Hadron production in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at chemical freeze-out

Abstract

We analyze the experimental hadron yield ratios for central nucleus-nucleus collisions in terms of thermal model calculations over a broad energy range, $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.7-200 GeV. The fits of the experimental data with the model calculations provide the thermal parameters, temperature and baryo-chemical potential at chemical freeze-out. We compare our results with the values obtained in other studies and also investigate more technical aspects such as a potential bias in the fits when fitting particle ratios or yields. Using parametrizations of the temperature and baryonic chemical potential as a function of energy, we compare the model calculations with data for a large variety of hadron yield ratios. We provide quantitative predictions for experiments at LHC energy, as well as for the low RHIC energy of 62.4 GeV. The relation of the determined parameters with the QCD phase boundary is discussed.

38 pages, 25 figures - accepted to Nucl. Phys. A; v2: update fits of 4pi data,update on NA44 data at top SPS, fits at top RHIC without resonances; v3: include fits of absolute yields (appendix). Model calculations and data files available at http://www-linux.gsi.de/~andronic/physics/s/s.html

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• 1+1 Dimensional Hydrodynamics for High-energy Heavy-ion Collisions
• Hadron resonance gas with repulsive mean field interaction: Thermodynamics and transport properties
• Hadron resonance gas model with repulsive mean-field interactions: specific heat, isothermal compressibility and speed of sound
• Centrality dependence of chemical freeze-out parameters and strangeness equilibration in RHIC and LHC energies
• Exotic hadrons and hadron-hadron interactions in heavy ion collisions
• Boundary between Hadron and Quark/Gluon Structure of Nuclei
• Particle production in p-p collisions at sqrt(s) = 17 GeV within the statistical model
• Comparing standard distribution and its Tsallis form of transverse momenta in high energy collisions
• On the thermalization of quarkonia at the LHC
• Analysis of nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies and Random Matrix Theory
• Second virial coefficients of light nuclear clusters and their chemical freeze-out in nuclear collisions
• Dependence of temperatures and kinetic freeze-out volume on centrality in Au-Au and Pb-Pb collisions at high energy
• Diffusion matrix associated with the diffusion processes of multiple conserved charges in a hot and dense hadronic matter
• Extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma from two-particle transverse momentum correlations
• $K_1/K^{\ast }$ enhancement as a signature of chiral symmetry restoration in heavy ion collisions
• Medium effects on freeze-out of light clusters at NICA energies
• Dynamical and thermal descriptions in parton distribution functions
• Covariant interacting Hadron-Resonance Gas model
• Novel scheme for parametrizing the chemical freeze-out surface in Heavy Ion Collision Experiments
• On the Energy and Centrality Dependence of Higher Order Moments of Net-Proton Distributions in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
• Phase diagram of alpha matter with Skyrme-like scalar interaction
• Transverse-Mass Spectra in Heavy-Ion Collisions at energies E_{lab} = 2--160 GeV/nucleon
• Effects of Induced Surface Tension in Nuclear and Hadron Matter
• PACIAE Model Predictions for Pb+Pb Collisions at LHC Compared to the Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Beam energy and centrality dependence of the statistical moments of the net-charge and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at STAR
• Overview of the QCD phase diagram -- Recent progress from the lattice
• Particle Production in s_NN = 2.76 TeV Heavy Ion Collisions
• Quark-hadron phase transition in Brans-Dicke brane gravity
• Critical exponents of the quark-gluon bags model with the critical endpoint
• Charm hadron production in relativistic heavy ion collisions within a quark combination model
• Non-equilibrium hadronization and constituent quark number scaling
• Chiral condensate from a hadron resonance gas model
• Particle Ratios and the QCD Critical Temperature
• Freeze-out volume of hot dense fireball
• The dilepton probe in heavy-ion collisions
• Excitation functions of related parameters from transverse momentum (mass) spectra in high energy collisions
• Transverse dynamics of Pb-Pb collisions at 40 A GeV/c viewed by strange hadrons
• Hadron production in heavy relativistic systems
• Temperatures and chemical potentials at kinetic freeze-out in relativistic heavy ion collisions from coarse grained transport simulations
• Overview and Perspectives in Nuclear Physics
• Rapidity and Energy Dependences of Temperatures and Volume Extracted from Identified Charged Hadron Spectra in Proton-Proton Collisions at a Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS)
• Statistical Ensembles with Volume Fluctuations
• Investigation of the freeze-out parameters in B-B, O-O, Ca-Ca and Au-Au collisions at 39 GeV
• Realistic Equations of State for the Primeval Universe
• Effect of inverse magnetic catalysis on conserved charge fluctuations in hadron resonance gas model
• Evolution of antibaryon abundances in the early Universe and in heavy-ion collisions
• Charmonium production in a thermalizing heat bath
• Strange prospects for LHC energies
• Anti-Proton Evolution in Little Bangs and Big Bang
• Hadron resonance gas EoS and the fluidity of matter produced in HIC
• Possible glueball production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• An energy independent scaling of transverse momentum spectra of direct (prompt) photons from two-body processes in high-energy proton-proton collisions
• Strangeness enhancement at LHC
• Neutron stars: A novel equation of state with induced surface tension
• Analysis of hadron yield data within hadron resonance gas model with multi-component eigenvolume corrections
