central black hole may have an important effect on a host galaxy. I revisit some ideas of Silk and Rees, and assume such flows occur in the final stages of building up the black hole mass. It is now possible to model explicitly the interaction between the outflow and the host galaxy. This is found to resemble a momentum-driven stellar wind bubble, implying a relation M_BH = (f_g kappa/2 pi G^2) sigma^4 = 1.5 10^8 sigma_200^4 Msun between black hole mass and bulge velocity dispersion (f_g = gas fraction of total matter density, kappa = electron scattering opacity), without free parameters. This is remarkably close to the observed relation in both slope and normalization. This result suggests that the central black holes in galaxies gain most of their mass in phases of super-Eddington accretion, which are presumably obscured or at high redshift. Observed super-Eddington quasars are apparently late in growing their black hole masses.

8 pages, no figures Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters; typos and references corrected

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• HST/COS observations of the newly discovered obscuring outflow in NGC 3783
• The cosmic evolution of massive black holes and galaxy spheroids: global constraints at redshift z<~1.2
• IR mergers and IR QSOs with galactic winds. III. Mrk 231: composite outflow with multiple expanding bubbles and BALs (an exploding young QSO?)
• Constraints on Feedback in the local Universe: The relation between star formation and AGN activity in early type galaxies
• SUPER V. ALMA continuum observations of z~2 AGN and the elusive evidence of outflows influencing star formation
• Anisotropic AGN Outflows and Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium
• Three-integral multi-component dynamical models and simulations of the nuclear star cluster in NGC 4244
• Extragalactic gamma-ray background from AGN winds and star-forming galaxies in cosmological galaxy formation models
• Discovery of an Ultraviolet Counterpart to an Ultra-Fast X-ray Outflow in the Quasar PG1211+143
• The NIRSpec Wide GTO Survey
• A broad-band X-ray view of the Warm Absorber in radio-quiet quasar MR2251-178
• Correlations Between Central Massive Objects And Their Host Galaxies: From Bulgeless Spirals to Ellipticals
• New Method for Exploring Super-Eddington AGNs by Near-infrared Observations
• The hyperluminous Compton-thick $z\sim 2$ quasar nucleus of the hot DOG W1835+4355 observed by NuSTAR
• Evidence of jet-clump interaction: a flip of the radio jet head of 3C~84
• Radiation pressure, absorption and AGN feedback in the Chandra Deep Fields
• NuSTAR view of the black hole wind in the galaxy merger IRAS F11119$+$3257
• Radiation driven outflow in active galactic nuclei: the feedback effects of scattered and reprocessed photons
• Kinetic energy transfer from X-ray ultrafast outflows to mm/sub-mm cold molecular outflows in Seyfert galaxies
• Super-Eddington growth of black holes in the early Universe: effects of disk radiation spectra
• BAL QSOs and Extreme UFOs: the Eddington connection
• The dearth of nuclear star clusters in bright galaxies
• Observational Evidence for Black Holes
• Massive outflow properties suggest AGN fade slowly
• The small observed scale of AGN--driven outflows, and inside--out disc quenching
• A 100 kpc nebula associated with the "Teacup" fading quasar
• Disk Assembly and the M_BH-sigma Relation of Supermassive Black Holes
• The Dust-to-Gas Ratio and the Role of Radiation Pressure in Luminous, Obscured Quasars
• The MEGaN project I. Missing formation of massive nuclear clusters and tidal disruption events by star clusters - massive black hole interactions
• Fueling the central engine of radio galaxies. III. Molecular gas and star formation efficiency of 3C 293
• Synthetic X-ray spectra for simulations of the dynamics of an accretion flow irradiated by a quasar
• On the Fueling of Massive Black Holes and the Properties of their Host Spheroids
