Data Analysis for Precision 21 cm Cosmology

Abstract

The redshifted 21 cm line is an emerging tool in cosmology, in principle permitting three-dimensional surveys of our Universe that reach unprecedentedly large volumes, previously inaccessible length scales, and hitherto unexplored epochs of our cosmic timeline. Large radio telescopes have been constructed for this purpose, and in recent years there has been considerable progress in transforming 21 cm cosmology from a field of considerable theoretical promise to one of observational reality. Increasingly, practitioners in the field are coming to the realization that the success of observational 21cm cosmology will hinge on software algorithms and analysis pipelines just as much as it does on careful hardware design and telescope construction. This review provides a pedagogical introduction to state-of-the-art ideas in 21 cm data analysis, covering a wide variety of steps in a typical analysis pipeline, from calibration to foreground subtraction to mapmaking to power spectrum estimation to parameter estimation.

arXiv comment105 pages, 16 figures; Invited review for PASP; v2: replaced with accepted PASP version

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• The wedge bias in reionization 21-cm power spectrum measurements
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• Machine Learning Applied to the Reionization History of the Universe in the 21 cm Signal
• Short Spacing Synthesis from a Primary Beam Scanned Interferometer
• The 21 cm Forest as a Probe of the Reionization and the Temperature of the Intergalactic Medium
• Science with the Murchison Widefield Array: Phase I Results and Phase II Opportunities
• Assessment of the Projection-induced Polarimetry Technique for Constraining the Foreground Spectrum in Global 21 cm Cosmology
• The Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey: Polarimetry of the Southern Sky from 300 to 480 MHz
• Cosmic tidal reconstruction
• Prospects for detecting the 21cm forest from the diffuse intergalactic medium with LOFAR
• A High Reliability Survey of Discrete Epoch of Reionization Foreground Sources in the MWA EoR0 Field
• Wide-field LOFAR-LBA power-spectra analyses: Impact of calibration, polarization leakage and ionosphere
• Bounds on Ultra-Light Hidden-Photon Dark Matter from 21cm at Cosmic Dawn
• Constraining Polarized Foregrounds for EoR Experiments I: 2D Power Spectra from the PAPER-32 Imaging Array
• Detecting the redshifted 21cm forest during reionization
• Update on the BINGO 21cm intensity mapping experiment
• Gridded and direct Epoch of Reionisation bispectrum estimates using the Murchison Widefield Array
• Measuring the growth of structure with intensity mapping surveys
• A simultaneous search for prompt radio emission associated with the short GRB 170112A using the all-sky imaging capability of the OVRO-LWA
• Contamination of the Epoch of Reionization power spectrum in the presence of foregrounds
• New Limits on Polarized Power Spectra at 126 and 164 MHz: Relevance to Epoch of Reionization Measurements
• Measuring the X-ray Background in the Reionization Era with First Generation 21 cm Experiments
• Joint estimation of the Epoch of Reionization power spectrum and foregrounds
• Recovering lost 21 cm radial modes via cosmic tidal reconstruction
• Brute-Force Mapmaking with Compact Interferometers: A MITEoR Northern Sky Map from 128 MHz to 175 MHz
• The impact of non-Gaussianity on the error covariance for observations of the Epoch of Reionization 21-cm power spectrum
• Intensity Mapping in the Presence of Foregrounds and Correlated Continuum Emission
• RFI detection by automated feature extraction and statistical analysis
• A method for extracting maximum resolution power spectra from galaxy surveys
• Extracting bias using the cross-bispectrum: An EoR and 21 cm-[CII]-[CII] case study
• The Ooty Wide Field Array
• On the detection of global 21-cm signal from Reionization using interferometers
• Subtraction of Bright Point Sources from Synthesis Images of the Epoch of Reionization
• Violation of statistical isotropy and homogeneity in the 21-cm power spectrum
• Cosmology with the SKA -- overview
• Detecting Cosmic Reionization using Bi-Spectrum Phase
• A new goodness-of-fit statistic and its application to 21-cm cosmology
• How to Search for Islands of Neutral Hydrogen in the $z\sim 5.5$ IGM
• A Tapered Gridded Estimator (TGE) for the Multi-Frequency Angular Power Spectrum (MAPS) and the Cosmological HI 21-cm Power Spectrum
• Intelligent Design: On the Emulation of Cosmological Simulations
• Lunar occultation of the diffuse radio sky: LOFAR measurements between 35 and 80 MHz
