Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: Masses, Merger Rates, and the Impact of Stellar Evolution

Abstract

The recent discovery of GW150914, the binary black hole merger detected by Advanced LIGO, has the potential to revolutionize observational astrophysics. But to fully utilize this new window into the universe, we must compare these new observations to detailed models of binary black hole formation throughout cosmic time. Expanding upon our previous work (Rodriguez et al., 2015), we study merging binary black holes formed in globular clusters using our Monte Carlo approach to stellar dynamics. We have created a new set of 52 cluster models with different masses, metallicities, and radii to fully characterize the binary black hole merger rate. These models include all the relevant dynamical processes (such as two-body relaxation, strong encounters, and three-body binary formation) and agree well with detailed direct N-body simulations. In addition, we have enhanced our stellar evolution algorithms with updated metallicity-dependent stellar wind and supernova prescriptions, allowing us to compare our results directly to the most recent population synthesis predictions for merger rates from isolated binary evolution. We explore the relationship between a cluster's global properties and the population of binary black holes that it produces. In particular, we derive a numerically calibrated relationship between the merger times of ejected black hole binaries and a cluster's mass and radius. We explore the masses and mass ratios of these binaries as a function of redshift, and find a merger rate of ~5 Gpc${}^{-3}$ yr${}^{-1}$ in the local universe, with 80% of sources having total masses from $32M_{\odot }$ to $64M_{\odot }$. Under standard assumptions, approximately 1 out of every 7 binary black hole mergers in the local universe will have originated in a globular cluster, but we also explore the sensitivity of this result to different assumptions for binary stellar evolution. [Abridged]

22 Pages, 13 Figures, 2 Tables, updated with description of GW150914. To appear in Phys. Rev. D

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• The connection between merging double compact objects and the Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• The most luminous AGN do not produce the majority of the detected stellar-mass black hole binary mergers in the local Universe
• Scattering and dynamical capture of two black holes: synergies between numerical and analytical methods
• Exploring stellar evolution with gravitational-wave observations
• An absence of binary companions to Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: implications for mass loss and black hole masses at low metallicity
• Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Globular Cluster Formation and Evolution
• The Redshift Evolution of the Binary Black Hole Mass Distribution from Dense Star Clusters
• Binary Black Hole Mergers within the LIGO Horizon: Statistical Properties and prospects for detecting Electromagnetic Counterparts
• Predictions of a simple parametric model of hierarchical black hole mergers
• The Population of Eccentric Binary Black Holes: Implications for mHz Gravitational Wave Experiments
• Eccentric Binary Black Holes with Spin via the Direct Integration of the Post-Newtonian Equations of Motion
• Eccentricity distributions of eccentric binary black holes in galactic nuclei
• Dynamical formation of the GW190814 merger
• Constraining Compact Object Formation with 2M0521
• Demographics of triple systems in dense star clusters
• Binary vision: The merging black hole binary mass distribution via iterative density estimation
• Progenitors of low-mass binary black-hole mergers in the isolated binary evolution scenario
• Orbital period dependent spatial scatter of Galactic Black Hole Transients
• Intermediate-mass Black Holes on the Run from Young Star Clusters
• Gravitational-wave inference for eccentric binaries: the argument of periapsis
• Have hierarchical three-body mergers been detected by LIGO/Virgo?
• How Post-Newtonian Dynamics Shape the Distribution of Stationary Binary Black Hole LISA Sources in nearby Globular Clusters
• Impact of initial mass functions on the dynamical channel of gravitational wave sources
• Divergence in mass ratio distributions between low-mass and high-mass coalescing binary black holes
• The Eccentric and Accelerating Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers in Galactic Nuclei: Observing in Ground and Space Gravitational Wave Observatories
• Monotonicity of the cores of massive stars
• GW200208_222617 as an eccentric black-hole binary merger: properties and astrophysical implications
• Gravitational-Wave Background from Binary Mergers and Metallicity Evolution of Galaxies
• Binary black hole mergers from merged stars in the Galactic field
• Probing the Black Hole Merger History in Clusters using Stellar Tidal Disruptions
• On the Gravitational Wave Background from Black Hole Binaries after the First LIGO Detections
• Binary black holes mergers from hierarchical triples in open clusters
• Tidal Dissipation Impact on the Eccentric Onset of Common Envelope Phases in Massive Binary Star Systems
• Resolving Black Hole Family Issues Among the Massive Ancestors of Very High-Spin Gravitational-Wave Events Like GW231123
• The Location and Environments of Neutron Star Mergers in an Evolving Universe
• Space-based Gravitational Wave Observatories Will Be Able to Use Eccentricity to Unveil Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Formation
• How important is secular evolution for black hole and neutron star mergers in 2+2 and 3+1 quadruple-star systems?