• Constraints on AGN feedback from its Sunyaev-Zel'dovich imprint on the cosmic background radiation
• Self-Regulated Star Formation and the Black Hole-Galaxy Bulge Relation
• A Study of Outflows in Luminous Quasars at Redshift $\sim 0.4-0.8$
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• The soft X-ray spectrum of the luminous narrow line Seyfert galaxy PG1211+143 - evidence for a second high velocity outflow component
• Fueling the central engine of radio galaxies. II. The footprints of AGN feedback on the ISM of 3C 236
• Momentum-driven feedback and the Mass-sigma relation in non-isothermal galaxies
• Suzaku Monitoring of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC5548: Warm Absorber Location and its Implication for Cosmic Feedback
• Stellar populations across the black hole mass - velocity dispersion relation
• NGC 2992: The interplay between the multiphase disk, wind and radio bubbles
• Driving the Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes with Major Mergers of Host Galaxies
• An extended XMM-Newton observation of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051. II. Soft X-ray emission from a limb-brightened shell of post-shock gas
• The $I\kappa \epsilon \alpha$ model of feedback-regulated galaxy formation
• Jet interactions with a giant molecular cloud in the Galactic centre and ejection of hypervelocity stars
• Radio-mode feedback in local AGNs: dependence on the central black hole parameters
• Inverse Compton X-ray signature of AGN feedback
• Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets
• The (black hole mass)-(color) relations for early- and late-type galaxies: red and blue sequences
• Evidence for Merger-Driven Activity in the Clustering of High Redshift Quasars
• Gravitational-wave background from compact objects embedded in AGN accretion disks
• Observable consequences of kinetic and thermal AGN feedback in elliptical galaxies and galaxy clusters
• Self-interacting Dark Scalar Spikes around Black Holes via Relativistic Bondi Accretion
• A disc wind model for blueshifts in quasar broad emission lines
• The Observable Properties of Cool Winds from Galaxies, AGN, and Star Clusters. I. Theoretical Framework
• Active Galactic Nuclei outflows in galaxy discs
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays -- SUBWAYS. III. A population study on ultra-fast outflows
• Intermittent AGN episodes drive outflows with a large spread of observable loading factors
• The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
• Accretion Disc Particle Accretion in Major Merger Simulations
• The Cosmological History of Accretion onto Dark Halos and Supermassive Black Holes
• Black Hole Mass Estimation: How good is the virial estimate?
• Expanding the Sample: The Relationship Between the Black Hole Mass of BCGs and the Total Mass of Galaxy Clusters
• Evidence for a clumpy disc-wind in the star forming Seyfert\,2 galaxy MCG--03--58--007
• Emergences of C IV narrow absorption troughs in the quasar SDSS J095254.10+021932.8
• Tidal Downsizing Model. IV. Destructive feedback in planets
• The Gaseous Environments of Quasars: Associate Absorption Lines with Density and Distance Constraints
• A Moderate Cooling Flow Phase at Galaxy Formation
• H-AMR FORGE'd in FIRE I: Magnetic state transitions, jet launching and radiative emission in super-Eddington, highly magnetized quasar disks formed from cosmological initial conditions
• High-density reflection spectroscopy of black hole X-ray binaries in the hard state
• The End of the Black Hole Dark Ages, and Warm Absorbers
• Misaligned accretion on to supermassive black hole binaries
• Broadband spectral energy distributions of SDSS-selected quasars and of their host galaxies: intense activity at the onset of AGN feedback
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Environmental dependence of the Mgb/<Fe>-sigma_* relation for nearby galaxies
• Are galaxies with AGN a transition population?