• The effect of baseline layouts on the EoR foreground wedge: a semi-analytical approach
• Canceling out intensity mapping foregrounds
• Detecting the 21 cm Forest in the 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Measuring the global 21-cm signal with the MWA-I: improved measurements of the Galactic synchrotron background using lunar occultation
• Exploring the evolution of Reionisation using a wavelet transform and the light cone effect
• The HERA-19 Commissioning Array: Direction Dependent Effects
• Studying the morphology of reionisation with the triangle correlation function of phases
• A First Search for Prompt Radio Emission from a Gravitational-Wave Event
• Detailed modelling of the 21-cm Forest
• Selection between foreground models for global 21-cm experiments
• An Improved Statistical Point-Source Foreground Model for the Epoch of Reionization
• Constraints on Primordial non-Gaussianity from Future HI Intensity Mapping Experiments
• A Technique for Foreground Subtraction in Redshifted 21 cm Observations
• Baryon-dark matter scattering and first star formation
• A Generic and Efficient E-field Parallel Imaging Correlator for Next-Generation Radio Telescopes
• Simulating the 21cm forest detectable with LOFAR and SKA in the spectra of high-z GRBs
• Enabling Next Generation Dark Energy and Epoch of Reionization Radio Observatories with the MOFF Correlator
• Delay Spectrum with Phase-Tracking Arrays: Extracting the HI power spectrum from the Epoch of Reionization
• Anatomy of Cosmic Tidal Reconstruction
• Dark photon portal dark matter with the 21-cm anomaly
• Bayesian Model Selection with Future 21cm Observations of The Epoch of Reionisation
• Tracing the cosmological evolution of stars and cold gas with CMB spectral surveys
• Fundamental uncertainty levels of 21cm power spectra from a delay analysis
• The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array Dish III: Measuring Chromaticity of Prototype Element with Reflectometry
• The Cross-correlation of KSZ Effect and 21 cm Intensity Mapping with Tidal Reconstruction
• CDIM: Cosmic Dawn Intensity Mapper Final Report
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• Impact of EDGES 21cm Global Signal on Primordial Power Spectrum
• Identifying Ionized Regions in Noisy Redshifted 21 cm Data Sets
• Calibration of Quasi-Redundant Interferometers
• 21cm absorption signal from charge sequestration
• Dipole Anisotropy as an Essential Qualifier for the Monopole Component of the Cosmic-Dawn Spectral Signature, and the Potential of Diurnal Pattern for Foreground Estimation
• The Breakdown Scale of HI Bias Linearity
• An Efficient Feedback Calibration Algorithm for Direct Imaging Radio Telescopes
• Statistics of 21-cm Fluctuations in Cosmic Reionization Simulations: PDFs and Difference PDFs
• Galactic synchrotron emissivity measurements between 250° < l < 355° from the GLEAM survey with the MWA
• A polarimetric approach for constraining the dynamic foreground spectrum for cosmological global 21-cm measurements
• 21-cm signatures of residual HI inside cosmic HII regions during reionization
• On the Search for Coherent Radiation from Radio Pulsars
• Dipole of the Epoch of Reionization 21-cm signal
• The statistics of low frequency radio interference at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory
• Ionospheric Attenuation of Polarized Foregrounds in 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Measurements: A Demonstration for the HERA Experiment
• Solving the Corner-Turning Problem for Large Interferometers
• Redundant interferometric calibration as a complex optimization problem
• Extracting the Global Signal from 21-cm Fluctuations: the Multi-Tracer Approach
• A GPU-based Correlator X-engine Implemented on the CHIME Pathfinder
• Unlocking Sensitivity for Visibility-based Estimators of the 21 cm Reionization Power Spectrum
• On the theory of astronomical maser. I. Statistics of maser radiation
• Synergy of CO/[CII]/Ly$\alpha$ Line Intensity Mapping with the SKA
• Learn-As-You-Go Acceleration of Cosmological Parameter Estimates
• Robust statistics toward detection of the 21 cm signal from the Epoch of Reionisation
• A practical theorem on using interferometry to measure the global 21-cm signal
• A new angle for probing field-aligned irregularities with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Bandpass calibration of a wideband spectrometer using coherent pulse injection
• Measuring the History of Cosmic Reionization using the 21-cm Difference PDF
• Future Steps in Cosmology using Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• An efficient method for removing point sources from full-sky radio interferometric maps