• Angular correlation as a novel probe of supermassive primordial black holes
• Blackhole Mergers Through Evection Resonances
• The MAVERIC Survey: New compact binaries revealed by deep radio continuum observations of the Galactic globular cluster Terzan 5
• The impact of distant fly-bys on the rate of binary primordial black hole mergers
• Black Hole Mergers Induced by Tidal Encounters with a Galactic Centre Black Hole
• The MAVERIC Survey: Radio catalogs and source counts from deep Very Large Array imaging of 25 Galactic globular clusters
• Lecture notes on black hole binary astrophysics
• Detecting Gravitational Self Lensing from Stellar-Mass Binaries Composed of Black Holes or Neutron Stars
• Search for Black Hole Merger Families
• A taxonomy of black-hole binary spin precession and nutation
• Multiband gravitational wave observations of stellar binary black holes at the low to middle and high frequencies
• LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Oldest Black Holes: Probing star formation at cosmic noon with GWTC-3
• Backward Population Synthesis: Mapping the Evolutionary History of Gravitational-Wave Progenitors
• X-ray Variability from the Ultraluminous Black Hole Candidate X-ray Binary in the Globular Cluster RZ 2109
• Signs of Higher Multipoles and Orbital Precession in GW151226
• Stellar-mass black holes in the Hyades star cluster?
• Dynamically Formed Black Hole Binaries: In-Cluster Versus Ejected Mergers
• The Mass Ratio Distribution of Tertiary Induced Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Lower-mass-gap Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters
• Wind-Reprocessed Transients from Stellar-mass Black Hole Tidal Disruption Events
• Ultra wide black-hole - neutron star binaries as a possible source for gravitational waves and short gamma ray bursts
• Gravitational Waves from Accreting Neutron Stars undergoing Common-Envelope Inspiral
• Formation and evolution of binary black holes in $N$-body simulations of star clusters with up to two million stars
• Evolution of the Black Hole Mass Function in Star Clusters from Multiple Mergers
• Spins of primordial binary black holes before coalescence
• Exploring field-evolution and dynamical-capture coalescing binary black holes in GWTC-3
• Evaluating the Merger Rate of Binary Black Holes from Direct Captures and Third-Body Soft Interactions Using the Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Constraining the AGN formation channel for detected black hole binary mergers up to z=1.5 with the Quaia catalogue
• Dynamical Formation Scenarios for GW190521 and Prospects for Decihertz Gravitational-Wave Astronomy with GW190521-Like Binaries
• Rarity of precession and higher-order multipoles in gravitational waves from merging binary black holes
• An Alternative Channel For High-Mass Binary Black Holes-----Dark Matter Accretion Onto Black Hole
• What's in a binary black hole's mass parameter?
• Evolution of a black hole cluster in full general relativity
• What Determines the Maximum Mass of AGN-assisted Black Hole Mergers?
• Detecting gravitational-wave bursts from black hole binaries in the Galactic Center with LISA
• Does Nature allow formation of ultra-compact black hole X-ray binaries via accretion-induced collapse of neutron stars?
• New insights on binary black hole formation channels after GWTC-2: young star clusters versus isolated binaries
• Study on the detectability of gravitational radiation from single-binary encounters between black holes in nuclear star cluster: the case of hyperbolic flybys
• Slow Decline and Rise of the Broad [OIII] Emission Line in Globular Cluster Black Hole Candidate RZ2109
• Host galaxy identification for binary black hole mergers with long baseline gravitational wave detectors
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• Bayesian Reconstruction of Gravitational-wave Signals from Binary Black Holes with Nonzero Eccentricities
• The imprint of superradiance on hierarchical black hole mergers
• Prospects for measuring off-axis spins of binary black holes with Plus-era gravitational-wave detectors
• The evolution of kicked stellar-mass black holes in star cluster environments II. Rotating star clusters
• Exploring the Mass Segregation Effect of X-ray Sources in Globular Clusters. III. Signs of Binary Disruption in M28
• Correlation Between Mass Segregation and Structural Concentration in Relaxed Stellar Clusters
• Outliers in the LIGO Black Hole Mass Function from Coagulation in Dense Clusters
• Importance of eccentricities in parameter estimation of compact binary inspirals with decihertz gravitational-wave detectors
• Black Holes merging with Low Mass Gap Objects inside Globular Clusters
• Exploring the Mass Segregation Effect of X-ray Sources in Globular Clusters. IV. Evidence of Black Hole Burning in $\omega$ Centauri
• Binary-binary scattering in the secular limit
• Spin effects in the phasing formula of eccentric compact binary inspirals up to the third post-Newtonian order
• Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin
• Ultralight boson constraints from gravitational wave observations of spinning binary black holes
