Debris Disks: Structure, Composition, and Variability

Abstract

Debris disks are tenuous, dust-dominated disks commonly observed around stars over a wide range of ages. Those around main sequence stars are analogous to the Solar System's Kuiper Belt and Zodiacal light. The dust in debris disks is believed to be continuously regenerated, originating primarily with collisions of planetesimals. Observations of debris disks provide insight into the evolution of planetary systems; the composition of dust, comets, and planetesimals outside the Solar System; as well as placing constraints on the orbital architecture and potentially the masses of exoplanets that are not otherwise detectable. This review highlights recent advances in multiwavelength, high-resolution scattered light and thermal imaging that have revealed a complex and intricate diversity of structures in debris disks, and discusses how modeling methods are evolving with the breadth and depth of the available observations. Two rapidly advancing subfields highlighted in this review include observations of atomic and molecular gas around main sequence stars, and variations in emission from debris disks on very short (days to years) timescales, providing evidence of non-steady state collisional evolution particularly in young debris disks.

arXiv commentTo be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

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• Four new PLanetesimals Around TYpical and Pre-main seqUence Stars (PLATYPUS) Debris Discs at 8.8mm
• Scattering polarization of 3-$\mu$m water-ice feature by large icy grains
• The MESAS Project: ALMA observations of the F-type stars $\gamma$ Lep, $\gamma$ Vir A, and $\gamma$ Vir B
• The MESAS Project: Long wavelength follow-up observations of Sirius A
• Eccentric debris disc morphologies II: Surface brightness variations from overlapping orbits in narrow eccentric discs
• Polarization measurements of the polluted white dwarf G29-38
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XII: A Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companion to a Young Taurus M Dwarf Star
• An inner warp discovered in the disk around HD 110058 using VLT/SPHERE and HST/STIS
• High resolution ALMA and HST imaging of $\kappa$CrB: a broad debris disc around a post-main sequence star with low-mass companions
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) III: The vertical structure of debris disks
• A Mixed Stirring Mechanism for Debris Discs with Giant and Dwarf Planetary Perturbations
• A Radiatively Driven Wind from the eta Tel Debris Disk
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) IV: CO gas imaging and overview
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Water ice in the debris disk around HD 181327
• A kinematically unbiased, all-sky search for nearby, young, low-mass stars
• Radial Profiles of Surface Density in Debris Discs
• Variable warm dust around the Herbig Ae star HD~169142: Birth of a ring?
• Influence of planets on debris disks in star clusters I: the 50 AU Jupiter
• Sudden extreme obscuration of a Sun-like main-sequence star: evolution of the circumstellar dust around ASASSN-21qj
• Collisional damping in debris discs: Only significant if collision velocities are low
• Formation of the warped debris disc around $\beta$ Pictoris
• Millimeter Dust Emission and Planetary Dynamics in the HD 106906 System
• ALMA's view of the M-dwarf GSC 07396-00759's edge-on debris disc: AU Mic's coeval twin
• Clumpy dust rings around non-accreting young stars
• The Mysterious Affair of the H${}_2$ in AU Mic
• Mid-infrared time-domain study of recent dust production events in the extreme debris disc of TYC 4209-1322-1
• Multi-wavelength aperture polarimetry of debris disc host stars
• The apparent absence of forward scattering in the HD 53143 debris disk
• Quadrant polarization parameters for the scattered light of circumstellar disks. Analysis of debris disk models and observations of HR 4796A
• Possible detection of gamma rays from Epsilon Eridani
• Searching for a cometary belt around Trappist-1 with ALMA
• Seeking echoes of circumstellar disks in Kepler light curves
• ALMA Reveals an Eccentricity Gradient in the Fomalhaut Debris Disk
• Debris discs in binaries: morphology and photometric signatures
• The Statistics of Extended Debris Disks Measured with Gaia and Planck
• Life in Elliptical Galaxies: Hot Spheroids, Fast Stars, Deadly Comets?
• Multi-wavelength, spatially resolved modelling of HD 48682's debris disc
• An ALMA 1.3 millimeter Search for Debris Disks around Solar-type Stars in the Pleiades
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Searching for debris discs in the 30 Myr open cluster IC 4665
• High-contrast integral field spectropolarimetry of planet-forming disks with SCExAO/CHARIS
• A Constraint on the Amount of Hydrogen from the CO Chemistry in Debris Disks
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) VII: Optically thick gas with broad CO gaussian local line profiles in the HD 121617 disc
• A Disintegrating Rocky World Shrouded in Dust and Gas: Mid-IR Observations of K2-22b using JWST
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS). X. Interpreting the peculiar dust rings around HD 131835
• The first scattered light images of HD 112810, a faint debris disk in the Sco-Cen association
• Isolating the extreme debris disc signature -- explorations of eccentric extreme debris discs formed by giant impacts
• JWST/MIRI Imaging of the Warm Dust Component of the Epsilon Eridani Debris Disk
• A WISE View of IRAS Debris Disks: Revising the Dust Properties
• Deep Search for a scattered light dust halo around Vega with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Debris Rings from Extrasolar Irregular Satellites
• Eccentric debris belts reveal the dynamical history of the companion exoplanet
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• The Disks In Scorpius-Centaurus Survey (DISCS) I: Four Newly-Resolved Debris Disks in Polarized Intensity Light
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Transitional disk archeology from exoplanet population synthesis
• The nature of ASASSN-24fw's occultation: modelling the event as dimming by optically thick rings around a sub-stellar companion
• Ground to Dust: Collisional Cascades and the Fate of Kardashev II Megaswarms
• Twisted extreme trans-Neptunian orbital parameter space: statistically significant asymmetries confirmed
• A Multiband Study of the HR 4796A Disk in the Optical Using MagAO-X
• High CO/H2 ratios supports an exocometary origin for a CO-rich debris disk
• The search for gas in debris discs: ALMA detection of CO gas in HD 36546
• SCExAO/CHARIS Multi-Wavelength, High-Contrast Imaging of the BD+45${}^{\circ }$598 Debris Disk
• The HOSTS Survey: Suspected variable dust emission and constraints on companions around θ Boo
• HD 44892: The youngest (or oldest?) gas-harbouring debris disc around an intermediate mass star
• Implications for the formation of Oort cloud-like structures and interstellar comets in dense environments
• Resolution and calibration effects in high contrast polarimetric imaging of circumstellar scattering regions
• A Catalogue of Interstellar Material Delivery From Nearby Debris Disks
• What you see is not necessarily what you get: Interpreting near-infrared scattering phase functions of debris discs
• The Longest-period Young Transiting Exoplanets. A Duo of Puffy Giants inside a Debris Disk
• Infrared-excess sources in VVV: candidate debris discs, SED characterization, and variability analysis
• Interferometric Detection and Orbit Modeling of the Subcomponent in the Hot-dust System $\kappa$ Tuc A: A Low-mass Star on an Eccentric Orbit in a Hierarchical-quintuple System
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS
• Water vapor as a probe of the origin of gas in debris disks
• The impact of the presence of water ice on the analysis of debris disk observations
• Impact of Size-dependent Grain Temperature on Gas-Grain Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: the case of low mass star disks
• A Multi-Wavelength Study of the Highly Asymmetrical Debris Disk Around HD 111520