• Pico: Parameters for the Impatient Cosmologist

Cited by in corpus (147)

• Improved upper limits on the 21-cm signal power spectrum of neutral hydrogen at $\mathbf{z}\approx 9.1$ from LOFAR
• First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• Constraining primordial black holes as dark matter using the global 21-cm signal with X-ray heating and excess radio background
• Probing the Small-Scale Matter Power Spectrum with Large-Scale 21-cm Data
• 21cm foregrounds and polarization leakage: a user's guide on cleaning and mitigation strategies
• deep21: a Deep Learning Method for 21cm Foreground Removal
• Redundant-Baseline Calibration of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Fuzzy Dark Matter and the 21cm Power Spectrum
• Gaussian Process Foreground Subtraction and Power Spectrum Estimation for 21 cm Cosmology
• The Tianlai Dish Pathfinder Array: design, operation and performance of a prototype transit radio interferometer
• GLOBALEMU: A novel and robust approach for emulating the sky-averaged 21-cm signal from the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionisation
• An Effective Model for the Cosmic-Dawn 21-cm Signal
• Recovering the Wedge Modes Lost to 21-cm Foregrounds
• DAYENU: A Simple Filter of Smooth Foregrounds for Intensity Mapping Power Spectra
• Closing the window on fuzzy dark matter with the 21cm signal
• The Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder Array: System Functions and Basic Performance Analysis
• Gaussian Process Regression for foreground removal in HI intensity mapping experiments
• Exploring the likelihood of the 21-cm power spectrum with simulation-based inference
• 21cmEMU: an emulator of 21cmFAST summary observables
• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning
• 21cmVAE: A Very Accurate Emulator of the 21-cm Global Signal
• Array Element Coupling in Radio Interferometry I: A Semi-Analytic Approach
• Quantifying Excess Power from Radio Frequency Interference in Epoch of Reionization Measurements
• New EoR Power Spectrum Limits From MWA Phase II Using the Delay Spectrum Method and Novel Systematic Rejection
• Future Constraints on the Reionization History and the Ionizing Sources from Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows
• Validation of the HERA Phase I Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum Software Pipeline
• A direct detection of neutral hydrogen intensity mapping on Mpc scales at $z\approx 0.32$ and $z\approx 0.44$
• First Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization Using the non-Gaussianity of the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich Effect from the South Pole Telescope and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE Observations
• Assessing the impact of two independent direction-dependent calibration algorithms on the LOFAR 21-cm signal power spectrum
• Cosmological constraints from the power spectrum and bispectrum of 21cm intensity maps
• LIMFAST. II. Line Intensity Mapping as a Probe of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• LIMFAST. I. A Semi-Numerical Tool for Line Intensity Mapping
• Deep learning approach for identification of HII regions during reionization in 21-cm observations -- II. foreground contamination
• 21cmfish: Fisher-matrix framework for fast parameter forecasts from the cosmic 21-cm signal
• The Impact of Beam Variations on Power Spectrum Estimation for 21-cm Cosmology I: Simulations of Foreground Contamination for HERA
• An Effective Bias Expansion for 21 cm Cosmology in Redshift Space
• Prospects for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations with HERA and the Roman High-Latitude Survey
• Evidence of Ultra-faint Radio Frequency Interference in Deep 21~cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectra with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Systematic uncertainties in models of the cosmic dawn
• Observing the Reionization : Effect of Calibration and Position Errors on Realistic Observation Conditions
• Constraining the Epoch of Reionization With Highly Dispersed Fast Radio Bursts
• Methods of Error Estimation for Delay Power Spectra in $21\text{cm}$ Cosmology
• 21cmFirstCLASS I. Cosmological tool for $\Lambda$CDM and beyond
• Exploring the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionization with 21cm line
• A General Bayesian Framework to Account for Foreground Map Errors in Global 21-cm Experiments
• Quantifying EoR delay spectrum contamination from diffuse radio emission
• 21cmSense v2: A modular, open-source 21cm sensitivity calculator
• The Tianlai dish array low-z surveys forecasts
• Machine-learning recovery of foreground wedge-removed 21-cm light cones for high-$z$ galaxy mapping