• Search for the optical counterpart of the GW170814 gravitationalwave event with the VLT Survey Telescope
• Gravitational Wave Sources from Pop III Stars are Preferentially Located within the Cores of their Host Galaxies
• Observability of spin precession in the presence of a black-hole remnant kick
• Shadows of the Colossus: Hierarchical Black Hole Mergers in a 10-million-body Globular Cluster Simulation
• Gravitational Waves from Stellar Black Hole Binaries and the Impact on Nearby Sun-like Stars
• Merger of multiple accreting black holes concordant with gravitational wave events
• Predicting the rate of fast radio bursts in globular clusters from binary black hole observations
• Seeking Spinning Subpopulations of Black Hole Binaries via Iterative Density Estimation
• Recent LIGO-Virgo discoveries
• Mass Distribution of Binary Black Hole Mergers from Young and Old Dense Star Clusters
• Influence of tidal dissipation on outcomes of binary-single encounters between stars and black holes in stellar clusters
• New parameters for star cluster dynamics: the effect of primordial binaries and dark remnants
• Ionization degree and magnetic diffusivity in star-forming clouds with different metallicities
• Introducing a new multi-particle collision method for the evolution of dense stellar systems. Crash-test N-body simulations
• A Sea of Black Holes: Characterizing the LISA Signature for Stellar-Origin Black Hole Binaries
• Where did Heavy Binaries Go? Gravitational-wave Populations Using Delaunay Triangulation with Optimized Complexity
• Black Hole Merger Rates in AGN: contribution from gas-captured binaries
• Great Balls of FIRE IV. The contribution of massive star clusters to the astrophysical population of merging binary black holes
• Constraining Black Hole Populations in Globular Clusters using Microlensing: Application to Omega Centauri
• Exploring the Dynamics of General Relativistic Binary-Single and Binary-Binary Encounters of Black Holes
• Studying Binary Systems in Omega Centauri with MUSE. I. Detection of Spectroscopic Binaries
• Comparing the birth rate of stellar black holes in binary black hole mergers and long GRBs
• Gravitational wave signals from long lasting binary-single black hole encounters
• Analysis and simulations of binary black hole merger spins -- the question of spin-axis tossing at black hole formation
• The Nature of Gravitational Wave Events with Host Environment Escape Velocities
• Chirp mass-distance distributions of the sources of gravitational waves
• Optical and X-ray Follow-Up to a Globular Cluster Ultraluminous X-ray Source in NGC 4472
• An eccentric binary blackhole in post-Newtonian theory
• The X-ray Point Source Population Hosted by Globular Clusters in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4261
• Binary-single interactions with different mass ratios
• Mass function of stellar black holes as revealed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observations
• The Supersonic Project: SIGOs, a Proposed Progenitor to Globular Clusters, and their Connections to Gravitational Wave Anisotropies
• Illuminating black hole subsystems in young star clusters
• Progenitors of binary black hole mergers detected by LIGO
• Expect the unexpected: augmented mixture models for black-hole-population studies
• Binary black hole population inference combining confident and marginal events from the $\mathtt{IAS}\text{-}\mathtt{HM}$ search pipeline
• A Fermi-LAT Study of Globular Cluster Dynamical Evolution in the Milky Way: Millisecond Pulsars as the Probe
• Single-event likelihood of star cluster properties with LIGO-Virgo-Kagra binary black hole observations
• Archival Inference for Eccentric Stellar-Mass Binary Black Holes in Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observations
• Hierarchical Merger of Primordial Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Signatures of Hierarchical Mergers in Black Hole Spin and Mass distribution
• Inferring the spin distribution of binary black holes using deep learning
• Spin-up and spin distribution of stellar black holes grown by gas accretion in proto-stellar clusters
• Using Machine Learning to Identify Extragalactic Globular Cluster Candidates from Ground-Based Photometric Surveys of M87
• The Role of High-mass Stellar Binaries in the Formation of High-mass Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters
• Dynamical double black holes and their host cluster properties
• Uncertainty in predicting the stochastic gravitational wave background from compact binary coalescences
• Gravitational background from dynamical binaries and detectability with 2G detectors
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Gravitational Microlensing Rates in Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events
• Detailed properties of gravitational-wave mergers from flyby perturbations of wide binary black holes in the field
• Hydrodynamics of Collisions and Close Encounters between Stellar Black Holes and Main-sequence Stars
• The unreasonable effectiveness of the $n\Sigma v$ approximation