• Photometric Properties of the Most Massive High-Redshift Galaxies
• Unveiling the Fast Acceleration of AGN-Driven Winds at Kiloparsec Scales
• The IBISCO survey: I. Multiphase discs and winds in the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 509
• Morphological evolution of supermassive black hole merger hosts and multimessenger signatures
• Non-isotropic feedback from accreting spinning black holes
• Overlapping inflows as catalysts of AGN activity - II: Relative importance of turbulence and inflow-disc interaction
• Limits on luminosity and mass accretion rate of a radiation pressure dominated accretion disc
• Long-term X-ray stability and UV variability of the ionized absorption in NGC 3783
• A New Emulated Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Disk-Wind Model: X-Ray Accretion Disk-wind Emulator -- XRADE
• Correlation of Black Hole-Bulge Masses by AGN Jets
• A practical guide to the massive black hole cosmic history
• Highly Ionized Collimated Outflow from HE 0238 - 1904
• Molecular Flows in Contemporary Active Galaxies and the Efficacy of Radio-Mechanical Feedback
• A newly discovered double-double candidate microquasar in NGC 300
• Determining AGN luminosity histories using present-day outflow properties: a neural-network based approach
• Binary black hole growth by gas accretion in stellar clusters
• Hunting for Metals Using XQ-100 Legacy Survey Composite Spectra
• The rest-frame ultraviolet properties of radio-loud broad absorption line quasars
• Observational evidence for AGNs feedback at parsec scale
• Mildly Suppressed Star Formation in Central Regions of MaNGA Seyfert Galaxies
• The Relative Growth of Black Holes and of the Stellar Components of Galaxies
• Possible Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes from FRI quasars
• CO line width and the black hole -- bulge relationship at high redshift
• Black hole foraging: feedback drives feeding
• The strong environmental dependence of black hole scaling relations
• On the Covering Fraction Variability in an EUV Mini-BAL Outflow from PG 1206+459
• Spectropolarimetry of Radio-Selected Broad Absorption Line Quasars
• Gas outflows in Seyfert galaxies: effects of star formation versus AGN feedbacks
• Black hole wind speeds and the M-sigma relation
• AGNs are not that cool: revisiting the intrinsic AGN far-infrared spectral energy distribution
• Outflows from Quasars and Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• AGN Unification at z ~ 1: u - R Colors and Gradients in X-ray AGN Hosts
• Probing the gaseous halo of galaxies through non-thermal emission from AGN-driven outflows
• X-ray observations of powerful AGN outflows - implications for feedback
• AGN must be very efficient at powering outflows
• A unifying evolutionary framework for infrared-selected obscured and unobscured quasar host haloes
• An extended XMM-Newton observation of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051 - III. FeK emission and absorption
• Dramatic changes in the observed velocity of the accretion disk wind in MCG-03-58-007 are revealed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• VLT Spectropolarimetry of Broad Absorption Line QSOs
• The Role of Nuclear Star Clusters in Enhancing Supermassive Black Hole Feeding Rates During Galaxy Mergers
• SIROCCO: A Publicly Available Monte Carlo Ionization and Radiative Transfer Code for Astrophysical Outflows
• Galaxy Bulge Formation: Interplay with Dark Matter Halo and Central Supermassive Black Hole
• Is the star formation rate in $z\sim 6$ quasars overestimated?
• Unravelling the physics of multiphase AGN winds through emission line tracers
• The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars
• Stellar Feedback and the Energy Budget of Late-Type Galaxies: Missing Baryons and Core Creation
• The orientation and polarization of broad absorption line quasars
• CO in the ALMA Radio-Source Catalogue (ARC): the molecular gas content of radio galaxies as a function of redshift
• Radiation pattern and outflow geometry: a new probe of black hole spin?
• Dark Matter In Disk Galaxies II: Density Profiles as Constraints on Feedback Scenarios
• Gravitational waves from merging intermediate-mass black holes : II Event rates at ground-based detectors
• Testing relativistic reflection and resolving outflows in PG 1211+143 with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• A Bayesian Monte-Carlo Analysis of the M-sigma Relation
• A simple way to improve AGN feedback prescription in SPH simulations
• Towards an informed quest for accretion disc winds in quasars: the intriguing case of Ton 28
• Extended multiwavelength fuzz around red quasars: observational appearance of radiative feedback in action
• [O III] emission line in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• The Influence of Environment on the Chemical Evolution in Low-mass Galaxies
• MUSE view of PDS 456: kpc-scale wind, extended ionized gas and close environment
• Missing Baryons, from Clusters to Groups of Galaxies
• Life after AGN switchoff: evolution and properties of fossil galactic outflows
• The $M-\sigma$ relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Relativistic X-ray reverberation from super-Eddington accretion flow
• A Catalog of High-Velocity CIV Mini-BALs in the VLT-UVES and Keck-HIRES Archives
• Study of central light concentration in nearby galaxies
• Molecular gas excitation and outflow properties of obscured quasars at z$\sim$0.1
• Where Do Obscured AGN Fit in A Galaxy's Timeline?