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration II: demonstration with simulated data
• A Semi-blind PCA-based Foreground Subtraction Method for 21 cm Intensity Mapping
• Quantifying Density-Ionization Correlations with the 21cm Power Spectrum
• Impact of instrument and data characteristics in the interferometric reconstruction of the 21 cm power spectrum
• Forecasts and Statistical Insights for Line Intensity Mapping Cross-Correlations: A Case Study with 21cm x [CII]
• Persistent topology of the reionization bubble network. II: Evolution & Classification
• Extracting the Signal of Cosmic String Wakes from 21-cm Observations
• Exploring the consequences of chromatic data excision in 21-cm Epoch of Reionization power spectrum observations
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• On the general nature of 21cm-Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters cross-correlations during reionisation
• A multi-tracer empirically-driven approach to line-intensity mapping lightcones
• HI intensity mapping with the MIGHTEE survey: power spectrum estimates
• All Sky Modelling Requirements for Bayesian 21 cm Power Spectrum Estimation with BayesEoR
• Reflections and Standing Waves on the Tianlai Cylinder Array
• A galaxy-free phenomenological model for the 21-cm power spectrum during reionization
• SKA-Low Intensity Mapping Pathfinder Updates: Deeper 21 cm Power Spectrum Limits from Improved Analysis Frameworks
• Bayesian evidence-driven diagnosis of instrumental systematics for sky-averaged 21-cm cosmology experiments
• Joint constraints on reionization: a framework for combining the global 21cm signal and the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• HI intensity mapping with MeerKAT: forecast for delay power spectrum measurement using interferometer mode
• Characterization Of Inpaint Residuals In Interferometric Measurements of the Epoch Of Reionization
• Synergizing 21 cm and sub-millimetre surveys during reionization: new empirical insights
• Interferometric HI intensity mapping: perturbation theory predictions and foreground removal effects
• 1/f Noise Analysis for FAST HI Intensity Mapping Drift-Scan Experiment
• Subtracting the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect from the cosmic microwave background with surveys of large-scale structure
• Direct Optimal Mapping for 21cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Spectral modelling of Cygnus A between 110 and 250 MHz. Impact on the LOFAR 21-cm signal power spectrum
• 21-cm foreground removal using AI and frequency-difference technique
• Ionospheric contributions to the excess power in high-redshift 21-cm power-spectrum observations with LOFAR
• Antisymmetric Cross-correlation between H I and CO Line Intensity Maps as a New Probe of Cosmic Reionization
• Impact of extragalactic point sources on the low-frequency sky spectrum and cosmic dawn global 21-cm measurements
• Using the sample variance of 21cm maps as a tracer of the ionisation topology
• Detecting galaxy-21-cm cross-correlation during reionization
• Delay-Weighted Calibration: Precision Calibration for 21 cm Cosmology with Resilience to Sky Model Error
• First upper limits on the 21-cm signal power spectrum of neutral hydrogen at $z=9.16$ from the LOFAR 3C196 field
• The mass distribution of the first stars can be determined via the 21-cm signal
• Modeling Post-Reionization HI Distributions in Fuzzy Dark Matter Cosmologies Using Conditional Normalizing Flows
• Why and When to Expect Gaussian Error Distributions in Epoch of Reionization 21-cm Power Spectrum Measurements
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Cosmology at high redshift -- a probe of fundamental physics
• Lyman Alpha Emitters and the 21cm Power Spectrum as Probes of Density-Ionization Correlation in the Epoch of Reionization
• Towards Optimal Foreground Mitigation Strategies for Interferometric HI Intensity Mapping in the Low-Redshift Universe
• Measurements of one-point statistics in 21 cm intensity maps via foreground avoidance strategy
• Towards Accurate Modeling of Line-Intensity Mapping One-Point Statistics: Including Extended Profiles
• Rapid and Late Cosmic Reionization Driven by Massive Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of Constraints from 21-cm, Lyman Line & CMB Data Sets
• Altitude Estimation of Radio Frequency Interference Sources via Interferometric Near Field Corrections
• A Differentiable, End-to-End Forward Model for 21 cm Cosmology: Estimating the Foreground, Instrument, and Signal Joint Posterior
• Sensitivity of Bayesian 21 cm power spectrum estimation to foreground model errors