• Viscosity of hadron matter within relativistic mean-field based model with scaled hadron masses and couplings
• The effect of flow on Hadronic Spectra in an Excluded-Volume Model
• Catalytic phi meson production in heavy-ion collisions
• Chiral phase transition and kaon-to-pion ratios in the entanglement SU(3) PNJL model
• Maximal Net Baryon Density in the Energy Region Covered by NICA
• Multi-source thermal model describing multi-region structure of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles and parameter dynamics of system evolution in relativistic collisions
• Relativistic spectral function of nucleon in hot nuclear matter
• Emergence of New Systematics for Open Charm Production in High Energy Collisions
• Phase Evolution and Freeze-out within Alternative Scenarios of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Collision Energy Dependence of Particle Ratios and Freeze-out Parameters in Ultra Relativistic Nucleus Nucleus Collisions
• Probing the boundary of phase transition of nuclear matter using proton flows in heavy-ion collisions at 2-8 GeV/nucleon
• Study of freeze-out dynamics of strange hadrons
• Correlated pion-proton pair emission off hot and dense QCD matter
• Possible signals of two QCD phase transitions at NICA-FAIR energies
• Is $K_1/K^{\ast }$ enhancement in heavy ion collisions a signature of chiral symmetry restoration?
• Induced surface and curvature tension equation of state for hadron resonance gas in finite volumes and its relation to morphological thermodynamics
• Beam energy scan using a viscous hydro+cascade model
• Influence of the tetraneutron on the EoS under core-collapse supernovae and heavy-ion collisions conditions
• Phenomenology of strangeness production at high energies
• Prospects for Strangeness Production in pp Collisions at LHC
• Chemical Equilibration and Transport Properties of Hadronic Matter near $T_c$
• Collective Excitation in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions -- In Memory of Professor Lianshou Liu
• Microscopic study of strange hadron productions at the LHC with$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV
• Multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic nuclear collisions
• Stable Yang-Lee zeros in truncated fugacity series from net-baryon number multiplicity distribution
• DGP brane cosmology and quark-hadron phase transition
• Short-range two-particle correlations from statistical clusters
• Dileptons in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Particle yields in pp interactions at $\sqrt{s}=17.3$ GeV interpreted in the statistical hadronization model
• Energy dependent chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks based on transverse momentum spectra and yield ratios of negative to positive particles
• Formation of light nuclei at chemical freezeout: Description within a statistical thermal model
• Energy dependent chemical potentials of light particles and quarks from yield ratios of antiparticles to particles in high energy collisions
• Neutron star cooling within the equation of state with induced surface tension
• Baryon production and net-proton distributions in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Ratio of kaon-to-pion production cross-sections in $BeBe$ collisions as a function of $\sqrt{s}$
• Particle Production at the SPS and the QCD Phase Diagram
• Analysis of pPb collisions at LHC energies in the relativistic diffusion model
• The high energy frontier of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
• On dynamical net-charge fluctuations within a hadron resonance gas approach
• Thermal model predictions of hadron ratios at LHC
• Resolution of hyper-triton chemical freeze-out puzzle in high energy nuclear collisions
• Transverse dynamics of charmed hadrons in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions
• INFN What Next: Ultra-relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Understanding the negative binomial multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Nucleon clustering at kinetic freezeout of heavy-ion collisions via path-integral Monte Carlo
• Light particle and quark chemical potentials from negatively to positively charged particle yield ratios corrected by removing strong and weak decays
• Production of Strange, Non-strange particles and Hypernuclei in an Excluded-Volume Model
• QCD Phase Boundary and the Hadrochemical Horizon
• Role of system size on freezeout conditions extracted from transverse momentum spectra of hadrons
• QCD Cosmology from the Lattice Equation of State
• Exploring the hadron resonance gas phase on the QCD phase diagram
• Event patterns from negative pion spectra in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus collisions at SPS
• Chemical potentials of light flavor quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Pion Number Fluctuations and Correlations in the Statistical System with Fixed Isospin
• The canonical partition function for relativistic hadron gases
• Extended Gibbs ensembles with flow
• Light-nuclei production in heavy-ion collisions within a thermodynamical approach
• Heavy Ions at LHC: A Quest for Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Transverse momentum spectra and suppression of charged hadrons in deformed Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV using HYDJET++ model
• Extracting Kinetic Freeze-out Properties in High Energy Collisions Using a Multi-source Thermal Model
• Kaon-deuteron femtoscopy from unitarized chiral interactions
• High density matter physics at J-PARC-HI
• Diffusion-model analysis of pPb and PbPb collisions at LHC energies
• Particle production and nonlinear diffusion in relativistic systems
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Chemical Freeze-out Parameters via a Non-perturbative QCD Approach
• Statistical Model Predictions for p+p and Pb+Pb Collisions at LHC
• Addendum to Strangeness Production and Color Deconfinement
• Can charm fluctuation be a better probe to study QCD critical point?