• Dwarf Galaxies and the Black-Hole Scaling Relations
• Suppressing hot gas accretion to supermassive black holes by stellar winds
• Jet-Feedback on kpc scales: a review
• Cosmic Feedback from AGN
• First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Benchmark Comparison of Optical and Mid-IR Tracers of a Dusty, Ionized Red Quasar Wind at z=0.435
• The black hole mass versus velocity dispersion relation in QSOs/Active Galactic Nuclei: observational appearance and black hole growth
• Galaxy luminosity functions at redshifts 0.6 to 1.2 in the Chandra Deep Field South
• Role of Feedback in AGN-HOST Coevolution: A Study from Partially Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Supermassive Black Hole Demographics: Evading $M-\sigma$
• The Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays: An Explanation for the Observed Lack of Low-Mass Radio-Loud Quasars and the M_{BH}-M_{Bulge} Relation
• On the Evolution of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• Gravitational Microlensing and the Structure of Quasar Outflows
• Discovery of a circularly symmetric extended diffuse radio emission around an elliptical galaxy with the VLA FIRST survey
• Numerical simulations of AGN wind feedback on black hole accretion: probing down to scales within the sphere of influence
• Black hole virial masses from single-epoch photometry: the miniJPAS test case
• A Search for H I Lyman $\alpha$ Counterparts to Ultra-Fast X-ray Outflows
• Simulating feedback from nuclear clusters: the impact of multiple sources
• Rayleigh-Taylor Instability at Ionization Fronts: Perturbation Analysis
• Outflows in the Gaseous Discs of Active Galaxies and their impact on Black Hole Scaling Relations
• X-ray view of a merging supermassive black hole binary candidate SDSSJ1430+2303: Results from the first ~200 days of observations
• A Direct Linkage Between AGN Outflows in The Narrow-line Regions and The X-ray Emission From The Accretion disks
• Dark matter halos and the M-σrelation for supermassive black holes
• NOEMA spatially resolved view of the multi-phase outflow in IRAS17020+4544: a shocked wind in action?
• Does a radio jet drive the massive multi-phase outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy IRAS 10565+2448?
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): No evidence of galaxy-scale hot outflows in two nearby AGN
• Prospects for Observing High-redshift Radio-loud Quasars in the SKA Era: Paving the Way for 21-cm Forest Observations
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). A parsec scale multi-phase outflow in the super-Eddington NLS1 Mrk 1044
• On the connection between AGN radiative feedback and massive black hole spin
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• Co-Evolution vs. Co-existence: The Effect of Accretion Modelling on the Evolution of Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Limits on the growth rate of supermassive black holes at early cosmic epochs
• Does the Compact Radio Jet in PG 1700+518 Drive a Molecular Outflow?