• A Multi-messenger view of Cosmic Dawn: Conquering the Final Frontier
• A statistical framework for recovering intensity mapping autocorrelations from crosscorrelations
• Understanding spectral artefacts in SKA-LOW 21-cm cosmology experiments: the impact of cable reflections
• Statistical estimation of full-sky radio maps from 21cm array visibility data using Gaussian constrained realizations
• Bayesian evidence for flux scale errors in Galactic synchrotron maps
• Automated Detection of Antenna Malfunctions in Large-N Interferometers: A Case Study with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Fast Simulation of Cosmological Neutral Hydrogen based on the Halo Model
• Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
• Ionospheric effect on the synthetic Epoch of Reionization observations with the SKA1-Low
• Constraining a Model of the Radio Sky Below 6 MHz Using the Parker Solar Probe/FIELDS Instrument in Preparation for Upcoming Lunar-based Experiments
• A general Bayesian model-validation framework based on null-test evidence ratios, with an example application to global 21-cm cosmology
• Reconstructing the Long-wavelength Matter Density Fluctuation Modes from the Scalar-Type Clustering Fossils
• Low-Frequency Radio Recombination Lines Away From the Inner Galactic Plane
• 21 cm Intensity Mapping with the DSA-2000
• A Minimal Space Interferometer Configuration for Imaging at Low Radio Frequencies
• Prospects for probing dark matter particles and primordial black holes with the Hongmeng mission using the 21 cm global spectrum at cosmic dawn
• A novel radio imaging method for physical spectral index modelling
• The Statistics of Negative Power Spectrum Systematics in some 21 cm Analyses
• Low-cost, Low-loss, Ultra-wideband Compact Feed for Interferometric Radio Telescopes
• Bayesian jackknife tests with a small number of subsets: Application to HERA 21cm power spectrum upper limits
• Calibration Schemes with $\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ Scaling for Large-N Radio Interferometers Built on a Regular Grid
• The Hydrogen Mixing Portal, Its Origins, and Its Cosmological Effects
• Reionization Parameter Inference from 3D Minkowski Functionals of the 21 cm Signals
• The Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment: 256-Element Array Status and Overview
• The 21cm-galaxy cross-correlation: Realistic forecast for 21cm signal detection and reionisation constraints
• Astrophysical uncertainties challenge 21-cm forecasts: A primordial black hole case study
• Drone Beam Mapping of the TONE Radio Dish Array
• AlgoSCR: An algorithm for Solar Contamination Removal from radio interferometric data
• Direct correlation of line intensity mapping and CMB lensing from evolution along the lightcone
• Removal of interloper contamination to line-intensity maps using correlations with ancillary tracers of the large-scale structure
• An Alcock-Paczynski Test on Reionization Bubbles for Cosmology
• Foreground removal and angular power spectrum estimation of 21 cm signal using harmonic space ILC method
• A semi-cosmographic approach to study cosmological evolution in phase space
• The impact of lunar topography on the 21-cm power spectrum for grid-based arrays : Insights for the Dark-ages EXplorer (DEX)
• Deep learning with hybrid frequency differencing and principal component analysis for 21-cm foreground and beam mitigation
• Probing the warm dark matter mass with [C II] intensity mapping
• Beyond the Power Spectrum: A New Framework for Non-Stationary Fields with Applications to Light-Cone Effects in Line Intensity Mapping
• Seeing Wiggles without Seeing Wiggles: BAO Recovery in 21 cm Intensity Mapping with Deep Learning
• Foreground Subtraction with a Tensor-Based Oriented Singular Value Decomposition Method for HI Experiments
• Robust Intensity Mapping Analysis against Foregrounds for the Epoch of Reionization
• Establishing a relationship between the cosmological 21 cm power spectrum and interferometric closure phases
• Testing the growth of cosmic structures during the Dark Ages
• Calibrating Bayesian Tension Statistics using Neural Ratio Estimation
• Simulation based inference of the ionization history from the 2D 21 cm power spectrum
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration I: mathematical formalism
• Exploring delaying and heating effects on the 21-cm signature of fuzzy dark matter
• Implications of the cosmological 21-cm absorption profile for high-redshift star formation and deep JWST surveys
• Power spectrum multipoles and clustering wedges during the Epoch of Reionization
• Exploring the Model Dependence of MCMC-Based 21 cm Power Spectrum Parameter Constraints