• Recent theoretical developments on QCD matter at finite temperature and density
• Properties of the partonic phase at RHIC within PHSD
• Unruh thermal hadronization and the cosmological constant
• Quark Mass Dependence of the QCD Equation of State on N_tau=8 Lattices
• Finite size effect on the thermodynamics of a hot and magnetized hadron resonance gas
• Statistical Fluctuations and Correlations in Hadronic Equilibrium Systems
• Thermodynamic potential for quark-gluon plasma with finite quark masses and chemical potential
• Influence of modified light-flavor hadron spectra on particle yields in the statistical hadronization model
• Pion screening mass at finite chemical potential
• Light Nuclei Production in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from the STAR experiment
• Study of strange quark density fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV from AMPT Model
• Steady state of isolated systems versus microcanonical ensemble in cell model of particle creation and annihilation
• Density resummation of perturbation series in a pion gas to leading order in chiral perturbation theory
• Multiparticle production and initial quasi-temperature from proton induced carbon collisions at $p_{Lab}=31$ GeV/$c$
• Evolution of charm-meson ratios in an expanding hadron gas
• Statistical Ensembles With Finite Bath: A Description for an Event Generator
• Freeze-out and thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Multiplicity dependence freeze-out scenarios in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
• Probing the hadronic phase with resonances of different lifetimes in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE
• Global $\Lambda$ polarization in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Thermal-model-based characterization of heavy-ion-collision systems at chemical freeze-out
• Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{\ast 0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• Beam energy dependence of transverse momentum distribution and elliptic flow in Au-Au collisions using HYDJET++ model
• An appropriate statistical approach for nonequilibrium particle production
• Energy Dependence of Strangeness Production in Heavy-ion Collision
• A random walk with heavy flavours
• Remarks on the non-equilibrium effects and collision dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
• Hagedorn States and Thermalization
• Particle Production at CBM in a Thermal Model Approach
• Study of the hadron gas phase using short-lived resonances with ALICE
• Comment on "Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at \sqrtsNN = 200 GeV'' (Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:179) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
• Covariant transport approach for strongly interacting partonic systems
• The nucleon properties in finite temperature and density with Gaussian fluctuations
• Dynamically Integrated Transport Approach for High-Energy Nuclear Collisions at High Baryon Density
• A Cornucopia of Experiment at RHIC
• More uses for Thermal Models
• Universal descriptions of chemical freeze-out based on pressure and specific heat
• A possible evidence of observation of two mixed phases in nuclear collisions
• Constraints on shear stress tensor in viscous relativistic hydrodynamics
• Probing the tricritical endpoint of QCD phase diagram at NICA-FAIR energies
• Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of interacting system formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Classical excluded volumes of loosely bound light (anti)nuclei and their chemical freeze-out in heavy ion collisions
• Hybrid model with viscous relativistic hydrodynamics: a role of constraints on the shear-stress tensor
• Identified charged hadron production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV with the STAR detector
• Analysis of kinetic freeze out temperature and transverse flow velocity in nucleus-nucleus and proton-proton collisions at same center of mass energy
• Applicability of Hydrodynamics in Hadronic Phase of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Studies of Nucleon-Gold Collisions at 200 GeV per Nucleon Pair Using Tagged d+Au Interactions
• Chemical freeze-out of light nuclei in high energy nuclear collisions and resolution of the hyper-triton chemical freeze-out puzzle
• Energy dependence of pbar/p ratio in p+p collisions
• Quark-hadron phase transition in massive gravity
• Chemical freeze-out systematics of thermal model analysis using hadron yield ratios
• Influence of correlations between yields on the chemical freeze-out temperature
• Hadronic vs. partonic J/psi production in the Statistical Hadronization Model
• Spectra and elliptic flow of light hadrons in an expanding fire-cylinder model for the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Cumulants of net-strangeness multiplicity distributions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Non-Extensive Transverse Momentum Distribution For Identified Particles at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}=$ 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39 \hspace{0.05cm} GeV
• Evidence of the mixed phase formation in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• STAR Highlights on Heavy Ion Physics
• Chemical and thermal freeze-out of identified hadrons at the LHC
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• Expansion dynamics of Lennard-Jones systems