A Space-Based Observational Strategy for Characterizing the First Stars and Galaxies Using the Redshifted 21-cm Global Spectrum

Abstract

The redshifted 21-cm monopole is expected to be a powerful probe of the epoch of the first stars and galaxies ($10<z<35$). The global 21-cm signal is sensitive to the thermal and ionization state of hydrogen gas and thus provides a tracer of sources of energetic photons -- primarily hot stars and accreting black holes -- which ionize and heat the high redshift intergalactic medium (IGM). This paper presents a strategy for observations of the global spectrum with a realizable instrument placed in a low altitude lunar orbit, performing night-time 40-120 MHz spectral observations, while on the farside to avoid terrestrial radio frequency interference, ionospheric corruption, and solar radio emissions. The frequency structure, uniformity over large scales, and unpolarized state of the redshifted 21-cm spectrum are distinct from the spectrally featureless, spatially-varying, and polarized emission from the bright foregrounds. This allows a clean separation between the primordial signal and foregrounds. For signal extraction, we model the foreground, instrument, and 21-cm spectrum with eigenmodes calculated via Singular Value Decomposition analyses. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to explore the parameter space defined by the coefficients associated with these modes, we illustrate how the spectrum can be measured and how astrophysical parameters (e.g., IGM properties, first star characteristics) can be constrained in the presence of foregrounds using the Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE).

13 pages, 8 figures. Updates to this paper include: a new Section 2 (summary of observational strategy), a revised description of DARE instrument in Section 5, and an extended version of Section 6 (extracting the 21-cm spectrum) including 2 new figures (Figs. 5 and 6)

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Cited by in corpus (8)

• Results from EDGES High-Band: I. Constraints on Phenomenological Models for the Global $21$ cm Signal
• Spectral Index of the Diffuse Radio Background Between 50 and 100 MHz
• Formulating and critically examining the assumptions of global 21-cm signal analyses: How to avoid the false troughs that can appear in single spectrum fits
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• 21cm Global Signal Extraction: Extracting the 21cm Global Signal using Artificial Neural Networks
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