• The co-evolution of strong AGN and central galaxies in different environments
• Inverse Compton cooling of thermal plasma in colliding-wind binaries
• Positive and negative feedback by AGN jets in high-redshift galaxies
• Improving Black Hole Accretion Treatment in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• NIHAO XXVIII: Collateral effects of AGN on dark matter concentration and stellar kinematics
• Ultra-massive black hole feedback in compact galaxies
• Heating Cluster Gas
• Galactic interaction as the trigger for the young radio galaxy MRC B1221-423
• Rapid Variability of the accretion disk wind in the narrow line Seyfert 1, PG 1448+273
• Early-type galaxy density profiles from IllustrisTNG: III. Effects on outer kinematic structure
• Forming disc galaxies in major mergers II. The central mass concentration problem and a comparison of GADGET3 with GIZMO
• Warm absorbers: supermassive black hole feeding, and Compton-thick AGN
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• The M-sigma Relation of Super Massive Black Holes from the Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Absorption-line Environments of High-redshift BOSS Quasars
• A link between feedback outflows and satellite galaxy suppression
• Effects of Opacity Temperature Dependence on Radiatively Accelerated Clouds
• A post-merger enhancement only in star-forming Type 2 Seyfert galaxies: the deep learning view
• Optical Spectroscopy of Dual Quasar Candidates from the Subaru HSC-SSP program
• The Noctua Suite of Simulations -- The Difficulty of Growing Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Dwarf Galaxies
• Stellar and Black Hole Mass Densities as Empirical Tracers of Co-evolution Show Lock-step Growth since $z\sim 3$
• Multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 509. XVI. Continued HST/COS monitoring of the far-ultraviolet spectrum
• Extreme High-velocity Outflows from High-redshift BOSS Quasars
• Efficient Identification of Broad Absorption Line Quasars using Dimensionality Reduction and Machine Learning
• Nuclear Star Clusters and Bulges
• Intermediate Mass Black Holes: A brief review
• Inferences on relations between distant supermassive black holes and their hosts complemented by the galaxy fundamental plane
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: The effect of active galactic nucleus feedback on the integrated properties of galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• A systematic study of AGN feedback in a disk galaxy I: global overview
• Rapidly Spinning Black Holes in Quasars: An Open Question
• Seeking for the leading actor on the cosmic stage: Galaxies versus Supermassive Black Holes
• Properties of cold molecular gas in four type-1 active galaxies hosting outflows
• Broadband short term variability of the quasar PDS 456
• QSO MUSEUM III: the circumgalactic medium in Ly$\alpha$ emission around 120 $z\sim 3$ quasars covering the SDSS parameter space. Witnessing the instantaneous AGN feedback on halo scales
• Probing the Growth of Massive Black Holes with Black Hole-Host Galaxy Spin Correlations
• Cosmic spin and mass evolution of black holes and its impact
• Exploring accretion disc physics and black hole growth with regular monitoring of ultrafast AGN winds
• Prospects for Measuring the Mass of Black Holes at High Redshifts with Resolved Kinematics Using Gravitational Lensing
• Ultradense Gases beyond Dusty Torus in a Partially Obscured Quasar
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• A feedback compression star formation model and the black hole - bulge relations
• Cosmic quenching and scaling laws for the evolution of supermassive black holes and host galaxies
• A High-resolution Far-infrared Survey to Probe Black Hole-Galaxy Co-evolution
• The Existence of Sterile Neutrino Halos in Galactic Centers as an Explanation of the Black Hole mass - Velocity Dispersion Relation
• Star Formation Rates in [Ne V] 3426 Å Selected Active Galactic Nuclei: Evidence for a Decrease along the Main Sequence?
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges
• The $M_{\bullet }-\sigma$ relation in spherical systems
• Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation
• Supermassive black holes in a mass-limited galaxy sample
• Nuclear activity in galaxies driven by binary supermassive black holes
• Ionized Gas Outflows and Shock-Heated Emission in the Highly Inclined Active Galaxy CGCG 012-070
• The Dyson Minds 2025 Workshop: SETI around Black Holes
• The imprint of AGN-driven outflows on the CGM: the case of Lyα nebulae around high-z quasars
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
• Accretion and Outflow in Active Galaxies
• Effects of an Immortal Stellar Population in AGN Disks
• An anti-correlation between barycentre offsets and velocity dispersion for highest overdensity subhalos in cosmological simulations
• Mass and Mean Velocity Dispersion Relations for Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges
• Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, star-forming galaxies despite effective feedback
• Observational tests of the galaxy formation process
• What's in a Fermi Bubble: a quasar episode in the Galactic centre
• Evolution of the $M_{\bullet }-\sigma$ relation
• On the absence of black hole event horizons: a test of De Sitter Yang-Mills Theory
• Dynamics of radiatively inefficient flows accreting onto radiatively efficient black hole objects